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Hffts syfx?M a'4sf k"j{hGdsf syfx?

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g]kfnL ;+:s/0f

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Jofkfl/s k|of]hgn] k'g?Tkfbg jf kmf]6f]slk u/]df sf/afxL x'g]5 .

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 efjfg'jfb af/]

a'4wd{ af/] n]lvPsf u|Gyx? dWo] Hofb} yf]/} dfq g]kfnL efiffdf cg'jfb
ePsf kfOG5g\ . wDdkb ;a}eGbf nf]slk|o k':ts xf] / of] g]kfnL nufot
;+;f/sf ;a} efiffdf pknAw 5 . To;kl5sf] nf]slk|o k':ts hfts syf g}
xf] . hfts syfx? lzIffn] e/k"/ 5g\ eGg] w]/} klxn] ;'g]sf] lyPF t/ d}n]
Tof] a]nf k':ts ahf/df kfOg . euafg a'4n] leIf'x? dfkm{t ;a} JolQmx?n]
oL syfx? hfg"g\ / yf]kf yf]kf u/]/ bzj6} kf/ldtfsf 3}nf eg{ ;s"g\ eg]/}
oL syfx? eGg'ePsf] xf] . To;}n] ;don] lbPdf ;a} $%% syfx? k9g'xf];\
olb ;do 5}g eg] slDtdf bzj6f k|d'v hftsx? rfxL k9g'xf]; / ;f]
cg';f/sf] kf/ldtf k|fKt ug{ ;fwgf ug'{xf];\ . hftsx? k9g'eof] t/ ;fwgf
ug'{ ePg eg] k9g' gk9g'n] s]xL km/s kfb}g{ .
k|To]s syfn] Pp6f d'Vo kf/ldtf k|fKt ug]{ laifoa:t' agfPsf] 5 . k|d'v
bz hfts afx]s cGo s]xL hftsx? klg clt g} /f]rs / lzIffk|b ePsfn]
cGo cf7 hfts syfnfO{ ;d]t g]kfnLdf cg'afb u/L k':tssf] cfsf/
lbPsf] 5' . d cfkm" g t af}4 bz{gsf] 1ftf g t kfnL / c+u|]hL efiffsf] la1
vf]O{ s]n] xf] dnfO{ cg'jfb ug{ clek|l/t u¥of] . d}n] zAbsf]ifsf] ;xfotfn]
hfts syfx?sf] efjfg'jfb u/L xh'/x? ;dIf k|:t't u/]sf]5' . af}4 bz{gsf
1ftfx?af6 efjfg'jfbdf ePsf ulNt cf}NofO{ lbg' ePdf cfufdL ;+:s/0fdf
;'wf/ ug{] lyPF .
o; hfts syfx?sf] efjfg'jfbnfO{ kl/is[t ug{ ;xof]u ug{'x'g] >L /fddl0f
b'jf8LHo" k|lt cfef/ AoQm ub{5' .
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 ljifo;"lr

efjfg'jfb af/].................................................................. 4

ljifo;"lr ........................................................................ 5

t]ldof hfts .................................................................... 7

dxfhgs hfts............................................................... 14

;d hfts ..................................................................... 22

lgdL hfts .................................................................... 27

/fhf lgdLsf] rfv nfUbf] syf............................................... 35

s08s'df/ hfts ............................................................. 39

e'/LbQ hfts ................................................................. 44

dxfgf/b hfts ............................................................... 51

ljb'/ kl08t hfts ........................................................... 58

dxf];bf hfts ................................................................ 64

e]iffGt/ hfts ................................................................ 70

5
cGo /f]rs hfts syfx? ................................................... 77

Oln; hftsM sGh';sf] wg ................................................. 78

ckfGgfs hfts ............................................................... 87

;/Lefjlgh hftsM ;/Lefsf Jofkf/Lx? ................................... 94

dtfset hftsM ?g] / xfF:g]] af]sf]] ......................................... 98

s'xsf hftsM ;'g eGbf d"Nojfg v/ .................................... 102

s'De hfts .................................................................. 106

AfFfb/ / uf]xL ................................................................. 115

s5'jfn] s;/L cfkm\gf] Hofg hf]ufof] < .................................. 118

6
 t]ldof hfts

jgf/;sf /fhf sfzL/fh;Fu k|z:t wg ;DklQ eP klg pgL a]v'z lyP .

pgsf !^ xhf/ /fgLx? eP klg pgsf s'g} ;Gtfg lyPgg\ . k|To]s /fgLn]
5f]/f kfpgsf nflu eujfg;Fu k|fy{gf ub{y] t/ klg s'g} /fgLnfO{ k'qnfe
ePg . pgsL d'Vo /fgL rGbfb]jLn] klg eujfg zs|;Fu k|fy{gf u/]/ elgg\
æd}n] hLjgdf /fd|f] sfd dfq u/]sf] 5' . dnfO{ Pp6f 5f]/f lbg'xf];\ .Æ
pgsf] k'sf/ teltD; :ju{df k'Uof] . k[YjLdf cGofo eof] eg]/ zs|n]
kxnsbdL lng'eof]] . To;kl5 pgn] k[YjLdf k7fpg w]/} b]jtfx? dWo]
af]lw;TjnfO{ r'Gg'eof] . jxfFn] yfxf kfpg' eof] ls agf/;sf] /fhf x'g
af]lw;Tj dfq of]Uo 5g\ . To;kl5 jxfFnfO{ /fgL rGbfb]jLsf] ue{df k7fOlbg'
eof] . tL af]wL;Tjsf ;fyL x'g ;s'g eg]/ kfFr xhf/ hgfnfO{ ljleGg dGqL
kTgL / pRr cf]xf]bfsf dlxnfx?sf] ue{df k7fOlbg'eof] . ha d'Vo /fgL
rGbfb]jLn] cfˆgf] ue{df lx/f cfPsf] cg'ej ul/g\ . /fhf /fgL b'j} hgf v'zL
eP . w]/} wfO{ ;';f/]x?n] ;'Ts]/L] x'g] lbg;Dd rGbfb]jLsf] /fd|f] x]/rfx u/] .
5f]/f hGd]sf] va/ ;'g]/ /fhf w]/} v'zL eP / pgn] x[boaf6} cleefjsLo
dfof / :g]x k|bfg u/] . To;}a]nf c? % xhf/ dlxnfx?n] klg k'qnfe u/] .
af]wL;Tj tL % xhf/ lzz' ;Fu} a9\b} uP . pgnfO{ rf};7\7L hgf ev{/}
;'Ts]/L ePsf kl/rf/Lsfx?n] :tgkfg u/fP . tL rf};7\7L hgf ev{/} ;'Ts]/L
ePsf kl/rf/Lsfx? cToGt bofn' / ;'Gb/ lyP . /fhfn] tL
kl/rf/Lsfx?nfO{ /fgLsf] lhDdf nufP/ eGg' eof] ls logLx?n] gjhft
lzz'nfO{ /fd|f] x]/rfx ug]{5g, ltdLnfO{ yk s]xL ;xfotf rflxPdf dnfO{
va/ ug\'{ . /fgL, d ltdL;+u w]/} k|;Gg 5' s] j/ dfU5\of} dfu eGg'eof] .
/fgLn] /fh;+u eGg'eof] kl5 rflxPsf] a]nf dfuf}nf .

7
aRrfsf] gfdfs/0f ug{ af]nfPsf a|Xd0fn] eg] ls of] /fhs'df/ ;a} nIf0f /
lrGxn] efUojfgL 5g\ . pgsf] gfd t]ldof s'df/ /flvof] . t]ldofsf] cy{
æd';nwf/] aiff{Æ x'G5 lsgsL hGd]sf] lbg pgL d';nwf/] kfgLdf leh]sf lyP
. Ps dlxgf ePkl5 tL lzz'nfO{ /fd|f] sk8f nufO{ lbP/ ;j{;fwf/0fsf]
bz{gsf nflu /fhu2Ldf a;]sf /fhfsf] sfvdf /flvlbPsf lyP . ;a}
JolQmx? pgsf] ;'Gb/tf b]v]/ efjljef]/ eP / ;a} d'v x]g{ cfPsf
JolQmx?n] af6f]df ;'Gb/tfsf] j0f{g ub}{ cf cfk\m\gf 3/ kmls{P . To;kl5 $
j6f 8fFsfx?nfO{ /fhfsf] cufl8 pkl:yt u/fOof] . tL rf/ 8fsfx? s:tf
lyP eg] Pp6fsf] z/L/ el/ g} sf]/f{n] xfg]/ rf]6} rf]6 ePsf], csf]{ ;fª\nfn]
afFw]/ /fv]sf,] csf]{ oftgf lbP/ dg{' g afFRg'sf] bf];fFwdf ePsf] / csf]{
rfxL d[To'b08 s'/]/ a;]sf] lyof] . af]lw;Tj afns oL dflg; b]v]/ 8/fP .
pgL cfkm\gf afa'sf] qm'/tf b]v]/ emg} 8/fPsf lyP . /fhfn] Gofoflwzsf]
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{' kg{] x'G5 . d}n] klg /fhf ePF eg] k|ltlbg o:t} qm'/
lqmofsnfk ug{'k5{ eGg] a'em]/ pgL Hofb} b'MvL eP . ædflg;nfO{ d[To'sf]
d'vdf k7fpg] oftgf lbg'eGbf a? cfkm} gs{ hfg' /fd|f] .Æ pgn] dgdg}
eg] .
csf]{ lbg 5f]6f] lgGb|faf6 p7\gf;fy pgn] cfkm"dfly ;]tf] 5ftf cf]9fPsf] /
rf}sf rb'jf 6fFu]sf] b]v] . tL lzz'n] ;f]Rg yfn] ls /fhf x'g' eg]sf] s] xf] <
pgsf] ;f]rfO{n] pgnfO{ g} xNnfO{ lbof] . pgn] Wofgaf6 of] hfgsf/L kfP ls
pgL cl3Nnf] hGddf agf/;sf] /fhs"ndf hGd]/ @) jif{ /fhf ePkl5 pgn]
/fhfaf6 /flhgfdf lbPsf lyP . Tof] hGddf klg /fhfn] ug{'kg]{ o:t}
8/nfUbf lg0f{osf sf/0f /flhgfdf lbg'k/]sf] lyof] . pgn] To;a]nf o:tf]
sfo{ u/]sf] eP *$ xhf/ aif{ ;Dd gs{af; x'g] lyof] . km]/L /fhf eP/
ToxL agf/;df s'sd{ ug{ k7fOPsf] xf] < d]/f] efUo o:t} xf] t < pgn] Tof]
;xg ;Sg] s'/f lyPg . cl3Nnf] hGdsL pgsL cfdfn] pgL dfly cf]9fPsf]
;]tf] 5ftfsf d'lg cfP/ elgg\ æd]/f] 5f]/f d ltdLnfO{ ;xof]u u5{' . d}n] h]
eG5' Tof] ltdLn] dfg . ltdL nf6f] / n+u8f] ag . ltd|f cf]7 klg grnfpm
/ ltdLn] cfjfh klg glgsfn . To; kl5 ltdLnfO{ /fhfsf] >Lk]r nufpg
dfGg] 5}gg\ . To;kl5 t ltdL d'Qm e} xfN5f}+ .
To;kl5 tL jf]lw;Tjn] c? % xhf/ lzz'eGbf km/s lrGx b]vfpg yfn] .
ha c? aRrfx? b'w dfUg ?Gy], t]ldofn] rfFxL cfjfh ;Dd lgsfn]gg\ . Tof]
aRrfnfO{ cfdfn] xftdf lnbf / af]Sbf g t ?G5, g xfF:5, g t lx8\5 /
;'G5 g} . t/ pgsf] z/L/ rfFxL :j:y aRrfsf] h:tf] lyof] . of] b]v]/ pgsf]
8
;]jfdf /flvPsf kl/rf/Lsfx? 5Ss k/] . cfjfh lgsfnf];\ eg]/ r';fO{ /x]sf]
b'wsf] vf]l;lbGy] . b'wsf] d'G6f] d'vaf6 aflx/ lgsfnL lbGy] . pgnfO{ lbge/L
b'w gr';fOsg ef]s} /fVy] . t/ klg tL aRrfn] cfjfh lgsfn]gg\ . csf]{ jif{
p;nfO{ nf]Eofpg ljleGg k|sf/sf s]s / ld7fO{x? cufl8 /fvL lbP, Tof]
b]v]/ c? aRrfx? s]s / ld7fO{ vfg n8fO{ uy]{ . t/ af]lw;Tj t]ldofn] s'g}
k|ltlqmof b]vfPgg\ . pgn] dgdg} eg] ægs{ hfg] OR5f eP Tof] s]s vfpm
.Æ To;}n] pgn] b]v]sf] gb]Vo} h:tf] u/] . ;a} lsl;dsf vfgf, kmnkm"n,
v]nf}gfn] pgnfO{ cfsif{0f ug{ ;s]g, hjsL c? aRrfx? tL ;fdfg ;dfpg
k|lt:kwf{ uy]{ .
ha pgL kfFr jif{sf eP pgnfO{ af]n]/ 8/ b]vfpg vf]lhof] . Ps k6s
pgnfO{ vh'/sf] kftn] 5fPsf] 3/sf] 5fgfsf] aLrdf /fv]/ cfuf] nufO{ lbP .
;fwf/0f aRrfx? eP ?b} s/fpFb} efUy] xf]nfg\ t/ pgL t ultxLg e} 5fgfd}
al;/x] . cfuf] pgsf] 5]pm;Dd cfpbf klg / cfuf]n] ;dfTg} nfUbf klg
r'krfk al;/x] . pgL ^ jif{sf] x'Fbf pgnfO{ h+unL xflQdfly /fvL lbP . &
jif{sf] x'Fbf pgs} cuf8L ;k]/fn] ;k{ /fv]sf] 9fsL vf]nL lbP/ ;k{ nufO{ lbP
t/ klg pgL efu]gg\ / s'g} k|ltlqmof klg hgfPgg\ . csf]{ jif{ b'O{ hgf
t/jf/ af]s]sf 8/nfUbf dflg;x?n] pgnfO{ 8/ b]vfP / lj5\of}gfsf] rf/}lt/
t/jf/n] 3f]r]/ Kjfn agfP . ToxfF ljikmf]6sf] 7"nf] cfjfh lgsfn] . pgnfO{
t;f{pg /ftsf] afx| ah]lt/ 7"nf] bdfx ahfP/ 8/nfUbf] cfjfh lgsfn] .
pgnfO{ t;f{pg dWo/ftdf PSsf;L alQ aflnlbP t/klg pgLx?n]
af]lw;Tjsf] Wofg tf]8\g ;s]gg\ . pgsf] z/L/ e/L v'bf] bln lbP / vfuf -
eL/ df}/L_ 5f]l8lbP t/ klg af]lw;TjnfO{ tL vfufn] lrn]gg\ . w]/} lbg;Dd
gg'xfOsg /fv] . To;n] klg pgnfO{ s'g} km/s kf/]g . tftf] t]nsf] s/fO{
pgsf] lj5\of}gf tn /fv] / tftf] t]n pgsf] z/L/df vGofpg / tftf] t]ndf
8'jfpg k|oTg u/] t/ klg pgL r'krfk al;/x] . pgn] ljrf/ u/] ls gs{ of]
eGbf xhf/f}+ u'0ff v/fa x'G5 . pgsf a'jf pgL af]n]sf], lx8]sf] / ;'g]sf] x]g{
rfxGy] t/ pgn] To:tf] s'g} lqmofsnfk u/]gg\ .
;f]x| jif{sf] eP kl5 pgnfO{ df]xdf kfg{sf nflu ;'Gb/L k/Lx? ePsf] Pp6f
sf]7fdf nu] t/ tL cQ/ nufPsf ;'Gb/L k/Lx?n] pgdf s'g} k|efj kfg{
;s]gg\ . cGTodf, /fhfn] tGqljb\ / Hof]ltifx?nfO{ aRrf hGd]sf] a]nf lsg
ltdLx?n] o:tf] hLjgdf cfOkg]{ uDeL/ Jojxf/x? jf/] lsg eg]gf}+ egL k|Zg
u/] < pgLx?n] t]ldofsf] Jojxf/sf] oyfy{ s'/f eg]gg\ a? cfkm"x?n] g} of]
ljifo ghfg]sf] s'/f :jLsf/ u/] . oltsf jif{ kl5 5f]/f hlGdPsf] Tof] v'zL
9
olt l5§} 5fofdf k5{ eGg] yfxf gePsf] atfP t/ clxn] of] /fHosf]
;'/Iffsf] r'gf}lt /x]sf] / /fhu2LnfO{ g} cK7\of/f] kg{ uPsf] s'/f atfpb}
t]ldof b]zdf eP vt/f x'g] s'/f atfP . of] s'/f ;'g] kl5 /fhfn] s] ug{
;lsG5 eg]/ tL tGqljb\ / Hof]ltif;Fu k/fdz{ dfu] . /fhfn] /ysf nflu
s]xL 3f]8fx? tof/ u/L /fVg nufP / 5f]/fnfO{ To;df /fv]/ klZrd
9f]sfaf6 aflx/ lgsfnL p;nfO{ lrxfgdf k'g{' eGg] cfb]z lbP .
ha of] of]hgf /fgLn] yfxf kfOg\ . /fhfn] 5f]/f kfPsf] a]nf ltdLnfO{ s]
dfUg' 5 dfu eGbf kl5 cfjZos k/]sf] a]nfdf dfuf}nf eg]/ yfFtL /fv]sL
lyOg . ToxL df}sf 5f]kL /fgLn] d]/f] 5f]/fnfO{ /fHo lbg'xf];\ eg]/ j/ dfUg'
eof] . ha pgLdfly /fhd's'6 /flvG5 Tof] a]nf pm cjZo klg af]Ng] 5 .Æ
/fhfn] Tof] s'/f dfg]gg\ . c;Dej /fgL . æt]/f] 5f]/fn] b'ef{Uo dfq Nofof] .Æ
To;f] eP /fhf, d]/f] 5f]/fnfO{ ;ft dlxgf t /fHo lbg'xf];\ eg]/ /fgLn]
/fhfnfO{ ljGtL ul/g\ . k'gM /fhfn] dfg]gg\ / eg] ‘/fgL d dfGb} dflGbg .
;ft dlxgf, Toqf] cjlw, of] t x'g} ;St}g . d}n] ;f]x| jif{df u/]sf] sfd
s]an Ps ;]s]08df vtd x'G5 .’ /fgL k'gM /fhfnfO{ ljGtL ul5{g\ . cGTodf
/fhf & lbg /fHo lbg /fhL x'G5g\ . t]ldofnfO{ xflQdf /fv]/ k"/} zx/
kl/qmdf u/fOof], dflg;sf] sfFwdf /fvL k'gM zx/ kl/qmdf u/fOof] . t/ klg
g t pgsf] v'§f xlNnof] g t pgsf] cf]7 g} . ;ftf}+ lbgdf d]/f] 5f]/f Ps
k6s eP klg af]n g eg]/ cfdfn] ljGtL ul/g\ . pgn] elgg\ æt af]lng;\
eg] d[To'sf] d'vdf kg]{5;\ .Æ af]lw;Tjn] ;f]r] æd}n] af]lng eg] d]/L cfdfsf]
d'6' km'6\5 . olb af]n] eg] ;f]x| jif{ ;Dd d}n] u/]sf] tk gi6 x'G5 . olb d}n]
cfˆgf] tknfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbPF eg] d / d]/f af cfdf gs{ hfgaf6 aRg]5g\ .Æ
t;y{ t]ldofn] df}g a:g] lg0f{o u/] . pgsf] ;ft lbgsf] /fHofjlw ;dfKt
x'Fb} lyof] . pgL af]Ng t ;Sy] t/ klg af]n]gg\ . csf]{ lbg ljxfg} /fhfn]
;'gGbfnfO{ 3f]8f / /y tof/ ug]{ cfb]z lbP . af]lw;TjnfO{ Tof] /ydf /fvL
klZrdlt/sf] 9f]sfaf6 aflx/ lgsfnL lrxfg vgL p;nfO{ vf8ndf
x'TofO{lbg' / a]Nrfn] p;sf] 6fpsf]df xfgL dfg{' . To;kl5 p;nfO{ df6f]n]
k'g{' . To;kl5 ltdLn] g'xfO{ w'jfO{ kms]{/ cfpg' .Æ /fhfsf] cfb]z x'G5 .
;'gGbfn] af]lw;TjnfO{ klZrdlt/sf] d[To'sf] 9f]sfaf6 glgsfnL k"j{lt/sf]
9f]sfaf6 aflx/ lgsfN5g\ . k"j{sf] 9f]sf eg]sf] ljhosf] 9f]sf xf] . 9f]sfaf6
aflx/ lg:sb} ubf{ Tof] /ysf] Pp6f rSsf 9f]sfdf 7f]lsof] Tof] ;'g]/
af]lw;Tjn] ;f]r] ls ca d}n] d'lQm kfpF5' . eujfgsf] cflzjf{bn] pgnfO{

