Lecture:2

Sewage Flows

Lectures Notes
For 4th year Public Work Department, Civil Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Al-Azhar University
By, Dr. Eid F. Latif, PhD, Public Work Departement
 Sewage Relation to water consumption

o Sanitary (domestic) sewage and industrial sewage will be

derived from water supply

o The sewage may vary in individual cities from 80 to 90

percent of water consumed.

o Average wastewater flows (Qav (sewage))= 0.8 * water

consumption* population
 Infiltration and inflow

o Infiltration is the water that enters sewers through poor joints, cracked
pipes, and the walls of manholes.

o Inflow enters through perforated manhole covers, roof drains, and

drains from flooded cellars during runoff events

o During dry weather, infiltration may be nonexistent, the dry weather

flow may be considered as sanitary sewage plus industrial sewage.

o In wet weather, infiltration will be greatly increased as groundwater

level rise

o Some sewers may be located below the ground water table and
therefore have infiltration at all times. Sewer that are constructed in or
close to stream beds are especially likely to have high infiltration
 Infiltration and inflow

o Infiltration rate are likely to vary from 35 to 115 m3/km of sewer per
day in old systems, but even higher rates have been noted where
sewers below the water table and are poorly constructed.

o Specification for sewer projects now limit infiltration to 45 L/Km per

day per mm of diameter

o In ECP, the amount of infiltration was calculated using the following

formula: Qinf = adh0.66
Qinf = Amount of infiltration inside pipes within 1 km of pipeline (lit/h)
Where: d = Pipe diameter (m)
h = Level of infiltration water above pipe axis (m)
a = Factor depends on the type of pipes ranging from 5–10

o In case of difficult to employ infiltration equation, the mount of

infiltration flow is taken = 10% of Qdesign
 Fluctuation in sewage flow

o The sewer must be large enough to accommodate the maximum rate,

or there may be a backing up of sewerage into the lower plumbing
fixtures of building.

o The variation of sewage production do not depart so far from the

average as for water because of the storage space in sewers and
because of the time required for the sewage to run to the point of
gauging, that is, the peaks are flattened.

o In the residential area

 Sewage flow

Average wastewater flows (Qav (sewage)) = 0.8 * water consumption * population

Maximum dray weather flow (QMDWF) = peak factor (PF) x Qav (sewage)
Mnium dray weather flow (QminDWF) = min. peak factor x Qav (sewage)
Maximum wet weather flow (QMWWF) = peak factor (PF) x Qav (sewage)+Qrain
Mnium wet weather flow (QminWWF) = min. peak factor x Qav (sewage)+Qrain
The maximum peak factor (PF) is calculated using the following equation:
5
P. F = (Pop)0.167
if pop < 80,000 capita

14
P. F = (1 + if pop > 80,000 capita,
4+ Pop

Where P = population (1000 capita)

The minimum factor is calculated using the following equation:
M. F = 0.2 ∗ Pop0.167 , Where P = population (1000 capita)
 Sewage flow
Stormwater Quantity
The following equation (Rational Method) is used to calculate the quantity of
stormwater
Qrain = CIA /360

