OSTP-2021

Water Pollution
And
Industrial and Urban
Waste Water Treatment (ETP and STP)

Name of the expert:

Dr Ashim Kumar Bhattacharya; PHD; FICCE,FIWWA
Water-Wastewater and Environmental Solution
Mobile No: 09831542372
Email Id: drashimk.awtem@gmail.com or ashimk.bhattacharya@gmail.com
 Day-1

Water Pollution-Industrial and Urban

Water is everybody’s human right. But only 0.01% of the total water of the planet is
accessible for suitable use for mankind. Our available water resources are polluted
significantly by wastewater generated from industrial, municipal and other anthropogenic
activities and in some cases make it toxic as well.
Further, environmental issues like Global Warming and Climate change is likely to reduce
water tables and disrupt water supplies in many areas, making water even more costly and
energy intensive to obtain in the future.

Water Issues:
 Water is crucial resource for all existence on this earth and considered as an essential
part of the Global ecological system.
 Water quality and quantity problems are a major concern in all the countries.
 Specific situation of water issues can differ from region to region and from country to
country.
 Based on above, Water and Wastewater Management is one of the key issues in
today’s environmental perspective to meet the recent challenges we will going to face
with respect to clean and safe water demand and it’s sustainability.

Water Pollution :
 Due to high population growth water resources in most developing countries are
being polluted beyond their capacity to sustain traditional uses.

 Rapid urbanization and industrialization rate have further exacerbated the situation
by creating very large point sources of pollution.

 Major centres of population-rural agro-industrial and related activities have seriously

damaged surface water quality, even in very large rivers and groundwater has also
been contaminated.

 The major threats to oceans are marine pollution-over-exploitation of living marine

resources and coastal habitat loss. Different sectors of human activity cause marine
and coastal degradation. Globally, dumping and spills by ships and sewage are a large
source of contamination of marine and coastal environment.
 Causes of Water Pollution:
Causes of water pollution can be classified under two broad categories:

 ‘point source’ which occurs when harmful substances are emitted directly into
a body of water and ‘nonpoint source’ which delivers pollutants indirectly
through transport or environmental change.

 An example of a point source of water pollution is a pipe from an industrial facility

discharging effluent directly into a river.

 An example of a nonpoint-source of water pollution is when fertilizer from a farm

field is carried into a stream by rain (i.e. run-off).

 Point-source pollution is usually monitored and regulated, though political factors

may complicate how successful efforts are at true pollution control. Nonpoint
sources are much more difficult to monitor and control, and today they account for
the majority of contaminants in streams and lakes.

Non Point Source:

Other Causes of Pollution:

 Pesticides and fertilizers

 Oil, gasoline and additives
 Mining Activities
 Chemical and industrial processes
 Untreated Sewage
 Over extraction of Ground Water

Water Pollution in India:

 The increasing population with associated developmental activity has played
significant effect on freshwater sources the world over and India is no exception.

 The estimated utilizable freshwater resources of the country - both surface and
groundwater put together are 1086 km3 and are expected to be able to meet the
demands up to the year 2050.

 The water quality of the surface water sources is, however a cause of grave concern as
in most of the rivers and lakes it does not even meet the bathing quality standards let
alone those for human consumption.

 The use of fertilisers and pesticides has increased in a big way and this in turn has
pushed up the demand for water for irrigation. With the population explosion, urban
centres are spreading and there is greater generation of waste water.

 Municipalities, do not have the resources to treat waste water. According to CPCB, of
the 17,600 million litres of waste water generated in the country every day, only
4,000million litres are treated. Vast quantities of untreated waste water are getting
into our water bodies and the environment.

 Of the 45,000 km length of our rivers, 6,000 km have a bio-oxygen demand (BOD)
above 3mg/l (milligrams per liters), which means they are unfit for drinking.
  A large number of our cities have no sewer lines so sewage accumulates in ugly,
smelly cesspools that attract mosquitoes, then leach into the groundwater.

 In India the main source of river pollution is city sewage. However, industrial
pollutants are on the rise.

 In the current year it is estimated that some 30,000 million liters of pollutants are
entering our river systems every day, 10,000 million liters from industrial units alone.

 With industrial development on the rise, industrial pollution accounts for 33 per cent
of the total pollution as against 20 per cent a decade ago.

Programmes of MoEF on reduction of water pollution:

 National River Conservation Programme
 National Lake Conservation Programme
 Common Effluent Treatment Plants
 Online effluent Quality Monitoring Systems etc.