10
agfPsf] lrxfg pgn] 6f9}af6 b]v] . ;'gGbfn] /ynfO{ /f]s] . ;'gGbfn]
af]lw;Tj t]ldofsf ;a} u/uxgf lgsfn] / t]ldofnfO{ /yaf6 ptf/] .
ha ;'gGbf lrxfg vGg yfn] ta pgn] cfkm" d'Qm x'G5' eGg] ;f]r] . ;f]x| jif{
;Dd d}n] d]/f] xft v'§f rnfPsf] 5}g . ca d rnfpg ;S5' . To;kl5
lj:tf/} p7] / v'§fnfO{ xftn] dfln; u/] xftnfO{ klg dfln; u/] clg plk|mP
. pgnfO{ plk|mbf xfjfd} p8]sf] h:tf] / xfjfd} s';g el/Psf] dx;'; eof] .
pgLn] cufl8 k5fl8 lx8]/ v'§fsf] cEof; u/] / ljZj:t eP ls pgdf ca
k|z:t an 5 . pgsf nflu of] g} h+undf uO{ ;Gof; lng] pko'Qm cj;/
lyof] . olb ;'gGbfn] pgnfO{ efUgaf6 /f]Sg vf]h]sf] eP klg ;'gGbfnfO{
x/fpg] pgL;Fu k|ofKt an lyof] .
lrq ! t]ldofn] Pp6} xftn] k'/} /ynfO{ prfnsf]] .

pgsf] ansf] hfFr ug{ pgn] /ysf] k5fl8kl§ Pp6f xftn] ;dft] / k'/}
/ynfO{ prfn] . pgdf kof{Kt an ePsf] olsg eof] . pgL /y xfSg]
dflg;sf] cufl8af6} lx8]/ ;'gGbfnfO{ r'gf}lt lbb} eg] . æh'g dflg;nfO{
ltdL dfg{ uO/x]sf 5f}+ Tof] g t alx/f] 5 g t n+u8f] g} . ltdL ToxL /f]s /
gs{ hfg tof/ xf}+ . ltdL db{}5f}+ .Æ
11
;'gGbfn] dfly x]¥of] / af]lw;Tjsf] ;'Gb/tf b]v]/ pm cfZro{df k¥of] . p;n]
af]lw;TjnfO{ lrGg} ;s]g . t]ldofn] cfkm} cfˆgf] kl/ro lbP . crfgs
;'gGbf af]lw;Tjsf] v'§fdf ´'s] / pgnfO{ cfb/ u/]/ ;'/Iffk"j{s /fhb/af/df
n}hfg] c7f]6 u/] . af]lw;Tj h;n] a'4Tj k|fKt ug]{ ofqf to ul/;s]sf lyP
pgnfO{ s;n] /f]Sg ;SYof] / < pgn] cfˆgf] k"j{hGdsf] j0f{g u/] .
To;cl3sf hGdsf] ;a} s'/f atfP . cfkm"n] gs{df ljtfPsf s]xL hGdsf]
klg lj:tf/k"j{s atfP . pgn] ;'gGbfnfO{ eg] t'?Gt kmls{P/ /fhb/jf/
hfpm / af cfdfnfO{ cfˆgf] 5f]/f hLljt /x]sf] atfpm, tfls jxfFx? 5f]/fsf]
d[To'sf] zf]sdf gk?g\ .
Tof] /y lnP/ ;'gGbf PSn} /fhb/af/ kmls{P . ;'gGbf PSn} kms]{sf] b]vkl5
/fgLn] cg'dfg ul/g\ ls d]/f] 5f]/fnfO{ h+undf dfl/of] . To;kl5 pgL ?g
nflug\ . ha ;'gGbfn] ;a} syf eg] ta pgL r'k nflug\ . t]ldofn] ljho
k|fKt u/]sf] s'/f /fhfn] /fgLnfO{ atfP . ta /fhf / /fgL b'j} hgf 5f]/f
3/df Nofpgsf nflu vf]htnf; ug{ egL k"j{ u]6af6 aflx/ lgl:sP . Tof]
a]nf t]ldofn] ;Gof; wf/0f ul/;s]sf lyP . w]/} k/af6 /yx?sf] nfdf] tfFtL
cfP/ Ps 7fpFdf /f]lsof] . hxfF pgL zs|n] agfOlbPsf] s'6Ldf al;/x]sf
lyP . Tof] s'6Lsf] 5fgf] kftx?n] 5fOPsf] lyof] . pgL ;Gof; wf/0f u/]/
rLj/ / lrt'jfsf] 5fnf nufP/ al;/x]sf lyP . sfFwdf sfnf] 5fnf /flvPsf]
lyof] . skfn af6]/ dfly nuL afFlwPsf] lyof] . pgn] cfˆgf af–cfdfnfO{
:jfut u/] . cfˆgf] k"j{ hGdsf ;a} syfx? atfP . pgL !^ jif{ ;Dd df}g
a;]sf] sf/0f ;d]t atfP . af]lw;Tj cfˆgf] cufl8 3'8f 6]s]/ al;/x]sf /fhf
/fgLnfO{ wd{b]zgf lbO{/x]sf lyP . af]lw;Tjsf] ;a} s'/f ;'lg;s] kl5 /fhf
/fgL b'j} b/af/df kmls{P . b/af/df /x]sf] wg ;DklQ ;'g rfFbL ;a} ul/a
b'MvLnfO{ afFl8lbP . /fhf dfq geP/ ;a} k|hfx? leIf'df ?kfGt/ eP .
To;kl5 k"/} /fHo g} leIf'x?sf] /fHodf kl/0ft eof] .
-df}lns syfM d'ufkSv hfts syf g+= %#*_
-;|f]tM http://www.buddha-images.com _
of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff
of] hfts o;/L ag]sf] 5 ls Pp6} hftsaf6 rf/j6f kf/ldtf k|fKt ug{
;Gb]z lbPsf] 5\ . of] syfaf6 w]/} eGbf w]/} lzIff k|bfg ul/Psf] 5, tL
lzIffx? dWo] d}n] a'´]sf s]xL d'Vo lzIffx? tn lbOPsf 5g\ .

12
• b[9 ;+sNk kf/ldtfM of] syfsf] k|d'v lzIff eg]s} b[9 ;+sNk
kf/ldtf ;+sng ug'{ xf] . t]ldof a'4sf] k"j{hGd lyof] . pxfF
af]lw;Tj x'g'x'GYof] . pxfFn] o:tf] b[9 ;+sNk ug'{ eof] ls pxfFnfO{
5fgfdfly /fv]/ cfuf] nufpbf klg efUg' ePg, /fhf agfpbf klg
af]Ng' ePg . cfdf ?bf klg af]Ng' ePg . cfkm"nfO{ dfg{ nfUbf klg
af]Ng' ePg . o;sf] l;wf lzIff eg]sf] df}g a:g] b[9 ;+sNk g} xf] .
xfdLn] klg hLjg ;fy{s agfpg b[9 ;+sNk kf/ldtfsf] ;fwgf
ug'{k5{ . cGTodf ;Gof; g} wf/0f ug'{eof] . ;Gof; g} k|d'v kf/ldtf
xf] .
• bf]>f] lzIff eg]sf] jLo{ kf/ldtf g} xf] . pgL;+u cfWoflTds /
ef}lts b'a} jLo{tf lyof] . /fhsLo sd{sf] Tofu / ;+Gof; wf/0f ug'{
/ kl/jlh{t x'g' cfWoflTds jLo{tf lyof] eg] ;'gGbfsf] /ynfO{ Pp6}
xftn] prfNg' / le8\g tof/ x'g' pgsf] ef}lts jLo{tf lyof] . pgdf
cfWoflTds / ef}lts jLo{tf lyof] .
• t]>f] lzIff eg]sf] k|1f kf/ldtf x'g'k5{ eGg] g} xf] . pxfFn] cfkm\gf]
cf>ddf Wofg ug'{eof] Wofgaf6 k|fKt k|1f afF8g'eof] . cfkm\gf dftf
lktf / c? JolQmx?nfO{ wd{b]zgf lbg'eof], pxfF lsg af]Ng'ePg <
lsg v'6\6f rnfpg' ePg < / cfuf] nufpbf klg lsg efUg' ePg <
Tof] laifodf pkb]z lbg'eof] . cfkm"n] Wofg dfkm{t k|fKt k|1f
;a}nfO{ k|bfg ug'{eof] / k"/} /fHonfO{ leIf'x?sf] /fHo agfpg' eof] .
• w}o{tf kf/ldtfsf] ;fwgf rf}yf] lzIff xf] . t]dLofn] h:tf] w}o{tf lng
;Sg'k5{ . Tolt 7'N7'nf hf]lvd cfOnfUbf klg Hofg g} hfg nfUbf
klg nfdf] ;do;Dd pxfFn] w}o{tf lng ;Sg'eof] / ;x]/ al;/xg'eof]
.
• h:tf] dlt p:t} ult, t]dLofn] c;n sd{ ug'{eof] t;y{ pgsf] hGd
a'4sf] ?kdf eof] .