Where:
Qrain= Quantity of rainwater that reached the discharge pipe (m3/sec)
C = Coefficient of rain surplus, depending upon the surface where the rain
ran off and the slope of that surface (as indicated in the Egyptian Code)
I = Intensity of rainfall (mm/hr)
A = Total area of storm water collection (hectare)
Sewage flow
 Sewage flow
Time of concentration
When a rainfall event occurs upon an area by a storm sewer, the runoff will flow
over roofs, yards, and pavement to gutter and eventually to the sewer inlet. This
travel will require measurable time
If one assumes that 15 minutes will be required for flow from the most distance
point to reach the inlet and that rainfall event 5 min. The flow at the inlet will
increase for 5 min and then decrease for the next 15 min.
The maximum rate of runoff for a given rainfall intensity will occur when the
rainfall has continued for a period sufficient to permit flow to reach the inlet from
the most remote point of the drainage area. The time required for the maximum
runoff rate to develop is called the time of concentration.
 Sewage flow
Only zone A will contribute flow after 5 min, only A and
B after 10 min, and all three after 15 min or more.
The watershed (A and B zones), the water from A
enters the sewer at I1, and that from B at I2. the time
of concentration at I2 is either the time of
concentration for area B or the inlet time plus the time
of flow from I1 to I2, whichever is greater.
The inlet time is the time of concentration at I1,
while the time of flow is a function of the velocity in line I1-I2 and its length. The
time of concentration for each sewer line is determined in a similar fashion, and
the inlet times may simply be assumed, frequently being taken as 5 to 10 min.
The time of concentration will depend largely upon the slop of ground surface,
ground surface and sewer slope and may be calculated by different methods, for
instance:- a) velocity, b) sheet flow travel time, c) SCS log formula d) LA County
and e) Namograph method
 Sewage flow
Overland flow time by Namograph method
 Sewage flow
Rainfall intensity
The data obtained at rainfall gauging station can be used to develop intensity
duration frequency curve (IDF Curve) such as those shown in Fig.
IDF Curve is a mathematical function that relates the rainfall intensity with
its duration and frequency of occurrence
Curve A represents the rainfall intensity
Duration which will be equaled or exceeded
once in 30 years
The equations of intensity duration curves
are typically of the form
In which I is the precipitation rate, mm/hr
t is the duration in min, A and B are constant
This equation is used in absence of better local
information
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEHBguMgAeM (link for how draw IDF curve)
Sewage flow
Sewage flow
 Sewage flow
Types of sewerage systems:
1- Combined system
Combined sewer systems are sewers that are designed to collect rainwater runoff,
domestic sewage, and industrial wastewater in the same pipe. Most of the
time, combined sewer systems transport all of their wastewater to a sewage
treatment plant, where it is treated and then discharged to a water bodies
Qdesign= (QMDWF) +Qrain+ Qinf.
Qmin=QminDWF
2- Separate system
Separate sewer systems have two separate pipes, with one pipe conveying
stormwater from and one pipe conveying sanitary wastewater
For Storm network Q=CIA
For sewage network
Qdesign= (QMDWF) + Qinf. Qmin=QminDWF
Design of Gravity Sewers
Manning equation is used in design
1
of gravity sewers as follow: 𝑉 = 𝑛 𝑅0.67 𝑆 0.5
Where:
V water velocity m/ sec.

MH-3/5

MH-3/6
R hydraulic radius = pipe effective area/ wetted perimeter (m) GL:60.64

n Manning coefficient of friction that depends on pipe material GL:59.64

S Pipe slope IL:59.44

IL:58.39 S:35%0
When pipe is full or half full 200 mm
L=30 m

Pipe Material Friction Coefficient, n

Sewer Aspestos 0.012 – 0.015
uPVC 0.010 – 0.012
GRP 0.010 – 0.012
They are never designed to run full; HDPE 0.010 – 0.012
There is always an empty space
VC 0.010 – 0.013
provided at the top.
Cast Iron 0.012 – 0.015
Concrete 0.012 – 0.015
Design of Gravity Sewers
Design cure for gravity sewers
Water depth to pipe diameter (d/D)

Hydraulic elements ratio, partial flow to full flow (q/Qf), velocity of flow to full flow velocity (v/Vf)
 Design of Gravity Sewers