Wastewater characteristics which would require consideration of the

following:

(i) Bio-degradability- with respect to organic load present

 
(ii) Strength- relates to concentration of Pollutants present
 
(ii) Volumes- Generation Per day/Per hr/capacity of the Plant
 
(iv)Variations( Dynamicity of the wastewater) and
 
(v)Special characteristics which may lead to operational difficulties.
 Major Wastewater Parameters- for Pollution Monitoring and Control:
pH;

Suspended Solids,

Dissolve Oxygen,

Temperature;

Total Organic Carbon,

Oil & Grease;

Chemical oxygen Demand(COD),

Biological oxygen Demand (BOD);

Nitrate; Phosphate;

Toxic Components- Heavy Metals-Hg, Cr(VI), Cd; Pb;

Cyanide,

Phenol, Ammonia etc.

Day-2

Wastewater Treatment Process and Unit Operations

(-Industrial and Urban wastewater Treatment)
And
Advance Wastewater Treatment for Recycle and Reuse leading to Zero
Liquid Discharge (ZLD)

Wastewater Treatment Plant (ETP/STP) :

Influent-> Bar Screen  O&G Trap- Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment  Tertiary
Treatment Final Discharge

Influent- Bar Screen- O& G Trap Collection/EQT Flash Mixer-> Flocculation

Clarification Aeration/Secondary Treatment- Secondary Clarifier Filter Feed Tank Sand
Filter Activated Carbon Filter Final Discharge
Types of Waste Water Treatment:

1. Primary Treatment Process

2. Secondary Treatment Process

3. Tertiary Treatment or also called Advance Waste Water Treatment Process

Primary Treatment: Objective- Solids Removal

Removes 90-95 % settable solids, 50 - 65 % suspended solids and 20-35 % BOD

Screening- Removes Coarse Material like Plastics, Paper ,Cloths, rags, wooden material etc

Grit Chamber- mostly removes dirt, silt, clay type inorganic impurities which may effect
mostly the pump operation during post treatment process
Oil and Grease Removal:

Principle of Working of Oil Separator:

• The incoming liquid is released below surface through a T-joint so that the falling
water does no disturb the floating film of fat & scum. The tank is always filled till this
level.
• The fat & scum rise to the top and float on the liquid. This is removed periodically
otherwise it will leach into waste water.
• The baffle plate prevents floating fat / oil from drifting towards outlet

Equalization Process and Tanks:

The equalization tanks are provided

(i) To balance fluctuating flows or concentrations,

(ii) To assist self-neutralization, or
(iii) To even out the effect of a periodic "slug" discharge from a batch process.

Necessity of Equalization:

 Flow Equalization: To feed further units in the system with equal flow
 pH Equalization: To take advantage of self-neutralization of different streams, if
likely
BOD Equalization: To deliver the Bioreactor with equal amount of “food” at all times, which
is very necessary for the microorganisms
 Equalization Tank in ETP/STP

Sedimentation/Clarification Process and Technology:

This is generally carried out at three stage process- namely- coagulation/Mixing, Flocculation
and the finally sedimentation/clarification process. The equipment applied Flash Mixer,
Tube settler, Lamellar Clarifier, Circular Clarifier etc.

Lamella/Circular Clarifier/Tube settler

Dissolve Air Floatation:
 It is a water treatment process that clarifies wastewaters (or other
waters) by the removal of suspended matter such as oil or solids.

 The removal mechanism is achieved by dissolving air in the water

or wastewater under pressure and then releasing the air at
atmospheric pressure in a flotation tank or basin. The released air
forms tiny bubbles which adhere to the suspended matter causing
the suspended matter to float to the surface of the water where it
may then be removed by a skimming device

Different Biological Treatment Process:

 Activated sludge Process(ASP)

 Extended Aeration technique(EA)
 Waste Stabilization Pond Technology(WSP)
 Cyclic Activated sludge Process/SBR
 Moving Bed Bioreactor(MBBR)/ Fluidised bed Bio reactor(FAB)
 Membrane Bio Reactor(MBR)
 Anaerobic Sludge Digester/ Up flow anaerobic sludge Digester(UASB)
AERATOR
S
AFTER
PRIMAR
TMTY
. SETTLING TREATED
TANK EFFLUENT
AERATION
TANK

RECYCLE
D
SLUDGE
SLUDGE FOR
TREATMENT / DISPOSAL
 Conventional Activated Sludge Process

Activated Sludge process- Suspended Growth-Process

MBBR Process Schematic: Attached Growth Process:

SBR Process:
• Can remove N and P concurrent with BOD
• Absence of odour and corrosive gases
• Does not require separate secondary clarifiers and major return sludge pumping
stations,
• Capability to manage and treat variable loading conditions; such as normal, diurnal,
dilute monsoon and shock loads.
• The system can generate a stabilized sludge.
Higher energy input , Requires at least semi-skilled manpower
Tertiary/Advanced Treatment:
Final “polish” for the treated effluent tomeet the specific dischargerequirements.