13
 dxfhgs hfts

ef/tjif{df Pp6f ldlynf gfdsf] ;d[4 /fHo lyof] . ToxfF ljb]x gfdsf /fhf
lyP . pgsf cl/yfhgs / kf]nfhgs gfdsf b'O{j6f 5f]/f lyP . ha /fhf
ljb]x j[4 eP tj tTsfnLg /fhkl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df h]7f] 5f]/f] cl/yfhgs
/fhf eP eg] sfG5f] 5f]/f] kf]nfhgs rfFxL k|wfg;]gfklt eP . ldlynfdf
cl/yfhgs /fhf eP klg pgsf sfG5f] efO kf]nfhgs rfFxL Hofb} nf]slk|o
lyP . kf]nfhgs bfh'k|lt w]/} >4f uy]{ eg] cl/yfhgs eg] efOsf]
nf]slk|otf k|lt 8fxf ub{y] / ;w}+ z+sfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] x]b{y] . efOsf] sf/0f
/fhu2L kf] hfG5 ls egL z+s} z+sf ub{y] . efOsf] nf]slk|otfaf6 8/fP/
Pslbg cl/yfhgsn] cfkm\gf efO kf]nfhgsnfO{ sf]7fleq ;fª\nfn] afFw]/
/fv] . kf]nfhgsn] cfkm" lgbf]{if ePsf] eg]/ zs| -b]j]Gb||_;+u w]/} k'sf/ u/] .
crDdsf] s'/f pgLn] k'sf/ ul//x]s} a]nf pgnfO{ afFw]/ /fv]sf] ;fª\nf] cfkm}
km'l:sP/ e"O{df ´¥of] . ToxfFaf6 pgL efUg ;kmn eP / Tof] /fHosf]
l;dfgf kf/ u/]/ Pp6f ;fgf] ufpFdf z/0f lnP/ a;] . pgL Hofb} nf]slk|o
ePsf] / hgtfsf]] g]tf ePsf] sf/0f w]/} JolQmx? pgsf] sfo{stf{ ag] .
pgdf ;fx; / nf]slk|otf lyof] . t;y{ pgn] cfˆgf] bfh' cl/yfhgssf]
/fHodf wfjf af]n] . /fhf cl/yfhgs efO kf]nfhgs;Fu w]/} 8/fPsf lyP .
pgn] cfˆgL >LdtLnfO{ eg] sL æd o'4df dfl/g klg ;S5' t;y{ ue{df
/x]sf afnssf] /Iffsf nflu ltdL ldlynf 5f]8]/ cGoq} hfpm .Æ
geGb} pgn] cfkm\gf b]j/ kf]nfhgsåf/f cfˆgf] >Ldfgsf] xTof ePsf] clk|o
va/ ;'lgg\ . pgn] cfˆgf ;a} ;'gsf u/uxgfnfO{ Pp6f 9fsLdf -8fnf] _
/flvg\ / To;nfO{ wfgn] 5f]lkg\ . ToxfF dfly s]xL ;fdfg /flvg\\ / Tof] dfly
kmf]]xf]/ sk8fn] 9fsLlbOg\ . dflg;n] glrg'g eg]/ pgn] d'vdf xNsf sfnf]
/+u nufOg\ clg ;f8Lsf] 3'D6f] c8]/ d'v 5f]lkg\ / pQ/lt/sf] 9f]sfaf6
aflx/ lg:sL 6fk 7f]lsg\ . pgsf] ue{df /x]sf] aRrf dxfdfgj jf af]lw;Tj
lyof] . ToxLa]nf b]jtfsf /fhf zs| Pp6f /y rnfpFb} uO/x]sf lyP . zs|n]
crfgs pgnfO{ b]v]/ ;f]w] æltdL sxfF hfg nfu]sL <Æ pgn] elgg\ “d
14
snfsDkf lx8]sL .Æ ToxfF k'Ug ^) dfOn 6f8fsf] ofqf ug{' kg]{ lyof] t/
pgnfO{ ToxfF k'Ug] af6f] yfxf lyPg . tL b]jtfsf /fhf zs|n] eGg'eof], æd
ltdLnfO{ Tof] zx/df k'¥ofO{ lbG5',, cfpm d]/f] /ydf a; .Æ pgL Tof] /ydf
a:gf;fy pgL d:t lgGb|fdf kl/g\ . lgGb|f v'Nbf t pgL snfsDkf zx/sf]
lsgf/df k'uL ;s]sL lyOg\ . pgL 5Ss k/]/ b]j/fh zs|nfO{ ;f]lwg\ æs;/L
olt l56f] of] zx/df cfOk'luof] <Æ zs|n] eGg'eof], æxfdLx? l56f] af6f]af6
cfof}+ h'g af6f] s]an b]jtfx?n] dfq b]v]sf 5g\ .Æ olt eg]/ zs| cfˆgf]
af6f] nfUg' eof] .
snfsDkfdf ltgL ckl/lrt dlxnfnfO{ pQ/lt/sf Pshgf a|fXd0f lzIfsn]
lrlgxfn] . pgn] tL a|fXd0fnfO{ elgg\ æd ldlynfsf ev{/} dfl/Psf /fhf
cl/yfhgssL d'Vo /fgL x'F . d d]/f] ue{df /x]sf] aRrfnfO{ arfpgsf] nflu
oxfF cfPsL x'F .Æ tL a|fXd0f bofn' / 1fgL lyP . pgn] tL dlxnfnfO{ cfˆg}
cf>ddf a:g lgdGq0ff lbP . cf>ddf a;]sf] 5f]6f] ;do kl5 g} pgn]
aRrf hGdfOg\ . tL aRrfsf] gfd cfˆg} xh'/afsf] gfd ædxfhgsÆ /flvof] .
tL aRrf lbgsf] ;"o{ / /ftsf] rGb|df ´}+ a9\b} uP . t/ pgsf afn;vfx?n]
pgnfO{ luHofpg yfn] . v]n v]Nbf æof] ljwjfsf] 5f]/f] xf]Æ o;sf] afa' 5}g”
eGg yfn] . oL zAbx?n] pgsf] x[bodf rf]6 k'Uof]] . pgn] cfˆgL cfdfnfO{
eGg nfu]] æd]/f] a'af sf] xf] < eGg' ePg eg] d tkfO{sf] 5fltdf 6f]lslbG5'
.Æ pgL uf]Ko s'/f eGg afWo eOg\ . pgn] elgg\ æltdL ldlynfsf k"j{ /fhf
cl/yfhgssf 5f]/f xf}+ . ltd|f a'jf o'Wbdf d/], /fHo klg u'Dof] .Æ pgn] ;a}
s'/f ;'gfOg\ . ;f]x| jif{sf] eP kl5 pgn] cfˆgf] a'jfsf] /fHo k'gM k|fKt ug]{
b[9 k|lt1f u/] . pgn] cfˆgf] ;a} of]hgf cfˆgL cfdfnfO{ atfP . cfdfn]
cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;'gsf u/uxgf 5f]/fnfO{ lbOg\ . pgn] dg dg} ljrf/ u/] .
olt ;'gn] t d ;lhn} d]/f] a'afsf] /fHo lng ;S5' . pgn] cfdfnfO{ eg]
ædnfO{ cfwf eP k'U5 . d Jofkf/ u/]/ c? w]/} sdfp5' .Æ pgn] 5f]/fnfO{
;'/Iffsf] af/]df atfOg\ . ;d'Gb|df x'g ;Sg] vt/f / hf]lvdaf/] ;r]t u/fOg\
. t/ pgn] cfdfn] eg]sf] s'/f ;'g]sf] g;'g] ´}+ u/] . dxfhgsn] To;}
;dodf cfˆgf sfsf kf]nfhgs lj/fdL ePsf] ;dfrf/ ;'g] . dxfhgsn]]
Jofkf/sf nflu s]xL ;fdfgx? lsg]/ lxGb dxf;fu/af6 ;'j0f{e"ldtkm{ nu] .
b|'t ultsf] kfgLhxfhsf] ofqf kl5 ;fdfg / dflg;x? ;'j0f{e"lddf hfb} ubf{
;ftf}+ lbgdf hxfhdf a9L ;fdfgsf] ePsf] sf/0f c;Gt'lnt aGg k'Uof] .
a9L ;fdfg / dflg; ePs}n] hxfhdf kfgLsf] ;tx a9\b} uof] / hxfhsf]
a]/f elTsO hxfh leq kfgL k:of] . dxfhgsn] hxfh ;d'Gb|df 8'Ab}5 eGg]
15
yfxf kfP . w]/} dflg;x? ;d'Gb|df 8'a], lsgsL pgLx?n] elQm dfq u/] sd{
u/]gg\ . cfkm" s;/L aRg] eGg] ljrf/ u/]gg\ . t/ pgn] rfFxL cfkm} ;Sv/ /
£o" ldnfP/ 9sg] tof/ u/] / vfP . ha hxfh 8'Ag nfu]sf] lyof] Toltj]nf
hgfj/x? ;d'Gb|df t}l/b} lyP . 7Ls To;} avt hxfhsf] 6'Kkf] rfFxL dfly
p7\of] ToxLaf6 dxfhgs hxfhaf6 6f9f k'Ug] u/L xfdkmfn]/ kf}l8g yfn] .
pgL cfkm" kf}l8P/ c? JolQmnfO{ klg arfpglt/ nfu] . 7Ls ToxL lbg
kf]nfhgssf] d[To' eof] / ldlynf /fHosf] /fhu2L vfnL eof] . vfgf
gvfO{sg klg dxfhgs ;ft lbg ;Dd ;d'Gb|df kf}l8/x] . ToxL a]nf
:ju{af6 dlgd]vnf rfFxL Tof] b[Zo x]/]/ dxfhgssf]] jLo{tf b]v]/ cfglGbt
eOg\ . pgL ;d'Gb|sL dxf/fgL lyOg\ . Tof] kf}l8/x]sf] dxfhgsnfO{ b]v]/
dlgd]vnfn] ;f]lrg\ ls logL ;fdfGo dflg; xf]Ogg\ . dlgd]vnfn]
dxfhgsnfO{ tfgL cfdfn] gjhft lzz'nfO{ h:t} c+ufnf] xflng\ / c+ufnf]df
Rofk]/ p8\b} ldlynfsf] Pp6f ;'Gb/ cfFksf] au}rfdf k'lug\ . au}rfsf] aLrdf
/x]sf] Pp6f 9'+ufsf] bflxg] kl§ pgnfO{ /flvg\ / cfkm" b]j|]lt/ al;g\ .
dxfhgsn] sd{ / elQm b'j} u/] h;sf] sf/0f dlgd]vnf cfOg\ / pgsf]
p4f/ ul/g\ .
lrq # dlgd]vnfn] dxfhgsnfO{ påf/ ub{} .

{
16
7Ls ToxL a]nf d[To'z}ofdf /x]sf ldlynfsf /fhfn] pgsf dGqLx?nfO{ eg]
ls h;n] of] alnof] wg'sf] tfFwf] tf]8\g ;S5, / cfˆgL 5f]/L lzefnLnfO{
v'zL agfpg ;S5, To;}nfO{ d /fhf agfpg] 3f]if0ff ub{5' . /fhu2Lsf nflu
w]/} pDd]bjf/x? lyP / ;a}n] cf–cfˆgf] kl/>dn] k|lt:kwf{df lhTg] /
lzefnL nfO{ v'zL agfpg v'a} k|oTg u/] t/ hlt pgnfO{ v'zL u/fpg
k|oTg uy]{ lzefnL rfFxL ltgLx?nfO{ x6fpg nflUyg\ . Pshgfn] klg
lzefnLn] ;f]w]sf] k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg ;s]gg\ / s;};+u klg /fhsLo wg'sf]
tfFwf] r9fpg ;s]gg\ .
cGTodf dGqLx?n] pT;j kfNsLnfO{ -/y_ cufl8 a9fpg cfb]z lbP .
pgLx?n] ;x/nfO{ l;+uf/ k6f/ u/]sf lyP . rf/hgf enfbdLx?nfO{ Tof]
;'Gb/ kfNsL af]Sg nufP . kfNsLsf] k5fl8 afhfufhfn] ;';lHht h'n';
lyof] . ldlynfsf] /fhf x'g of]Uo Aoltmsf] vf]hL ug{ Tof] kfNsL /fhb/jf/sf]
k"j{ 9f]sfaf6 aflx/ lgsfNg] cfb]z k|fKt eof] . kfNsL dxfhgs ;'lt/x]sf]
kfs{sf] :yfgdf k'Uof] . hxfF dxfhgs 9'+ufdf ;'lt/x]sf lyP, Tof] 9'+ufnfO{
kl/qmdf u/]/ kfNsL af]Sg] dflg;n] kfNsL lj;fP\ . dGqLx?n] Tof] ;'lt/x]sf]
dflg;sf] lg/LIf0f u/] / pgsf v'§fx?sf] cjnf]sg u/] . ToxLa]nf dGqLx?n]
pgsf] v'§fdf /fhf x'g] lrGx b]v] . Tof] JolQmdf /fhf x'g] dfq xf]Og, rf/}
e'jgsf] jfbzfx x'g] lrGx / nIf0f lyP . dGqLx?n] jfhfufhf ahfpg] cfb]z
lbP . Tof] cfjfh ;'g]/ dxfhgs lgGb|faf6 lapFl´P\ . p7\bf pgsf jl/kl/
w]/} dflg;n] 3]/]/ /fv]sf lyP . /fhfsf] nflu tof/ u/]sf] ;]tf] 5ftf pgnfO{
cf]9fOPsf] lyof] . pgn] ;f]w] “/fhf sxfF x'g'x'G5 <” dGqLx?n] eg] “pxfFsf]
:juf{/f]x0f eof] .” To;kl5 pgn] /fhf x'g dGh'/ u/] .
To;a]nf lzefnL /fhfnfO{ kv]{/ sf]7fdf al;/x]sL lyOg\ t/ gofF /fhf
pgnfO{ e]6\g uPgg\ / pgsf] s'g} jf:tf g} u/]gg\ . Pslbg hj dxfhgs
au}rfdf 3'ld/x]sf lyP pgn] Tof] a]jf:tf vKg ;lsgg\ / pgn] /fhfnfO{
c+sdfn ub}{ cfˆgf hLp /fhf sxfF c8]; nufOg\ tfsL /fhfn] pgnfO{ v';
u/fpg ;s'g\ .
/fhfn] /fgLsf rt'/ ;f+;fl/s k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ ;lhn} lbP . pgn] lzefnLsf
cfWoflTds k|Zgx?sf] klg pQ/ lbP . pgn] Tof] /fhsLo wg'ifsf] tfFbf] klg
;lhn} tf]8\g ;s] / tLgj6} k/LIffdf ptL0f{ eP . To;/L pgn] /fhf x'g]
;a} ;t{x?sf] kfng u/] . pgn] a'l4dfgL tl/sfn] ;ft xhf/ jif{;Dd zf;g
u/] . /fgL lzefnLn] eljiosf] /fhfsf] nflu Pp6f 5f]/f hGdfOg\ .
17
Pslbg /fhf pgsf dGqL;+u /fHosf] e|d0f ul//x]sf lyP . pgn] b'O{j6f
cfFksf ?vx? b]v] . Pp6fdf n6/Dd cfFk kmn]sf lyP . cfFk vfg cfpg]
dflg;x?n] Tof] ?vsf xfFuf g'xfP/ kftx? n'l5Psf lyP . slt xfFufx?
efFrLlbPsf / n5f/LlbPsf lyP . csf]{ ?v /fd|f] xl/of] lyof] / xfFuf kftx?
;a} ;Unf lyP lsgls Tof] ?v rflx afF´f] lyof], ToxfF kmnx? lyPgg\ . /fhf
cufl8 lyP / tL b'O{ ?vsf] cjnf]sg ub]{ lyP . /fgL rfFxL pgsf] kl5 kl5
lx8\b} lyOg\ . /fhfn] eg] æoL xfFuf / kftx? ?vdf k'gM hf]l8g ;Sb}gg\ /
k'gM ?v x/fe/f x'g ;Sb}g .Æ pgn] ljrf/ u/], wg ;DklQn] s]]jn b'Mv dfq
lgDTofpF5 . To;}sf/0f pgn] Tof] wg;DklQ / /fHo 5f]8]/ ;Gof; wf/0f ug]{
lgZro u/] . /fhfn] cfˆgf] skfn sf6\g nufP / u]?j:q -rLj/_ wf/0f u/L
;Gof;L ag]/ /fhb/af/af6 lgl:sP/ lx8] . /fgL /fhfnfO{ clt dfof uly{g\,
pgL /f]Os/fO{ u/]/ /fhfnfO{ k5\ofO/x]sL lyOg\ . t/ klg /fhf cufl8 a9\b}
uP . /fhfnfO{ c;x\o eof] . 3fF;sf] Pp6f kft r'8]/ eg] æh;/L of] kft
k'gM hf]l8g ;Sb}g To;/L g} ltdL / d klg hf]l8g ;Sb}gf}+ .Æ of] s'/f ;'g]/
/fgL e'O{df d'5f{ kl/g\ . ;'Gb/L ;';f/]x?n] pgnfO{ ;dfln/x]sf lyP .
dxfhgs cufl8 a9b} uP / h+undf x/fP . ha /fgL d'5f{af6 ljpl´Og\
pgn] dxfhgsnfO{ st} klg b]lvgg\ . dxfhgs k'gM slxNo} klg dflg;sf]
gh/df b]vf k/]gg\ . pgL lxdjt\v08sf] h+un x'Fb} cGTodf a|Xdnf]s k'u] .
tL d'5f{af6 ljpl´PsL /fgL kmls{P/ ldlynfsf] b/jf/df cfOg\ / cfˆgf]
5f]/fsf] /fHofleif]s ug{ dGh'/ eOg\ . /fhsfhsf ;a} sfdsfhx? 5f]/fnfO{
lj:tf/} a'´fO{sg pgLn]] klg ;Gof; wf/0f ul/g\ . w]/} aif{sf] ;Gof;L hLjg
kl5 pgn] klg b]jnf]sdf -:ju{_ k|j]z ul/g\ .
-Dff}lns syfM dxfhgs hfts syf g+= %#(_
-;|f]tM http://www.buddha-images.com af6 ;fef/_