Example 1: Find the corresponding flow in pipe of 20 inch diameter at water

depth of 0.375 m, if the constructed slope of pipe is 2%0, consider the manning
coefficient is 0.01. Also find the water depth when the passing flow is half of max
flow at the pipe.
Answer
Pipe 20 inch: D=20*0.025=0.5m, n=0.01, S=2%0
πD2 1 2/3 π0.52 1 0.5 2/3 2 0.5
Qf=Af*Vf= 4 *𝑛 R ∗ s0.5 = * ∗ ( ) ∗ ( ) = 0.22𝑚3/𝑠
4 0.01 4 1000

d/D=0.375/0.5=0.75 → from chart q/Q=0.9→q=0.9*0.22=0.2m3/s

if q= 0.5*0.2=0.1, q/Q=0.1/0.22=0.45, from chart →d/D=0.47→d=0.47*0.5=0.24m
π0.52
v/V=0.98→v=0.98*(0.22/( 4 )) = 1.1𝑚/𝑠
 Design of Gravity Sewers
Example 2: Design a main collector for a population of 40000 capita and the annual
average water consumption is 220 L/c/d . The estimated infiltration flow rate is 15.0
L/sec. Calculate the minimum, maximum velocities and depth of flow in the
designed sewer. Neglect storm flow
Answer
Qav sewage = 0.8 *pop* WC=0.8*40000*(220/1000)=7040 m3/d=0.0815 m3/sec
Qmax=PF*Qav sewage+Qinf
 5 
 P .F . = P
0.167  = 5/(40^0.167)=2.7
Qmax=2.7*0.0815+0.015 =0.235 m3/sec
MF= 0.2 P = 0.2*40 =0.37 (if < 0.5 take 0.5)
1 1
6 6

Qmin=0.5*0.0815+0.015=0.056 m3/sec
assume d/D= 0.5, Vmax/Vfull =1, q/Qfull=0.5, Vmax=0.6m/s →Vf=0.6,
πD2
Qf= (0.235/0.5)=0.47 =𝐴𝑓 ∗ 𝑉𝑓 = 0.47 = *0.6→D=0.99m,
4
(note that the design d/D for diameter of 0.9 may reach 0.75 or 0.9 depending on Type)
take D =0.7 m to increase the d/D
π0.72 1 0.7 π0.72
Qfull= ( 4 ) 0.01 ∗ ( 4 )2/3 ∗ (0.8/1000)0.5 =0.34
m3/sec, Vf=0.34/ ( 4 ) =0.88
m/s
q/Q=0.235/0.34=0.69 from chart v/V=1.08, v= 1.08*0.88=0.95 m/sec
d/D= 62%
1 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝐷
In case d/D near to 50% assume Vf=0.6= 0.01 ∗ ( 4 )2/3 ∗ (𝑆)0.5 get S, calculate Qf
and put q/Qf on curve to get v/V and d/D, then get Vmax
 Design of Gravity Sewers
Example 3: Design of a storm-water sewer system for the area shown in Figure. The
location of the proposed trunk storm-water sewer that is to receive the storm water
from the district is also shown in Figure. Compute the rainfall intensity for the area
by the following equation i=518.2/t0.61
Answer
Assume inlet time ti= 20 min., Manning n=0.013, minimum pipe size is 300 mm and
min. velocity is 0.9 m/sec
The runoff coefficient (C) for pervious and impervious surfaces are 0.26 and 0.86
respectively and 70% of the surfaces would be impervious.
C, overall =(0.7)*(0.86)+(0.3)*(0.26)=0.68

For line 3

Q= CIA/360=0.68*(518.2/23.20.61)*2.79=0.4 m3/sec
assume d/D= 0.9 , from curve Vmax/Vfull =1.14, q/Qfull=1.07 →Qf=0.4/1.07=0.37 m3/s
assume Vmax=0.9m/s →Vf=0.9/1.14=0.79 m/sec
πD2
0.37= *0.79 →D=0.77 m, take D=0.8m
4
1 0.8 π0.82
0.79= 0.013 ∗ ( 4 )2/3 ∗ (𝑠)0.5 →S=0.9 %o →
Qf= *0.79=0.40
m3/sec
4
q/Q=0.4/0.4=1.0 from chart v/V=1.15, d/D= 80% < 90% ok
v= 1.15*0.79=0.91 m/sec
Design of Gravity Sewers
Design of Gravity Sewers

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Thank You for Your Attention