Equipment/Unit Operations:

Tertiary Clarifiers/Tube Settlers

- Sand Filters
- Activated Carbon Beds
- Settling Ponds etc.

Methodology:
 Coagulation/Flocculation
 Oxidation
 Adsorption
 Sedimentation

Disinfection Process:Chlorination, Ozonation UV Disinfection

Safety- Ozone> UV> Chlorine
Cost - Ozone>UV> Chlorine
Efficiency—Ozone=> Chlorine>UV

Advance Wastewater Treatment:

The advance process /treatment objective:

 Compliance issues with respect to specific

parameters like COD/BOD/Colour/Phenolics
etc.
 Wastewater Recycle and Reuse
ETP + UF+MCF+RO
 Minimum Liquid Discharge(MLD)
ETP + UF +MCF +RO-1 +RO-2
 Zero Liquid Discharge(ZLD)
ETP + UF +MCF +RO-1 +RO-2 + Evaporator
Residual Constituents in Wastewater
• Inorganic & Organic Colloidal Suspended Solids
– Suspended Solids : May cause sludge deposits and impact on
disinfection
– Colloidal solids : May affect turbidity
– Organic matter : may shield bact. during disinfection, deplete
oxygen
• Dissolved Organic Matter
– TOC & refractory organics : May deplete oxygen
– Volatile organic compounds : Toxic to human beings, carcinogenic
-- Surfactants : Cause foaming & interfere in coagulation
• Dissolved Inorganic Matter
– Ammonia : Increases Cl demand, converted to nitrates, toxic to fish
– Nitrate : Stimulates algal & aquatic growth, cause blue babies in infants
– Phosphorous : Stimulates algal & aquatic growth, interferes with coagulation
and lime softening
– Biological : Bacteria, Protozoa & Viruses : May cause disease
Classification of Technologies-Tertiary/Advance Treatment
Residual Constituents in Wastewater:
 Removal of organic & Inorganic Colloidal & Suspended Solids
 Coagulation-Flocculation-Sedimentation
 Depth Filtration- Sand Filtration
 Surface Filtration-Cloth, Screen or Disc Filters
 Membrane Filtration
 Removal of Dissolved Organic Constituents
 Carbon Adsorption
 Reverse Osmosis
 Chemical Oxidation
 Electrodialysis
Distillation

 Removal of Dissolved Inorganic Constituents

 Chemical Precipitation
 Ion exchange
 Ultrafiltration
 Reverse Osmosis
 Electro-dialysis
 Distillation
 Removal of Pathogenic Micro-organisms
 Disinfection by chlorination
 Disinfection by UV radiations
 Disinfection by Ozonation

Membrane Technologies:

Technology Pollutant Removed

Microfiltratio Solids, Microorganisms

n
 Ultrafiltration Solids, Microorganisms

Nanofiltration Solids, Microorganisms

Reverse TDS, Solids, Microorganisms

Osmosis

Membrane Material:

 Micro Filtration: Poly Propylene, Acrylonitrile, Nylon,Polytetraflouroehtylene

 Ultrafiltration: Celluose Acetate, Aromatic Poly amides
Nano/ Reverse Osmosis: Cellulose Acetate, Aromatic Poly amides

MBR Technology:
Combined Technology of Activated Sludge ProcessandMembrane Separation Process

A MBR is a process variation on the conventional activated sludge (CAS) process:

 
 Suspended Growth System 
 Clarification (Bio solids Separation) and Biomass Recycle 
 Membranes instead of secondary clarifiers (and granular media filtration) to separate
the MLSS from the secondary effluent

MBR Process schematic

Advantages of MBR Technology in Wastewater Treatment:

 Saves Space: Eliminates secondary clarifiers/smaller aeration tanks/no filters.

Compactness and small layout size of the plant
  Increase capacity for existing aeration tanks Much higher MLSS conc.
Possible/shorter HRT. Size may be limited by oxygen transfer capacity per unit
volume
 Longer SRTs and less sludge production possible
 Higher quality effluent -Possibility of reuse of treated wastewater for irrigation
purposes or as process water no odors emission or noise 
 Automated operation -Simple management of the plant, as a result of high degree of
automation (low dependence on human factor
 Fast construction, because of relatively small size of the plant

Other Advance Wastewater Treatment Process:

 Advance Polymer Technology- BY improving Coagulation Flocculation Process
efficiency leading to enhance sedimentation/Clarification Process

 Electro-coagulation Process: M(Al/Fe) M+ + ne-

2 H2OOH- + H2(g)

 Advance Oxidation Process- (AOPs) are the technologies that generally use the
hydroxyl radicals, the ultimate oxidant for the remediation of organic contaminants in
wastewater. These are highly effective novel methods speeding up the oxidation
process

 Ultraviolet (UV) oxidation is a destruction process that oxidizes organic

contaminants in water. It works by the adding oxidizing agents such as ozone (O3) or
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to the contaminated groundwater. The contaminated
solution is passed through a chamber where it is exposed to intense UV radiation.