of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff

of] hfts klg o;/L ag]sf] 5 ls Pp6} hftsaf6 w]/} eGbf w]/} lzIff k|bfg
ul/Psf] 5 . tL lzIffx? dWo] d}n] a'´]sf s]xL d'Vo d'Vo lzIff tn lbOPsf
5g\ .
• dxfhgsdf jLo{ kf/ldtf lyof] t;y{ ;ft lbg ;Dd lg/Gt/ kfgLdf
kf}l8/x] . Tof] ;fx; b]v]/ ;d'Gb|sL /fgL hnsL b]jL dlgd]vnf cfP/
18
 pgnfO{ c+ufnf]df xfnL p8fP/ au}rfdf k'¥ofOg\ . hf];Fu w}o{tf /
;fx; 5, To;nfO{ ;d'b|sL dxf/fgL dlgd]vnf cfP/ ;+s6af6 d'Qm
ul/lbOg\ . dxfhgsn] eltm dfq u/]gg\ sd{ klg u/] . t;y{ xfdLn]
klg jLo{ kf/ldtf k|fKt ug{ ;fwgf ug'{k5{ .
• a'4 bz{gdf b'O{j6f cfFksf ?vsf] bz{g ;jf{lws nf]slk|o 5 . Pp6f
cfFksf] ?vdf n6/Dd cfFk kmn]sf 5g\ . dflg; cfFk l6k]/ vfg
?vdf r9\5g\ . glhs glhssf xfFufsf cfFk xftn] l6k]/ vfG5g\ .
6f9fsf xfFufsf cfFk xftn] e]6\g ;Sb}gg\ . To;kl5 Tof] xfFufnfO{
g'xfOP/ cfFk l6K5g\ . g'xfpg] qmddf cfFksf xfFuf n5fl/G5, kftx?
;f]xf]l/P/ ´5{g\ . ?v r9\g g;Sg]x?n] cfFkdf v'8\lsnf agfpg
?vsf] km]bdf sf6\b5g\ . ;fgf aRrfx? hf] ?v r9\g ;Sb}gg\
e'O{af6} 9'Fufn] xfg]/ cfFk ´fg{ nfU5g\ . cfFksf] ?vdf ;of}+ 9'Fufsf
rf]6x? nfU5g\ . csf{ Psy/L dflg; 6fFuf] lnP/ cfFksf xfFuf
g'xfP/ kmn l6Kg nfUbf cfFksf w]/} xfFufx? ls t n5fl/G5g\ ls t
efFlrG5g\ . cfFkn] dflg;nfO{ olt dL7f] kmn k|bfg u5{ t/ dflg;n]
cfFknfO{ b'Mv afx]s s]xL lbb}g . kmn]sf] cfFksf] ?v wgL 5, To;}n]
p;n] w]/} b'Mvx? ef]Ug' k5{ . cyjf hf] JolQm;Fu wg ;DklQ 5,
p;n] w]/} b'Mv ef]Ug' k5{ . wg ;DklQn] v'zL Nofpb}g a? b'Mv /
kL8f lgDTofpF5 . hlt klg wgL JolQmx? 5g\ /fhfb]lv ;fx' dxfhg
;Dd pgLx?n] kmn]sf] cfFksf] ?vn] Joxf]/] h:t} w]/} b'Mv kL8f ef]Ug'
k5{ . wg ;DklQn] ;'v xf]Og b'Mvx? NofpF5g\ . To;}n] ;Gof;
kf/ldtf g} of] syfsf] s]Gb|Lo lzIff xf] .
• tkfO{x?dWo] hh;n] sd{ u/]/ w]/} eGbf w]/} ;DklQ hDdf ug{'x'G5
To;n] tkfOx?nfO{ cfgGb lbb}g a? b'Mv dfq} lbG5 . kmn]sf] cfFksf]
?v o;sf] /fd|f] pbfx/0f xf] . csf]{ ?v afF´f] 5, To;df s'g} kmn
kmn]sf] 5}g . xl/of] 5 / xfFuf kft ;a} ;Unf 5g\ . s;}n] klg Tof]
?vnfO{ b'Mv lbPsf 5}gg\ . ?v cfgGbk"j{s afFlr/x]sf] 5 . s;}n]
klg Tof] ?vdf gh/;Dd klg nufpFb}gg\ . p;df g t xfFuf nfl5g]
jf efFlrg] 8/ g t rf]6k6s nfUg] eo g t kmn s;}nfO{ lbg
kfPsf]df xif{ g t s;}nfO{ lbg gkfPsf]df s'l07ft g} 5 . p t a?
Psfu|tfsf ;fy Wofgdf dUg 5 . o;n] cfgGb / zflGt k|bfg
ub{5 . To;}n] ;Gof; kf/ldtf of] syfsf] bf>f] lzIff xf] .
19
• /fHon] /fu / å]if a9fpF5 . /fhf cl/yfhgsdf /fHok|lt /fu lyof]
/ ToxL /fhu2L arfpg pgdf c? t s] cfˆg} efO{ kf]nfhgsk|lt
å]if lyof] . aRrfdf b'O{ bfh'efO aLrsf] k|]d /fHosf] df]xsf sf/0f
å]ifdf kl/jt{g eof] . b'O{ bfh'efO aLr ´}´u8f eof] . cGTodf o'4
g} eof] / /fhf cl/yfhgssf] Hofg g} uof] . cl/yfhgsdf /fu /
å]if lyof] . ToxL /fu / å]ifn] pgnfO{ d[To'sf] d'vdf ws]nL lbof] .
• t]>f] lzIff xf] ;Tosf] hLt . kf]nfhgsdf bfh' /fhf x'g' ePsf]df g
t å]ifefj lyof] g t pgL /fHosf] /fudf lyP . pgL lgisfd sd{
ub{y] . To;}n] pgL Hofb} nf]slk|o eP . Tof] nf]slk|otf k|lt bfh'
cl/yfhgssf] å]if÷8fxf lyof] / /fHo x8K5 ls eGg] z+sf lyof] .
To;}n] kf]nfhgsnfO{ ;fFUnfn] afFw]/ /fv] . pgL lgbf]{if lyP . pgsf]
k'sf/nfO{ zs|n] ;'Gg'eof] . To;kl5 lgbf]{if kf]nfhgsnfO{ afFlwPsf
;fFUnf cfkm;]cfkm e'O{df ´/] . pgL aGwgd'Qm eP . kf]nfhgsdf
nf]e, df]x, å]if, cf8Da/ s]xL lyPg . t;y{ pgL d'Qm eP . Tof]
ef}lts ;fFª\nf] dfq geP/ nf]e, df]x, å]if / cf8Da/sf] ;fª\nf] klg
xf] . Tof] ;fFª\nf]n] kf]nfhgsnfO{ afFWg ;s]g . cfkm} ;fª\nf] e'O{df
´¥of] .
• pgL;Ë w}o{tf klg lyof] . xfdL dWo] hf];Fu sd{ 5, jLo{tf / w}o{tf
5, ;fx; 5, To:tf JolQm ;+s6df k/]] eg] zs|n] d'Qm ul/lbg'x'G5 .
• dxfhgsdf /fhf x'gsf nflu rflxg] cfWoflTds, af}l4s / ef}lts
u'0fx? lyP . pgL;Fu tLI0f a'l4 lyof] / pgL ef}lts ?kn] anjfg
klg lyP . /fhs'df/Lsf k|Zgsf] pgn] Ps Ps u/]/ ;lhn} pQ/
lbP . of] pgsf] af}l4stfsf] k/LIff lyof] . csf]{ /fhsLo wg'sf] tfFbf]
tf]8\g ;Sg' pgsf] ef}lts ansf] k/LIff lyof] . csf]{ cfWoflTds
k/LIff lyof] h'g pgn] d}qLk"0f{ t/Lsfn] pQ/ lbP . pgL af}l4s,
cfWoflTds / ef}lts tLgj6} k/LIffdf ;kmn eP/ /fhf x'g of]Uo
eP . of] eGbf klg pgdf /fh l;+xf;gsf] s'g} nf]e nfnrf lyPg g
t ;'Gb/L /fgL k|lt sfdjf;gf g} lyof] . t;y{ dxfhgsn] cfqmd0f
u/]/ /fHo kfPsf xf]Ogg\ a? pgL;Fu ePsf af}l4s, ef}lts /
cfWoflTds u'0fsf] sf/0f /fhf x'g ;s] .

20
• wg ;DklQ k|ltsf] c;+u cfWoflTds u'0f xf] . /fhf dxfhgsdf
/fHok|lt df]x lyPg . ha pgn] kmn]sf] cfFksf] ?v b]v] . pgn]
a'l´xfn], wg ;DklQn] ;'v lbb}g a? b'Mv lbG5 . pgL b[9 ;+sNk
ug{ jf ;Dos\ ;+sNk ug{ ;Sy] To;}n] pgn] ;Gof; lng] lg0f{o u/]
. pgdf /fHok|lt /fu lyPg . To;}n] t'?Gt /fh l;+xf;g 5f]8\g ;s]
. t;y{ b[9 ;+sNk jf ;Dos\ ;+sNk kf/ldtf klg x'g clgjfo{ 5 .
• o; hfts syfdf kfOg] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ lzIff eg]sf] ;Gof; g}
clGtd uGtJo eGg] g} xf] . /fhf dxfhgsn] /fhfeGbf klg 7"nf]
s'/f ;Gof; xf] eGg] 7fg] To;}n] pgL kl/alh{t eO{ lxdjt\ v08df
Wofg u/]/ a;] / cGTodf a|Xdnf]s k'u] . pgsL /fgLn] klg /fHosf]
df]x, k'qsf] df]x, kltsf] -/fhfsf]_ df]x 5f]8]/ /fHo ;'lDkP/ kl/jlh{t
eP/ Wofg ug{ yflng\ . pgsf] Tof] Wofgaf6 b]jtfx?n] b]jnf]ssf]
9f]sf vf]nL lbP / pgL klg b]jnf]sdf k|j]z ul/g\ .
• k|fo ;a} a'4sfnLg hftsdf efFlrPsf] xfFuf ?vdf hf]8\g ;lsb}g,
´/]sf] kft k'g hf]8\g ;lsb}g . 3fF;sf] kft Psrf]6L r'l8Pkl5
k'gM hf]8\g ;lsb}g eGg] ;Gb]zx? 5g\ . ;Gof;L ePkl5 leIf'
ePkl5 k'g u[x:yfj:yfdf cfpg ;lsb}g . d/]kl5 k'gM arfpg
;lsb}g . ;'Id ;+;f/df uP kl5 k'gM :y"n jf ef}lts ;+;f/df
cfpg ;lsb}g eGg] ;Gb]z of] hftsaf6 k|fKt x'G5 .
c? lzIff kf7s au{n] vf]Hg' x'g]5 .

21
 ;d hfts

k|frLg ;dodf jgf/; lgs} ;+d[4 / zlQmzfnL /fHo lyof] . u+uf gbLsf]
kf/L kl§sf] lsgf/df b'O{j6f ufpF lyP . tL b'O{ ufpFn] agf/;sf b'O{ /fHonfO{
5'6\ofpy] . ToxfF b'O{ ;fyL lzsf/Lx? lyP . lzsf/Lx?sf b'O{ aRrfx?sf aLr
ljjfxsf] s'/f l5lgPsf] lyof] . oL b'O{ aRrfx? c? aRrf h:tf lyPgg\ .
pgLx?sf] 5fnf ;'gf}nf /+u ldl;P/ ag]sf] lyof] . pgLx? v/fa JolQmx?sf]
;+;u{df /x] klg / lzsf/Laf6 3]l/P/ /x] klg pgLx?n] s'g} klg hLjnfO{
xfgL ug]{ sfo{ ub}{gy] . pgLx?sf] uGtJo:yn g} km/s lyof] . pgLx?n]
k"j{hGdaf6} /fd|f] ;+:sf/ lnP/ cfPsf lyP . pgLx?sf] x[bo kljq lyof] .
pgLx?n] k"jh { Gddf Pshgf cfFvfsf 8fS6/sf] ;Gtfgsf ?kdf hGd lnPsf
lyP . Tof] a]nf Pshgf wgL lj/fdLn] 8fS6/sf] cfFvf hfFrsf] z'Ns sd eP/
pkrf/ vr{ OGsf/ u/]/ l/;fPsf lyP . 8fS6/n] lj/fdLnfO{ s]xL cf}ifwL lbP
. To;sf] sf/0f pgsf] Pp6f cfFvfsf] b[Zo u'd]sf] lyof] . v/fa sfd tL
aRrfsf afcfdfn] u/]sf lyP t/ kl/0ffd rfxL pgLx?sf aRrfn] ef]Ug' k¥of]
. To;}sf sf/0f tL aRrfx?n] lzsf/Lsf sf]vdf hGd lng' k¥of] . pgLx?sf]
lax]sf] s'/f 6'ËLP klg pgLx?n] OlGb|ohGo ;'vnfO{ Tofu u/]/ ;Gof; wf/0f
ug]{ lgZro u/] . pgLx? b'j}n] cfˆgf afcfdfnfO{ ljjfx gu/Llbg cg'/f]w
u/] t/ klg pgLx?sf] s]xL nfu]g, pgLx?sf] OR5f ljk/Lt ljjfx eof] t/
pgLx? aLr bfh' alxgLsf] ?kdf hLjg ljtfpg] uf]Ko ;Nnfx eof] .
s]6fnfO{ b's'nfs / s]6LnfO{ kl/sf eg]/ af]nfOGYof]] . Tof] s]6f]nfO{ lzsf/
v]Ng OR5f g} ePg / afa' cfdfaf6 k|fKt wg ;DklQsf] ef]u rng ug{ /
;'v k|fKt ug{ dg g} nfu]g . pgnfO{ h+undf uP/ cf>ddf a:g cg'dlt
lbOof] . hxfF pgLx?n] Wofg / kljq hLjg ofkg ug{' kYof]{ . ToxfF zs|-
OGb|_n] pgnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg' ePsf] lyof] . pgnfO{ yfxf lyof] ls
k"j{hGddf ePsf pgsf g/fd|f s'/fx? wf]P/ dg ;kmf ul/Psf] lyPg . zs|n]
yfxf kfP ls pgsf] hLjgdf s'g} b'ef{Uo cfOnfu]sf] lyof] . zs|n]
22
pgLx?nfO{ eg] ls pgLx?n] b'v k/]sf a]nf x]/rfxsf nflu Pp6f 5f]/f
hGdfpg' k5{ . pgLx?n] eg] æsbflk x'b}g, of] c;Dej s'/f .Æ of]
;Gof;lt/sf] af6f] xf]Og . cGTodf zs|n] eg] ls olb 7Ls ;dodf
b's'nfsn] Pp6f cf}+nf dfq klg dlxnf leq /fVof] eg] kljq ue{ /xg ;S5
. To;} k|sf/sf] sd{af6 af]lw;Tjsf] k'gh{Gd eof] t/ Tof] dfgjLo ;+;f/
lyPg . ;Gof;Lx? h+undf P+];]n', hfd'gf] / cf]v/x? ;+sng ug{ cfpbf Tof]
afnsnfO{ x]/]/ hfGy] . oL ;Gof;Lx?n] Tof] afnsnfO{ k|]dk"j{s Jojxf/ ub{y]
ltg} afnssf] gfd lyof] æaf]lw;Tj ;d .Æ pgsf] kljq hLjg lxdjt\
v08df g} z'? eof] . h'g :yfg b]jtfx?sf /fhf zs|sf] b/jf/sf] km]bdf
lyof] . tn af]lw;Tj a;]sf] :yfgsf af6fx? kxf8sf] 6'Kkf]df /x]sf] zs|sf]
b/jf/;Dd k'Uby] . ToxfFsf dflg;x?nfO{ Tof] cK7\of/f] psfnf] af6f] vt/fk"0f{
nfUbYof] . eljiojf0fL u/] cg';f/ ha ;d !^ jif{ k'u]sf lyP, pgLx?sf
afcfdfnfO{ b'ef{Uo cfOk¥of] . ha pgLx? h++unsf kmnkm"n hDdf u/]/ 3/
kms{b} lyP PSsf;L jiff{ eof] . pgLx? Pp6f ?vsf] km]bdf cf]t nfu] . hxfF
pgLx? cf]t nfu]/ a;]sf lyP ToxL ?vsf] km]bdf g} ljiffn' ;k{ klg a;]sf]
/x]5 . ha pgLx?af6 kl;gf / kfgL Tof] ;k{ dfly v:of], ;k{ Hofb} l/;fof]
. p;n] l/;n] ˆjf ub}{ ljif pgLx?sf] cfFvfdf ˆofSof] / pgLx? t'?Gt} cGwf
eP . ;dn] cfkm\gf af cfdfnfO{ a9L dfof ub{y], pgLFx?sf] /fd|f] x]/rfx
ub{y] . ;dn] afF;sf 6'Kkfx?df 8f]/Ln] afFWb} uP / b'O{j6f aFf;sf 6f]s/L
tof/ u/L ToxL 6f]s/Ldf cfkm\gf afcfdfnfO /fvL { ef/df af]s]/ lj:tf/} Tof]
kxf8af6 tn NofP . pgn] lsy|f km6\ofª\u|f a9f/]/ hldg ;kmf u/],
kftkltu/nfO{ ;kmf u/]/ lj5\of}gf agfP / vfg] s'/fx? a6'n] . pgLx?nfO{
kmnkm"sf] /; v'jfP . pgLx?sf] nflu ufu|f]df kfgL NofO{lbP . pgLx?nfO{
g'xfO{ lbP / cf/fdbfoL lj5\of}gfdf /fv] . ;dnfO{ xl/0fn] olt dg k/fpy]
ls sfFt/ xl/0f klg ;dnfO{ b]v]/ efUb}gy] a? tL xl/0fx? klg ;fyL nfu]/
pgL ;Fu ;Fu} v]Ng hfGy] . v/fof]x? klg pgL;+u v]Ng cfpy] . k'tnL klg
pgL;+u} v]Ny] / pgsf] xftdf cfP/ a:y] . pgL tL jGohGt' / ls/f
km6\ofË|nfO{ w]/} dfof ub{y] .
pgL 3}nfdf kfgL lng hfFbf xl/0f klg ;+u} hfGy] . pgn] Ps j]n'sf xl/0fsf]
lk7\of}df kfgLsf] 3}nf /fv]/ Nofpb} lyP . ToxLa]nf agf/;sf /fhf lklnofsf
lzsf/ v]Ng h+undf uPsf lyP . Tof] b]v]/ pgL 5Ss k/] . pgL Ps l5g
/f]lsP/ ;d pleO/x]sf] :yfgdf x]/] . /fhfnfO{ h+undf Tof] xl/0f / ;d
jLrsf] k|]dsf] b[Zo b]v]/ :ju{s} k|f0fL b]v] h:tf] nfUof] . pgnfO{ sf}t'xntf
23
nfUof] . pgL Tof] b[Zo b/jf/df nu]/ pgsf dGqLx?nfO{ k'/:sf/sf] ?kdf
lbg rfxGy] . /fhfn] tfFbf]df ljif ePsf] tL/ /fv,] wg'sf] tfFbf] tfg]/ ;dnfO{
tfs]/ xfg] . ;d hxLsf] txL 9n] . xl/0f 8/fP/ efUbf kfgLsf] 3}nf 5rNs]/
e'FOdf v;L km'6\of] / kfgL ;a} kf]lvof] . ;d lj:tf/} afn'jfsf] lrxfgdf 8'Ag'
eof] . pgsf] cf]7af6 /ut au]/ aflx/ cfof] . pgn] s/fP/ eGg' eof], æTof]
sf] xf] h;n] dnfO{ df¥of] < o:tf] sfo{af6 p;n] s] k|fKt u¥of] <Æ
;dn] d[To'sf] cf/f]k nufpnfg\ eg]/ /fhfn] ;f]r]sf lyP t/ ;dsf zAb
;'g]/ pgL 5Ss k/] . /fhfn] axfgf agfO{ /x]sf lyP, pgn] eg] æ;dnfO{
geP/ d}n] xl/0fnfO{ tfs]/ jf0f xfg]sf] x'F .Æ t/ ;dn] ´'6f] af]n]sf] s'/f
yfxf kfOxfn] / /fhf lklnosfn] ;To s'/f eGg' g} k¥of] . t/ klg Tof] aRrf
-;d_ n] s'g} b':dgL ;fFw]g . a? cfˆgf afa'cfdfsf af/]df b'v k|s6 u/] .
pgLx?nfO{ ca s;n] kfN5 < s;n] pgLx?nfO{ k|ltlbg kfgL e/]/ NofOlbG5
< s;n] pgLx?nfO{ g'xfOlbG5 < To;kl5 ;dn] r]tgf u'dfpg' eof] . ;d
dl/;s] eg]/ lklnosfn] pgnfO{ >4fGhnL lbP .
;dsL k"j{hGdsL cfdf eujtLsL 5f]/L lyOg / Tof] pgsf] !& cf}+ cjtf/
lyof] . cfˆgf] 5f]/fsf] Tof] xfn b]v]/ pgL b'vL eOg\ . pgn] o:tf] b'v k/]sf]
a]nf s]xL gu/]df 5f]/f / pgsf afcfdf dg]{5g\ eGg] ;f]lrg\ . pgn] ;dnfO{
p4f/ ug{'k5{ eGg] lgZro ul/g\ . pgsL cfdfn] cb[Zo ?kdf cfP/ ?vaf6
elgg\ æ;dsf afcfdfnfO{ s;n] x]/rfx u5{ < P /fhf, ltdLn] Hofb} b'vbfoL
sfd u¥of}+ . ltdL uP/ tL cGwf afa' cfdfsf] ;]jf u/ / ltd|f] s'sd{nfO{
kvfn .Æ pgn] elgg\, æltdLn] k/f]ksf/L sfd u¥of} eg] :ju{ k|fKt ug]{5f}+ .Æ
eujtLsf oL zAbx? ;'g]/ lklnosf /fhfn] Pp6f cf>d agfP . /fhf
lklnosfn] ;dsf] d[To' ePsf] va/ pgsf afcfdfnfO{ ;'gfP . Tof] ;'g]/
pgsf afcfdf b'v / kL8fsf] ;fu/df 8'Ag uP . o:tf] b'vdf k/] ls
pgLx?n] w]/} k"j{hGdsf s'/fx? ;lDemP/ /f]P . ToxL ;dodf k"j{hGdsf ;a}
kfkx? ;dfKt eP . t/ cfkm"x? kfkaf6 d'Qm e} kljq ePsf s'/f
pgLx?nfO{ yfxf lyPg . To;kl5 /fhfn] pgLx?nfO{ cfˆgf 5f]/f ePsf]
:yfgdf nu] . /fhfn] cK7\of/f] dfGb} Tof] 36gf ;'gfP . 5f]/fsf] 5]pmd} k'u]/
tL b'j} cGwf afcfdf 3'F8f 6]s]/ ?g nfu] . To;af6 pgLx?sf k"j{hGdsf
;a} kfkx? cfkm\g} cfF;'n] wf]P/ ;kmf eP / cfˆgf 5f]/fnfO{ hLljt u/fpg
;Ifd eP . ha pgsL cfdfn] k|fy{gf ul/g\, ;dsf] Psflt/sf] z/L/ lj:tf/}
xlNnPsf] h:tf] b]lvof] . hj pgsf af cfdfn] kljq zAbx? lgsfn] tj
24
pgsf] csf]{lt/sf] z/L/ klg lj:tf/} rNg yfNof] . eujtL h;n] of] ;Dk"0f{
b[Zox? cfkm" cb[Zo e} x]l//x]sL lyOg . pgn] bz{g lbOg . pgn] ;dsf]
efUo lgdf{0f ul/ lbOg\ . xfjf ;/;/ alx/x]sf] lyof] . ;dnfO{ x]/rfx ug]{
;';f/]x? klg pgL k'gM hLljt ePsf] cfZro{nfUbf] ;do kv]{/ a;L/x]sf
lyP .
/fte/L pgLx? ;dsf] 5]pmd} a;L/x] . ;+;f/ 5f8]/ :ju{ k'u]sfx? klg
;dsf] k'ghL{jg dfUgsf nflu ´'s]/ k|fy{gf ul//x]sf lyP . cGTodf ;d
56k6fP / pgL lj:tf/} p7], pgL 3fOt] cj:yfaf6 k"0f{ ?kdf lgsf] eP .
;dsf afcfdf pgL k'gM hLljt ePsf] b[Zo cfˆg} cfFvfn] b]lv/x]sf lyP .
pgLx?sf] nfdf] b'v si6sf sf/0f pgLx?sf] g]qxLg cfFvfdf Hof]lt k|fKt
eof] . /fhf lklnofs Tof] kfk gi6 u/]/ pgLx?sf] cfFvfdf Hof]lt Nofpgsf
nflu Pp6f kfq ag]/ cfPsf lyP . o;n] pgnfO{ kljq / zfGt ;+;f/lt/
Nofof] . /fhf lklnosf oL ;a} s'/f b]v]/ cfZro{rlst eP . pgL clt /fd|f]
s'/fsf ;fIfL lyP . /fhfnfO{ c;n kfq eP/ ;]jf u/]sf] s'/f pgLnfO{ yfxf
lyPg . pgn] Tof] b'vbfoL sd{ gu/]sf] eP ;dsf afcfdfsf] kfk kvflng]
lyPg .
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of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff

• of] hftssf] s]Gb|Lo lzIff eg]sf] bof / d}qL kf/ldtf k|fKt ug'{ g} xf] .
;ddf w]/} s?0ff / d}qL lyof], To;}sf/0f pgL;+u xl/0f, k'tnL /
r/fr'?ËL v]Ng cfpy] . h+unL hgfj/x? klg pgL;+u v]Ny] . xl/0fn]
pgnfO{ kfgL lng ;3fpy] . oL ;dsf cg'kd pbfx/0fx? x'g\ . ;d
bofjfg lyP To;}n] pgn] cfkm"nfO{ dfg{] /fhf k|lt klg d}qLk"0f{ Jojxf/
u/] . ;a}n] bof / d}qL kf/ldtf ;+sng ug'{k5{ .
• ;dnfO{ ljiffn' tL/ nfu] kl5 pgsL ;ft hGd cl3 ls cfdf cfP/
/fhf lklnofvnfO{ kfkaf6 d'Qm x'gsf nflu ;dsf g]qxLg af cfdf nfO{
d}qL k|bfg ug{'x'G5 . lklnofsn] ;dsf g]qxLg afcfdfsf] ;]jf ug'{eof] .
25
 ;dn] klg cfkm\gf afcfdfsf] ;]jf ug'{eof] . xl/0fn] klg ;dsf a[4
afcfdfsf] ;]jf u/] . To;}n] of] syfsf] lzIff eg]sf] æ;]jf g} wd{ xf] . Æ
• /fhf lklnofssf] tL/af6 ;d 3fon gx'g'ePsf] eP g t ;dsf af
cfdfsf] u'd]sf] cfFvfdf Hof]tL cfpYof] g t ;dn] wd{b]zgf g} lbg
kfpFYf] . Tof] tL/n] ;dsf afcfdfsf] kfk kvflnof] .
• g/fd|f sd{s} sf/0f ;k{sf] laif ;dsf af cfdfsf] cfFvfdf k/]/ cGwf
eP / ;dsf /fd|f sd{sf sf/0f ;d d[To'af6 kmls{g'eof], ;dsf
afcfdfn] u'd]sf] Hof]tL k|fKt ug{'eof] / cfkm\gf] 5f]/fnfO{ hLljt g} x]g{
kfpg'eof] . bof / d}qLaf6 ;a}sf] d+un eof] .
• cfkm\gf] 5f]/fnfO{ laiffn' tL/ xfGg] /fhfnfO{ g t b'sns g k/Lsfn]
ceb| Jojxf/ g} u/] . pgLx? b'a}n] s|f]wnfO{ d}qLdf ?kfGt/0f ug{'eof] .
c? lzIff kf7s au{n] vf]Hg' x'g]5 .