 Ceramic Membrane Filtration:

 Due to the removal of impurities like suspended substances, turbidity, bacteria

and protozoans, traces typical organics like Phenol and its related compounds
the technology is very suited for purification and reuse of wastewater.

Advantage: Long Life- 7-10 years, Low O&M cost

Zero Liquid Discharge(ZLD):

 Zero liquid discharge is a process that is beneficial to industrial and municipal

organizations as well as the environmental issues.
 ZLD helps to protect our environment to it’s highest level and no effluent or
discharge, is left over leading to sustainable environmental practices.
 ZLD systems employ the most advanced wastewater treatment technologies to purify
and recycle virtually all of the wastewater produced .
  In a world where freshwater is an increasingly valuable resource, industrial processes
threaten its availability on two fronts, unless the water is treated.
 Many industrial processes require water, and then reduce the availability of water for
the environment or other processes, or alternately contaminate and release water that
damages the local environment.
 A Zero liquid discharge facility (ZLD), is an industrial plant without discharge of
wastewaters.
 Target ZLD is normally reached by Waste water strong recovery
 Separation by evaporation or boiling of water part of waste water not reusable,
in evaporators, crystallizers and recovery.
 ZLD plants produce solid waste.

ZLD Process Schematic:

 Phase-I

 Influent ETP-> Treated water from ETP Ultrafiltration Reverse Osmosis-> Permeate
Water->Recycle/Reuse

 Phase-II

 RejectEvaporation/Crystallization.->Solid Waste

Major Components of ZLD:

 Ultrafiltration Systems
 Reverse Osmosis(RO)-mostly two stage
 Mechanical/Multi-effect Evaporators(MEE)
 Agitating Thin Film Digester(ATFD)

Multi-Effect Evaporators
 In optimizing the design of an evaporator, another important consideration is the
steam economy (kg of liquid evaporated per kilogram of steam used).
 The best way to achieve high economies is to use a Multiple Effect
Evaporator, whereby the vapor from one effect – is used to heat the feed in the next
effect, where boiling occurs at lower pressure.
 Thermo-compression of the vapor, whereby the vapor will condensate at a
temperature high enough to be reused for the next effect through compression, will
also increase efficiency .
Agitating Thin Film Digestors (ATFD):

Operating Principle:

 ATFD stands for evaporation of water/solvents to make concentrated liquid to dry

powder or flakes. Based on application either recovered solvent or dry product is
important. 

 Agitated Thin Film Dryer is the ideal apparatus for continuous processing of
concentrated material for drying. Agitated Thin Film Dryer is consist of cylindrical,
vertical body with heating jacket and a rotor inside of the shell which is equipped with
rows of pendulum blades all over the length of the dryer. The hinged blades spread
the wet feed product in a thin film over the heated surface. A highly agitated bow
wave is formed in front of the rotor blades. The turbulence increases as the product
passes through the clearance before entering a calming zone situated behind the
blades.

 As the heat will transfer from jacket to main shell under the smooth agitation
water/solvent will evaporate and liquid will convert to slurry, to cake and to dry
powder or flakes.
 ATFD- Process Flow

ZLD Cost (Typical):

Thermal systems are done in 02 ways :

3
 Steam based – Typical power consumption 28 – 32 kWh/m  + ~ 400 kgs of steam /
3
m  of waste water. Cooling water and circuit will be needed

3
 Power based – Typical power consumption 65 – 72 kWh/m  ; {Steam is needed only
for start up for 5/6 hours). No cooling water and circuit requirement.

  Typically if steam cost is < 1.5 INR/kg and power is around INR 7/unit; steam driven
systems become economical otherwise power driven systems.

 Typical operating expenses of ZLD systems range between INR ~350

3
- ~1100/m  based on operating conditions and utility cost. 

 Suez have 20 operating ZLDs in India starting from 2 m3/hr to 24 m3/hr

Application Areas:

 Pharmaceutical Industries
 Drying of API and its intermediates to eliminate product the conventional process of
drying.
 Recovery of important solvents from the feed
 Textile Industries
 Drying of concentrated liquid for s recovery
 Agro Chemicals- Dyers and Pigment Industries
 Drying of product for recovery of inorganic product, to eliminate other conventional
systems 
 Chemical & Petro-Chemical Industries
 Drying of Chemical and petro-chemical products to recover the powder or cakes.
 Sugar Industries & Distilleries
 Drying of concentrated effluent to make the Zero Liquid Discharge System.
 Effluent Treatment Plants
 One stop solution for drying of effluent to make Zero Liquid Discharge.

-----------------