26
 lgdL hfts

k"j{k|frLg sfndf ldlynf /fHodf dxfb]j gfd u/]sf Pp6f /fhf lyP .
pgsf] klxnf] s]z km'Ngf;fy pgn] 7fs'/nfO{ Tof] km"n]sf] skfn pv]Ng nufP
. 7fs'/n] klg Tof] km'n]sf] skfn pvn]/ /fhfsf] xftdf /fvL lbP . tL
7fs'/n] km'n]sf] skfn lsg pv]Ng nufPsf] egL /fhfnfO{ ;f]w] . /fhfn] eGg'
eof] of] km'n]sf] skfn :ju{sf] lgDtf] xf] . ærf}/f;L xhf/ jif{;Dd d}n] of]
/fHodf /fHo u/]F . of] /fhu2L ca d}n] kl/Tofu ug{' k5{ / c? rf}/f;L
xhf/ jif{;Dd ;Gof; lnO{ afFRg' k5{ .Æ /fhfn] eg] . /fhfn] cfˆgf 5f]/fnfO{
/fhu2Ldf a;fO{ eg] ls ltdLn] klg cfˆgf] klxnf] s]z km'Ngf;fy To;}u/L
ltd|f] 5f]/fnfO{ /fhu2Ldf a;fnL cfkm" ;Gof;L hLjg latfpg" .Æ To:t}
tl/sfn] of] /fHo x:tfGt/0f ub}{ hfg" . geGb} To:t} k|sf/n] ;a} /fhfx?n]
klxnf] k6s skfn km'Ng] ljlQs} ;Gof; wf/0f ub}{ /fhu2L kl/Tofu ub}{ uP .
d[To'kl5 pgLx? ;a}n] a|Xdnf]sdf k|j]z u/] . /fhf dxfb]jn] rf}/f;L jif{df
b'O{ jif{ sd cfgGbk"j{s a|Xdnf]sdf ljtfP . pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx?n] klg
ToxL cg'kd pbfx/0fnfO{ kfng ub}{ uP . pgLx? dWo] s;}n] lgjf{0f kfp5g\
ls eGg] pgnfO{ sf}t'xntf lyof] . pgL / pgsf pQ/flwsf/Lx? dWo] s;}n]
klg k'gM hGdg' gkg]{ cyjf hLjgaf6 d'lQm jf lgjf{0f k|fKt ug{ ;s]gg\ .
Pj+ k|sf/n] dxfb]j / pgsf ;a} pQ/flwsf/Lx?n] k'gh{Gd lnO{ /fhsfh ub}{
u/] . Pp6f 5f]/f hGdfof] skfn km[n] kl5 Tof] 5f]/fnfO{ /fHo ;'lDkO{ k'gM
;Gof;L hLjg ljtfPsf dxfb]jn] a|Xdnf]saf6 x]/L/x]sf x'Gy] .
ha dxfb]j af]lw;Tjsf] ?kdf k'gM a|Xdnf]saf6 d[To'nf]sdf hGd lnP/
cfpg'eof] ToxLa]nf Hof]ltifLx?n] pgsf lrGxx? x]/]/ eg] ls of] af]lw;Tj
pg} klxn]sf /fhf dxfb]j g} x'g\ . pgLn] k'gh{Gd lnPsf x'g\ . /ysf]
rSsfsf] 5]pdf hGd]sfn] pgsf] gfd lgdLs'df/ /xg uof] . k/Dk/f cg';f/
ha pgsf a'afsf] skfn km'Nof] ToxLa]nf /fhs'df/ lgdL /fhf eP .

27
/fhf lgdL s'g} uNtL ub}{gy] . bfg lbGy], ul/asf] x]/rfx uy]{ / ul/a
hgtfnfO{ cfˆg} ;Gtfg h:tf] Jojxf/ ub{y] . pgL slxn] ;Gof; lng kfOG5
eg]/ s'/]/ al;/x]sf lyP . pgsf] sd{ b]v]/ w]/} dflg;x?df pg}sf] k|efj
k¥of] / pgsf hgtf klg b]jnf]s -zs|sf] nf]s_ hfg ;Tsd{x? ub{y] .
lgdL c;n / nf]slk|o /fhf e} ;s]sf lyP, t}klg Pp6f k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg
g;s]/ pgL c;Gt'i6 lyP . ;Gof; hLjg /fd|f] ls sd{ u/L ljZjf;k"j{s
bfg lbg' /fd|f] < ;To hfGg]] OR5f olt s8f lyof] ls zs|sf] /fhu2L g}
pgsf] ;To a'´\g] OR5fn] tfTg nfUof] . zs|n] lgdLsf] b/jf/df b]jtfnfO{ g}
k7fpg' k¥of] . lgdLsf] b/af/df ha zs| cb[Zo ?kdf k|j]z ug{' eof] .
pgsf] b/jf/ g} k|sfzsf] sf/0f wkwk u/L aNg nfUof] . pgn] eg] Æ/fhf
lgdL d ltd|f] k|Zgsf] hjfkm lbg cfPsf] 5' . ;'g Û ;Gof;L w]/} cfWoflTds
?kn] ;'Gb/ hLjg xf] . h;n]] Wofg u5{g\ pgLx? zs|sf] nf]s -b]jnf]s_ eGbf
klg dfly lgjf{0f tx;Dd k'Ug ;S5g\ . xfdL b]jtfx? t zs|sf] nf]s dfq
k'U5f}+ . of] nf]sdf xfdLdf r]tgf / cg'e"lt x'G5 . ToxfF a'l4 tTj /xG5 t/
Tof] eGbf dfly rfxL lgjf{0f k|fKt x'G5 . zs|nf]s -b]jnf]s_ / a|Xdnf]s k|fKt
geP klg hftL, j0f{, ln+u cflb gx]/L bfg lbgfn] dflg;nfO{ w]/} kmfObf x'G5
. ltdL h:tf] /fhfnfO{ w]/} kmfObf k'U5 .Æ olt zAbx? eg]/ zs| ToxfFaf6
aflx/ lgl:sP .
ha zs| -b]j]Gb||_ pgsf] teltD; :ju{ k'u], b]jtfx?nfO{ /fhf lgdLsf]
ljifodf w]/} nfdf] j0f{g u/] . ltg} b]jtf dWo] s]xL pg} lgdL /fhfsf k|hf
klg lyP . pgLx?n] zs|nfO{ eg] ls pgnfO{ t'?Gt oxfF Nofpg' k5{ . s'g}
;dodf pgLx?n] /fhf lgdLsf] wd{b]zgf ;'g]sf lyP . ToxL wd{b]zgf ;'g]/}
pgLx?n] b]jTj k|fKt u/]sf lyP . /fhfnfO{ b]jnf]sdf Nofpg pgLx?n] w]/}
sf]lz; u/]kl5 zs| pgnfO{ Nofpg /fhL eP .
To;kl5 zs|n] /y k[YjLdf k7fpg tof/ u/] . /fhfn] /ysf ;f/yL
dtfnLnfO{ s/f]8f}+ dfOnsf] ofqf k"/f u/L k[YjLdf k'uL /fhf lgdLnfO{ lnP/
b]jtfx?sf] cufl8 pkl:yt u/fpg] cfb]z lbP .
Tof] lbg kljq k"l0f{df kj{sf] lbg lyof],. w]/} lbgsf] k[YjLlt/sf] ofqf kl5 Tof]
/y ljb]x /fhfsf] /fHo ldlynf k'Ubf dWo /ft e};s]sf] lyof] t/ klg ToxfFsf
gful/sx? k"l0f{df kj{ eJo ?kdf dgfO{/x]sf lyP . cfsfzdf k|Hjflnt /y
gful/sx?sf] cfˆg} 6fpsfdf ´nf{ h;/L ´l//x]sf] lyof] . pgLx?n]] b}ljs
?kdf s]xL x'g uO/x]sf] 5 eGg] dxz'; u/] . Tof] csf{] rGb|df h:t} lyof] .
28
Tof] kljq kj{sf] pknIodf k|fKt ePsf] rlDsnf] k|sfz h:t} lyof] . ha
ToxfFsf k|hfx?n] lgofn]/ x]/] Tof] t /y /x]5 . pgLx?n] cg'dfg u/] ls of]
zs|sf] jfxg x'g'k5{ / of] /y xfd|f /fhf sxfF cfPsf] x'g'k5{ . zs|sf cfFvfn]
x]bf{ /fhf lgdLsf k'0o sd{x? b]Vg' eof] To;}n] pgnfO{ e]6\g cfPsf x'g'k5{
.
;f/yL dftnLn] /ynfO{ /fhfsf] k"jL{ 9f]sftkm{ nu] hxfF /fhf k"0f{ rGb|dfsf]
/ftdf Wofg u/]/ al;/x]sf lyP . ha rGb|dfn] k"0f{ ?k lnb} lyof], 7Ls ToxL
a]nf dftnLn] eGg' eof] æ/fhf lgdL nufot b]jnf]ssf ;a} b]jtfx? tkfO{
;Fu Hofb} k|;+u / v'zL 5g\ / tkfO{nfO{ :jfut ug{ pT;'s 5g\ .Æ xh'/nfO{
Nofpgs} nflu zs|n] dnfO{ oxfF k7fpg' ePsf] xf] . lgdLn] pgsf] lgDtfnfO{
;xif{ :jLsf/ ug{'eof] . t/ /ydf r9\g' cuf8L pgn] cfˆgf k|hfx?;+u ljbf
dfUb} eGg'eof] æd nfdf] ;do;Dd cfˆgf gful/sx?af6 6f9f /x]/ a:g
;lSbg . s]xL lbg kl5 kms{]/ cfp5' .Æ ha pgL cfsfzdfu{af6 dfly p8]/
hfb} x'g'x'GYof] . ;f/yL dftnLn] eGg'eof] ætkfO{ s'g dfu{af6 hfg rfxg'
x'G5, klxnf :ju{ hfg] ls gs{sf] af6f] hfg] . h'g af6f] uP klg cGtdf :ju{
t b]Vg kfOG5 g} .Æ hfgL a'´Lsg} pgn] gs{sf] af6f] n}hfg dftnLnfO{
cg'/f]w ug{' eof] . æck/fwLx? gs{df s;/L cfˆgf] ;do Joltt ul//x]sf
5g\ < dnfO{ ToxL af6f] n}hfpm .Æ
dftnLn] /ynfO{ cWofF/f w]/} gs{ ePsf] af6f]lt/ n}hfg' eof] . ;a}eGbf
klxnf pgn] cfuf] aln/x]sf] j}t/0fL gbL b]v] hxfF xf8df;' ;Fu;Fu} gbL
alu/x]sf] lyof] . ToxfF d/]sf] l;gf]sf] b'u{Gw cfO/x]sf] lyof] . Tof] gbLe/L
kfkLx? jlu/x]sf lyP . To:tf] ljeT; / b'vk"0f{ b[Zox? b]v]/ /fhf lgdLn]
eGg' eof] ætL dflg;x?n] s] sfd u/]/ To:tf] cfuf] anL/x]sf] gbLdf
xfnLlbPsf] xf]nfg\ .Æ lgdL Tof] b]v]/ ?g nfu] . dftnLn] eGg'eof] ls
pgLx?n] qm'/ / kfk sd{x? u/] / To;}sf] kl/0ffd ef]lu /x]sf5g\ .
dftnLn] /y csf]{ gs{lt/ n}hfbf n}hfb} ubf{ j}t/0fL{ gbL b]lvg 5f8\of] t/
csf]{ gs{ b]lvof] hxfF sfnf s's'/x?, sfux? / lu4x?n] tL :jfyL{ dflg;sf]
z/L/ lryf]/]/ RoftLRoftL vfO/x]sf lyP . tL JolQmx?n] klxn]sf hGddf
s'g} ;Gof;L, leIf' / a|fXd0fnfO{ bfg gu/L ;DklQsf] ef]u rng u/]sf lyP .
Tof] b]v]/ /fhf lgdL :tAw eP / csf]{ gs{ x]g{ OR5f u/] hxfF tftf] sf]Onf
an]sf] cfuf]df /fv]/ dflg;x?nfO{ ;]s'jf agfP h;/L g} lgd{d oftgf
lbO/x]sf lyP . ToxfF 3'; vfO{ unt Gofo lbg] JolQmx? Tof] cUgL s'08dfly
29
lrRofpb} r9L pDs]/ efUg vf]Hby] . Tof] gs{sf] csf]{ b[Zodf rfxL kz' lxF;f
ug{] / kz' jw ug]{ JolQmx?nfO{ 7'nf] kfgL pdfNg] ef8f] -7'nf] lstnL_ leq
/x]sf] tftf] kmnfd] /8df k/]/ hLpb} kfgLdf kfsL/x]sf lyP . lgdL Tof] b]v]/
cfFlTtP / Hofb} 8/fP .
t/ dftnLdf eg] s'g} kl/jt{g cfPg . pgL ;a} gs{x? b]vfpg rfxGy] .
csf]{ gs{df rfxL sd tf}n u/]/ / sd;n cGgnfO{ c;n cGg;+u ld;fP/
a]Rg]nfO{ /flvPsf] lyof] . ltgLx?nfO{ rfxL lk;fa km]g]{ 7fpFdf cfuf] nufO{
lbGy] . h;n] rf]/L u/]sf] 5 / 7uL u/]sf] 5, h;n] kz'nfO{ qm'/tfk"j{s jw
u/]sf] 5, ltgLx?nfO{ hLpFb} sfFs|fsf nfdf nfdf lr/f em} lr/]/ rL/f rL/f
agfOGYof] . ToxfFaf6 6f9f /x]sf] gs{df rfFxL c?nfO{ kL8f lbg] JolQmx?nfO{
kmf]xf]/ d}nf vfg afWo agfOGYof] . cfdfafa'sf] xTof ug]{ JolQmnfO{ gbLdf
auL/x]sf] /ut / kLk vfg nufOGYof] . ToxfFaf6 6f9f /x]sf] csf]{ gs{df
JolQmnfO{ qm'/tfk"j{s 6'qmf 6's|f agfOGYof] . dlxnfx? hf] Jolerf/L lyP
ltgLx? /f]P/ lrRofO{ /x]sf lyP . pgLx?nfO{ kftf s;]/ /flvPsf] lyof] .
pgLx?sf] tnsf] cfwf z/L/ hldgd'lg uf8]/ /flvPsf] lyof] . dflysf] cfwf
z/L/df rfxL cfuf]sf] Hjfnf aln/x]sf] lyof] . c? s]xL JolQmx? rfxL gs{sf]
´\ofnaf6 efUg gs{sf] kvf{ndf r9g vf]Hb} uy{] t/ r9g g;s]/ k'gM tn
v:b} lyP . ltgLx? dWo] sf]xL klg ´\ofnaf6 aflx/ lg:sg ;s]gg\ . lgdL
tL b[io b]v]/ Hofb} b'vL x'g'eof] . pgLx?sf] s'sd{sf] sf/0fn] g} of] ult
ef]Ug' k¥of] eGg] pgnfO{ af]w eof] .
ptf :ju{df zs|sf b]jtfx? rfxL lgdL cfpg lsg l9nf ug{'eof] eg]/ kL/
dflg/x]sf lyP . ædftnLn] ;a} gs{sf] e|d0f u/fP/ lgdLsf] ;donfO{ a/afb
ul//x]sf 5g\ .Æ pgLx?n] zs|nfO{ s/fpg yfn] . jxfFnfO{ l5§f] lnP/ cfpg]
cfb]z lbg'xf];\ . zs|n] cfˆgf b'tnfO{ b|'t ultdf ;dfrf/ lbg gs{df k7fpg'
eof] . tL b'tn] gs{df k'u]/ eg] ls ÆdftnL ;a} gs{x?sf] Ps}rf]6L
cjnf]sg u/fpg' xf];\ / pgsf] e|d0f 5f]6\ofpg''xf];\ / 5f]6f] af6f]af6 l;w}
:ju{ n}hfg'xf];\ . :ju{sf b]jtfx? lgdLsf] ;do a/afb ePsf] yfxf kfP/
l/;fPsf 5g\ .Æ To;kl5 dftnLn] ;a} gs{sf 9f]sfx? Ps}rf]6L vf]nLlbg'eof]
. tL gs{sf ;a} 9f]sfaf6 b]lvPsf 8/nfUbf b[Zosf sf/0f cflQPsf lgdLnfO{
5f]6f]af6f]af6 l;w} :ju{lt/ nu] . Tof] /y b|'t ultdf p8\of], af6fdf pgn]
;'Gb/ s'FlbPsf 9'Fufsf kvf{n b]v] . ;'Gb/ au}rfn] xfjfdf cQ/ k7fO{ /x]sf
lyP . dL7f] cQ/sf] af:gf cfO/x]sf] lyof] . lx/f df]tL h:t} 6lNsg]
b/jf/af6 dudu af:gf cfO/x]sf] lyof], dw'/f] :j/df cfWoflTds w'g
30
alh/x]sf] lyof] . r/f r'?ËLx? dL7f] uLt ufO/x]sf lyP . lgdL hlt hlt
gofF 7fpF x]b}{ hfGy] Tof] gofF 7fpF pgnfO{ ´g ;'Gb/ nfUy] / x]/]sf ;a}
7fpFsf] ljifodf dftnLnfO{ ;f]Wby] . oL bZiox?sf] d[To'nf]sdf s] k|of]hg
x'g ;S5 < s:tf JolQmn] o:tf] :juL{o ;'Gb/ /fHodf a:g kfpF5g\ <
dftnLn] eGg'eof] æh;n] cfˆgf] hLjgdf k|To]s ;Gof; cf>ddf & hgf
;Gof;L a:g] k|aGw ;lxtsf] ;ftj6f cf>d agfO{ bfg lbG5 p;n] ;ft
rf]s ePsf] -Ps rf]ssf] b/jf/ () Ps8df km}lnPsf]_] clt eJo b/jf/df
a:g kfpF5 .Æ h'g dlxnfn] cfkm\gf ;a} lbg kljqsf ;fy latfpl5g\ tL
dlxnfn] !)) j6f vDaf ePsf]] ljzfn b/af/ kfpFl5g\, hxfF xhf/f} 306Lx?,
Aofg/x?, km"nx? ;hfP/ / /flvPsf 5g\ . /d0fLo tnfp klg 5g\, ToxfF w]/}
kfs{ / s'jfx? klg 5g\ . ToxfF tL dlxnfn] a:g kfpl5g\ . dftnLn] j0f{g
ug{' x'G5 of] csf{] lx/f df]tL hl8t o; b/af/df rfxL :juL{o ;+uLtsf/x?
hf] cfˆgf] afhf ahfpFb} ufO/x]sf x'G5g\ . oxfF rfxL w]/} kljq JolQmnfO{
;+uLtsf] w'gdf vfgf v'jfOG5 .
af6fsf To:tf jftf{nfkaf6 ;do 9Lnf eO/x]sf] lyof] . b]jtfx?n] lgdLsf]
;donfO{ a/afb gu/L l5§} lnP/ cfpgsf nflu k'gM csf]{ ;dfrf/bftf
k7fpg cfu|x u/] . ;Nnfx cg';f/ zs|n] klg t'?Gt csf]{ ;dfrf/bftf
k7fpg' eof] . æl56} cfpg' xf]nf 9Lnf gug{'xf];\ .Æ ;dfrf/bftfn] eGg'eof] .
lgdLnfO{ ;a} :ju{x? Ps}rf]6L b]vfpg'xf];\ . dftnLn] ;a} :ju{sf 9f]sfx?
x'b} /y cufl8 a9fpg' eof] . /y cfsfzlt/ p8\of] ;'d]? kj{tnfO{ 3]/]/
a;]sf ;ft kxf8x? /yn] l5rf]Nof] . lat]sf dxfg k|hfk|]dL /fhf /x]sf
:ju{x? b]Vg' eof] To;kl5 6f9f zs|sf] Pp6f 7"nf] zflns b]Vg' eof] . Tof]
;flnssf] aflx/ rf/}lt/ kvf{nn] 3]/Psf] lyof] Tof] :ju{sf] d'Vo 9f]sfdf
lrqs'6 a;]sf lyP . dftnLn] /ynfO{ Ps xhf/ dfOn bf}l8P kl5 /f]Sg'
eof] . pgn] /ynfO{ Ps 5]pmdf /fv]/ Pp6f 7"nf] b/jf/} b/jf/ ePsf] zx/
b]vfP/ eGg' eof], of] teltD; b/jf/ xf] oxfF ## b/af/x? 5g\ oxfF b]jtfx?
5nkmnsf nflu e]nf x'G5g\ . ToxfF cf7 kf6f ePsf] lx/fdf]tLn] hl8t
vDafx? lyP . ToxfF ;a} ## j6f b]jtfx?sf dflns zs| lyP . pgn] dflg;
/ b]jtfnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ub{y] . pgn] g} b/jf/df k|j]z ug{ cg'dlt lbGy]
. sltnfO{ rfxL gs{df k7fpy] . of] Hofb} ;'Gb/ / ;Dj]bgzLn 7fpF xf] . æP
/fhf ltdLn] of] x]g{ kfpg' x'g]5Æ dftnLn] eGg' eof] .
ha lgdL Toxf k'u], tj b]jtfx? xftdf km"nsf u'R5f / cQ/ lnP/ pgsf]
:jfut ug{ 9f]sfdf v8f x'g bf}l8P . zs|n] cfˆgf] /fhu2Ldf a:g /
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:ju{sf] cfgGb lng lgdLnfO{ cg'/f]w ug{'eof] . lgdLn] zs|nfO{ eg] d
:ju{sf] cfgGb lng cfPsf] xf]Og s]an zf:qfy{ ug{ / wd{b]zgf lbg dfq
cfPsf] x'F . lgdL ;ft lbg ;Dd zf:qfy{ u/]/ :ju{df a;] . pgn] :ju{df
b]jtfx?nfO{ wd{b]zgf lbP . cGTodf pgn] eg] Æd :ju{df al:bg . pgn]
eg] sL d]/f hgtfn] d]/f] af6f] x]/L/x]sf 5g\, dnfO{ vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ . pgn]
eg] æca d hfG5' .Æ
lrq $ /fhf lgdLåf/f :ju{df wd{b]zgf lbOPsf] .

dftnLnfO{ /y tof/ ug]{ cfb]z eof] . /fhf lgdLnfO{ ;a} b]jtfx?n]

k|]dk"j{s ljbfO{ u/] . pgL k'gM cfˆg} /fHo ldlynfdf kmls{P . ha /y
zx/jf;Lx?n] b]v] pgLx?n] dfly cfsfzdf cfZro{k"j{s x]/] . pgLx?n]
/ydf a;]sf cfˆgf /fhfnfO{ lrlgxfn] . pgLx? v'zLn] lrRofO{/x]sf lyP .
dftnLn] /ynfO{ zx/lt/ a9fP . b/jf/sf] k"jL{ ´\ofnsf] 5]pmdf /y /f]s] /
lgdLnfO{ k|0ffd u/L k'gM :ju{sf] af6f] nfu] .
otf, lgdLn] :ju{df b]v]sf ;a} b[Zox?sf] Ps÷Ps u/]/ hgtfnfO{ atfP .
pgn] gs{df b]v]sf qm'/ / 8/nfUbf b[Zox? klg atfP . pgn] hgtfnfO{ eg]
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æ/fd|f] sfd u/ . k/f]ksf/L ag / x[bonfO{ z'4 agfpm .Æ To;f] u¥of} eg]
ltd|f] k'gh{Gd :ju{df x'g]5 . of] zx/df /fd|f] sfd u/]sf s]xL JolQmnfO{ klg
d}n] :ju{df e]6] . /fd|f] sfd u¥of} eg] ltdLx? ;a}n] :ju{ k|fKt ug{] 5f} . t/
;fawfg unt sfd u¥of} eg] ltdLx?sf] af; gs{df x'G5 . To:tf] gs{sf]
oftgf / kL8f d ltdLx?nfO{ atfpg ;lSbg .
aiff}{ kl5 /fhfsf 7fs'/n] pgsf] km"n]sf] klxnf] s]z /fhfnfO{ b]vfP . pgn]
yfxf kfP ca /fHo cfˆgf] 5f]/fnfO{ ;'Dk]/ ;Gof; wf/0f ug{' k5{ . To;kl5
pgLn] ;Gof; wf/0f u/L ldlynfs} cfFksf] au}rfdf cfˆgf] afFsL ;do ljtfP
. ha pgsf] d[To' eof] pgn] zs|sf] teltD; :ju{ eGbf klg dflysf] nf]s
k|fKt u/] hxfF 1fg / k|1f k|fKt u/]sf JolQm dfq k'Uby] . cfˆgf k"vf{
dxfb]jsf] k|rngnfO{ k'/f u/]/ *$))) h'gL k'/f u/L hGd d[To'af6 d'lQm
k|fKt u/] .
-Dff}lns syfM lgdL hfts syf g+= %$!_
-;|f]tM http://www.buddha-images.com_

of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff

• ;Gof; kf/ldtfM lgdL Hofb} nfsk|Lo /fhf lyP . hgtf pgnfO{ ;w}
/fhf ePsf] / l;x+f;gdf a;]sf] x]g{ rfxfGy] . To:tf nf]sk|Lo /fhfn]
klg ha 7fs'/n] -xhfd_ h'g lbg km'n]sf] s]z b]vfP ta pgn] ;f]xL
lbg ;Gof; wf/0f u/] . pgdf jLo{tf lyof] To;}n] pgn] ;Gof; lng
;s] . ;Gof; lng Hofb} 7"nf] jLo{tf rflxG5 . pgn] :ju{ Tofu], ;d[4
ldlynf /fHo Tofu], /fHo / kl/jf/sf] df]x Tofu] / cGTodf ;Gof; wf/0f
u/] .
• b[9 ;+sNk kf/ldtfM ;a}eGbf 7"nf] s'/f eg]sf] ;Gof; cyjf Tofu g} xf]
. /fhf lgdLn] k|hfsf vflt/ teltD; :ju{sf /fhfsf] kb klg 5f]8]/
ldlynfd} cfpg'eof] . To:tf lk|o k|hfnfO{ klg 5f]8]/ s]z km'Ngf;fy
;Gof; wf/0f ug'{eof] . To;sf/0f b[9 ;+sNk g} of] syfsf] s]Gb|Lo lzIff
xf] .
• k|1f kf/ldtfM pgn] :ju{df zs| -b]j]Gb|_ / c? w]/} b]jtfx?nfO{ wd{b]zgf
lbg'eof] . pgL cfkm\gf w/} eGbf w]/} k|hfx?nfO{ :ju{df k'¥ofpg rxfGy],
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 To;}n] :ju{af6 kms{] kl5 wd{b]zgf dfkm{t cfkm\gf k|hfx?nfO{ c;n sd{
ug{ k|]/0ff lbP . pgn] :ju{sf] a0f{g u/] . cfkm\g} /fHodf /fd|f] sfd u/]/
:ju{ k|fKt u/]sf s]xL k|hf;+u e]6]sf s'/f klg pgn] ;'gfP . /fd|f] sfd
u/]pm eg] :ju{df af; kfp5f} eGg] lzIff lbP . bf]>f] lzIff eg]sf]
c;n sd{ ug'{, k|1f k|fKt ug'{ / c?nfO{ klg k|bfg ug'{ xf] .
• /fuljxLgtfM lgdL /fhf /fu / Jb]if ljxLg lyP . pgnfO{ :ju{sf] /fu
lyPg g t gs{df kl/G5 ls eGg] 8/ g} lyof] . To;}n] pgn] dftnLnfO{
klxnf gs{ b]vfpg cg'/f]w u/] . klxnf sxfnLnfUbf] gs{ x]g'{eof] .
To;kl5 dfq :ju{sf] cjnf]sg ug'{eof] . :ju{sf] b[ion] pgnfO{ cfsif{0f
u/]g / zs|n] :ju{sf] /fhf x'g u/]sf] cg'/f]wn] klg s'g} c;/ u/]g\ .
cfkm\gf k|hfsf] ;]jfsf] nflu ldlynfdf kms{]/ cfpg'eof] . pgn] :ju{df
cfkm\gf s]xL k|hfx? klg e]6], tL k|hfx?n] ldlynfdf /fd|f] sfo{ u/]sf
lyP . pgn]] /fd|f] sfd ug'{eof] eg] :ju{ hfg kfp5f} eGb} ldlynfdf
klg wd{b]zgf lbg'eof] .
• ;Gof; k|wfgM /fhf lgdL Tolt nf]slk|o ePklg pgn] ;Gof; wf/0f u/]
. /fhf eO/xg pgsf hgtfaf6 u/]sf] cg'/f]wnfO{ pgn] OGsf/ u/]/
;Gof; lng] k|rng rnfP To;kl5sf w]/} /fhfx?n] Tof] k|yfsf] cg'z/0f
ub{] uP . lzIff l;wf lyof] /fhf eGbf klg ;Gof;L x'g' 7"nf] s'/f xf] .
lgdL ljb]xL /fhf lyP To;sf/0f cem klg ldlynfaf;Lsf] cfFvfsf]
gfgLdf lgdL la/fhdfg x'g'x'G5 eGg] ljZjf; 5 .
c? lzIff kf7s au{n] vf]Hg' x'g]5 .

34
 /fhf lgdLsf] rfv nfUbf] syf

wd{zf:qdf gofF o'usf] ;'?jft ;"o{sf 5f]/f dg'sf] kfnfb]lv ;'? eof] elgG5
. dg'sf gflt, OIjfs'sf 5f]/f lgdLsf] Pp6f rfvnfUbf] syf 5 . Ps k6s
lgdLn] Pp6f 7"nf] / s7Lg o1 cfof]hgf u/]sf lyP . Tof] o1 ;kmn ePdf
lgdLsf hgtfnfO{ w]/} g} kmfObf k'UYof] . lgdLn] o1sf ;/;fdfgx?sf]
Joj:yf ub}{ lyP, To;a]nf pgnfO{ Hofb} uDeL/ ;d:of k¥of] . Tof] ;fwf/0f
o1 lyPg . Tof] o1 ;~rfng ug{ Hofb} zlQmzfnL Clifsf] cfjZostf kYof]{
. 7"nf Clifn] Tof] o1sf] d'Vo k'/f]lxt x'g'kYof]{ . lgdLn] jlzi6 Clifsf]
cf>ddf uO{ o1sf] d'Vo k'/f]lxt -d"n Clif_ agL o1 ;~rfng ul/lbg' x'g
egL ´'s]/ cg'/f]w u/] . of] o1 eujfgsf nflu ljz]if ;dk{0f lyof] .
jlzi6n] ;f]w] æslxn] o1sf] cfof]hgf ug{' x'G5 t <Æ lgdLn] pQ/ lbP,
æoyf;So rf8f] .Æ jlzi6 Clifsf] cg'xf/df lg/fzf 5fof] . pgn] eg] æd
Eofplbg . xh'/nfO{ yfxf 5 b]jtfsf /fhf OGb| ToxLa]nf g} o1sf] cfof]hgf
ub}{ x'g'x'G5 . Tof] o1 d}n] g} d"n k'/f]lxtsf] ?kdf ;~rfng u/fpF5' egL
OGb|nfO{ arg lbO;s]sf] 5' . d Tof] jrga4tf tf]8\g ;lSbg .Æ /fhf lgdL
r'krfk /x] . lgdLn] ;f]r] ls jlzi6 Clif OGb|sf] o1 rf8} ;DkGg u/]/ d]/f]
o1 u/fpg cfpg' x'g]5 . OGb|sf] o1 w]/} nfdf] gx'g ;S5 . o1 eg]s}
hgtfsf] enfOsf] nflu xf] . OGb|sf] o1 s]xL ;dodf ;DkGg eOxfN5, d
ToltGh]n kv{G5' .
csf]{ tkm{ Clif jlzi6n] klg ;f]Rg' eof] ls /fhf klxnf dnfO{ e]6\g cfpg'
ePsf] xf] . pgsf] d k|lt w]/} ck]Iff 5 . dfgjLo u'0f 5, k|]d / cfb/ 5 . d
pgnfO{ s;/L vfnL xft k7fpFm < pgn] kv{g ;S5g\ . d gfO{ eGg ;lSbg .
OGb|sf] o1 ;dfKt u/]kl5 d t'?Gt pgsf] o1 u/fpg hfG5' . b'j} hgfn]
s]xL eg]gg\ / cfˆgf] af6f] nfu] .
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b]jtfx?sf /fhf OGb|sf] s7Lg o1 u/fpg nfdf] ;do nfUof] . t/ klg Clif
jlzi6 v'zL lyP lsgsL Tof] nfdf] / ´G´l6nf] o1 pgn] ;kmntfk"j{s
;DkGg u/fPsf lyP . OGb|sf] o1 ;lsgf ;fy pgn] /fhf lgdLsf] cg'/f]w
;D´g k'u] . pgL lgdLsf] o1 u/fpg t'?Gt} lgl:sP . t/ lgdLsf] b/af/df
k'Ugf;fy Clif jlzi6 :tAw eP . kv{bf kv{bf jfSs ePsf k|hfx?sf]
j}slNks Clif vf]Hg u/]sf] cg'/f]w :jLsf/ u/L /fhf lgdLn] uf}td ClifnfO{
af]nfP/ d"n k'/f]lxt agfO{ o1 u/fO/x]sf lyP . Clif jlzi6 Tof] b]v]/ l/;n]
cfuf] eP . pgn] ;f]r] ls /fhf lgdLn] hfgL a'´Lsg} dnfO{ lt/:sf/ ug{
uf}td ClifnfO{ af]nfP/ o1 u/fPsf x'g\ . jlzi6 Clifn] eg] Æd}n] ltdLnfO
>fk lbPF . ltdL ljgf z/L/sf] x'g' k/f];\ .Æ csf]{ tkm{ /fhf lgdLn] klg ;f]r]
ls jlzi6 Clif cljj]sL 5g\ oqf] ;do cfkm} 9Lnf ug]{, xfdLnfO{ s'/fP/
/fVg] clg pN6} l/;fpg] . /fhf lgdL st{Jokfns lyP . pgL hgtfsf]
cg'/f]wnfO{ j]jf:tf ug{ ;Sb}gy] . pgL hgtfsf] xLtsf nflu ;a} sfd ub{y]
. pgsf] zlQm, >d, ;|f]t / ;fwg hgtfsf nflu g} k|of]u ub{y] . obL pgn]
jlzi6 ClifnfO{ kv]{/ a;]sf] eP pgsf k|hf klg nfdf] ;do ;Dd ClifnfO{
kv]{/ a:g' kg]{ lyof] . d}n] h] u/]F, 7Ls g} u/F] a? Clifn] dnfO{ h] >fk lbg'
5 lbpmgÆ\ eg]/ hgtfsf] /fo d'tfljs pgn] uf}td ClifnfO{ af]nfP/ o1
;+rfng u/fPsf lyP . l/;fPsf /fhf lgdLn] eg] tkfO{ cljj]sL x'g'x'G5 .
d}n] of] o1 k|hfsf] enfO{sf] nflu u/]sf] xf] . d}n] ltdLnfO{ kv]{/ uNtL u/] .
pgn] >fk lbP æltdL klg ljgf z/L/sf] x'g' k/f];\ .Æ
/fhf lgdL Goflos /fhf lyP / pgL;Fu klg k|z:t cfWoflTds zlQm lyof] .
pgsf zAbx? ;xL x'g k'u] . Clif jlzi6 klg b]xljxLg x'g k'u] . jlzi6
Clifn] csf]{ hGddf z/L/ lnP/ cfpg' eof] t/ /fhf lgdLsf] cfTdf rfxL
a|Xdfsf] j/k/ g} 3'ld/Xof] . cj pgL;Fu z/L/ gePkl5 s'g} klg
pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{' k/]g . a|Xdfdf nLg ePkl5 pgL ´g\ cfglGbt x'g
k'u] . /fhf cfWoflTds zlQmsf] sf/0f ´g\ ´g alnof x'Fb} uP . pgn]
nuftf/ Wofg ub}{ uP . t/ /fhf lgdLsf k|hf w]/} b'vL eP . cfˆgf jfj'´}
Jojxf/ ug]{ /fhf gx'Fbf k|hfn] w]/} kL/ dfg]sf lyP . ha o1 ;DkGg eof]
eujfgx? pgn] r9fPsf] j:t' u|x0f ug{ cfPsf lyP 7Ls ToxL a]nf k|hfn]
zs|| eujfgnfO{ cfˆgf /fhf k7fOlbg cg'/f]w u/] . pgLx?n] eg] ls æxfd|f
/fhf ;+;f/s} pTs[i6 /fhf xg'x'G5 .Æ of] o1 pgn] xfd|f] enfOsf nflu
u/fPsf x'g\ . xfd|f] ;Nnfx cg';f/ g} /fhfn] uf}td ClifnfO{ o1 ;+rfng
ug{ af]nfpg'ePsf] xf] . ToxL o1sf sf/0f pgL] k|f0fljxLg e} nl8/x]sf 5g\
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. xfdLnfO{ ;xof]u ug{' xf];\ . xfd|f /fhfsf] 5'6]sf] k|f0fnfO{ k'gM /fhfsf]
z/L/df /fvL lbg'xf];\ . xfdL xfd|f /fhfnfO{ kmsf{pg rfxG5f}+F . k|hfsf]
k|]daf6 k|;Gg e} hgtfsf] OR5f adf]lhd lgdLsf] 5'6]sf] k|f0fnfO{ k'gM
z/L/ leq /fVg eujfg zs| d+h'/ x'g'eof] .
t/ /fhf lrRofP ægfO{ gfO{ tkfO{ To;f] ug{ kfpg' x'Gg .Æ ha ;'Id z/L/
ePsf /fhfn] tL JolQmnfO{ b]v] kl5 eujfg klg 5Ss kg{' eof] . /fhfn] eg]
æd clxn] d'Qm 5', d ca s'g} aGwgdf afFlwg rfxGg .Æ dnfO{ k'gM Tof]
z/L/df g/fvL lbg'xf];\ . d nuftf/ d'Qm eP/ /xg rfxG5' . a|Xds} c+zsf]
?kdf /xg rfxG5' . eujfgn] eGg'eof] ÆtkfO{sf k|hf tkfO{nfO{ rfxG5g\
To;sf/0f tkfO{nfO{ k'gM z/L/ leq /fVg nfu]sf] xf] .Æ
/fhf lgdLn] cfˆgf k|hfnfO{ x]/] / k'gh{Gddf h:t} pgnfO{ ;a} s'/f ofb
eof] . oL k|hfx? pgnfO{ ;fRrL g} k|]d ub{y] . /fhf lgdLn] eujfgnfO{ x]/]/
xfF:b} eGg' eof] . obL d]/f k|hfn] dnfO{ rfxG5g\ eg] d pgLx?;Fu a:g
dGh'/ 5' . t/ pgLx?n] OR5f u/] h:tf] u/]/ xf]Og . eujfg /fhf lgdLnfO{
b]v]/ 5Ss kg{' eof] . lgdLn] eg] d}n] ;'Id z/L/ lnP/ a;]sf] w]/} ;do eof]
. To;sf/0f d k'gM :y"n z/L/df k:g ;lSbg . t/klg d d]/f k|hf;Fu /xg
rfxG5' . d pgLx?sf] aLrdf ;"Id z/L/s} ?kdf ;w} ;w}sf nflu ;Fu} /xg
rfxG5' . eujfgn] pgnfO{ j/bfg lbg' eof] . c´ klg pgL ldlynfsf
k|hfsf] cfFvfsf] gfgLdf al;/x]sf] ljZjf; ul/G5 . To;}sf/0f cfFvf vf]Ng] /
lrlDng] sfo{nfO{ ldlynfdf lgd]if elgG5 .
of] df}lns hfts syf xf]Og, of] /fhf lgdLnfO{ a'em\g pkof]uL syf ePsf]n]
;d]l6Psf] xf].
-;|f]tM http://hindumythologyforgennext.blogspot.com/2014/03/king-nimi.html _

of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff

• k|hfkfnsM /fhf lgld k|hfKffns lyP . pgL k|hfsf] cg'/f]wnfO{ c:jLsf/
ug{ ;Sb}gy] . pgn] k|hfnfO{ nfdf] ;do ;Dd s'/fpg ;Sb}gy] . To;}n]
pgn] jlzi6 ClifnfO{ s'g{ ;s]gg\ . pgn] uf}td ClifnfO{ af]nfP/ o1
ug{ nufP . To; afkt a? b08 Joxf]g{ /fhL eP .

37
• ;Rrf k|]dM lgldsf k|hfx? pgnfO{ cf}lw g} k|]d ub{y] . pgLx?n] d/]sf
/fhfnfO{ lkmtf{ k7fpg eujfg;+u cg'/f]w u/] . eujfgn] klg k|hfsf]
cg'/f]wnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;s]gg\, pgL /fhf lgldnfO{ lkmtf{ k7fpg /fhL
eP . /fhf lgld k|hfk]|dL lyP, To;}n] pgL] ;"Id z/L/ wf/0f u/]/
cfkm\gf k|hf;+u a:g dGh'/ x'g'eof] . pgL ldlynfsf k|hfsf] cfFvfsf]
gfgLsf] ?kdf cem} klg al;/x]sf 5g\ eGg] ljZjf; 5 .
• å]if ljxLgtfM jlzi6 Clifdf å]if lyof] To;n] pgnfO{ xfgL g} k'¥ofof] .
/fhf lgdLnfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg ;s]g lsgsL pgdf å]if sd lyof] . pgL t
a|Xdnf]sdf a;] eg] alzi6 Clif rfxL z/L/ lnP/ hlGdg' k¥of] / ;'v
b'v, h/f, d/0f ef]Ug' k¥of] .
c? lzIff kf7s ju{n] vf]Hg' x'g]5 .

38
 s08s'df/ hfts

/fhs'df/ s08 s'df/sf afa' /fhf Ps/fh jf/f0f;L] glhs}sf] k'kmfjtL

gfdsf] /fHodf /fHo ub{y] . pgL c? cf}klgj]lzs /fHox?df ;d]t cfkm\gf]
clwsf/sf] k|of]u u/L zf;g ub{y] . pgL d'2f dfldnf ldnfpbf Hofb}
wd{jfg agL lgikIf ?kdf Gofo k|bfg ub{y] . Tof] a]nfsf d'Vo Gofolwz
a|fXd0f lyP . pgsf] gfd v08xn lyof] . pgL g} /fhfsf sfg lyP, pgn]
cfWoflTds / ef}lts ;a} ljifosf d'2f x]b{y] . v08xn g} of] /fHosf] nflu
b'ef{Uo lyP . lsgsL v08xn Goflos d'Vo k'/f]lxt lyPgg\ a? b'i6 ansf
k|ltlglw lyP . pgn] ;f];{kmf];{ nufP/ s[lqd of]Uotf b]vfO{ Gofoflwzdf
lgo'lQm lnPsf lyP . To;}n] pgL lgikIf / OdfGbf/ lyPgg\ . To;}n] v08xn
/fhs'df/ s08 s'df/nfO{ vQd agfpg lts8d /Rby] . tL /fhs'df/ s08
s'df/ rfxL Hofb} ljj]sL lyP . k|fs[lts ?kn] klg of]Uo lyP . pgL
jf:tjdf af]lw;Tj g} lyP / ;a} eujfgsf] zlQmn] pgnfO{ d'2f l5Gg
;xof]u k'¥ofPsf lyP .
Pslbg o:tf] 36gf 36\of] ls 3'; vfP/ Gofoflwz v08xnn] l5g]sf] Pp6f
d'2f /fhs'df/ s08n] pN6fpg ;kmn eP . h;sf] ;DklQ cGofok"j{s
x8k]sf] xf] k'gM Tof] ;DklQ pgnfO{ g} lkmtf{ lbnfpg ;kmn eP . Tof] c;n
sd{sf] ;dfrf/ hgtfdf km}lnof] h;sf] sf/0f /fhs'df/ s08sf] ;a}n]
k|z+;f u/] . pgnfO{ ToxfFsf ;a} ´ul8ofx?n] dWo:ytf ug{ cg'/f]w u/] .
cGTodf, /fhfn] Tof] Gofofno k|d'vsf] kb ;fy} Gofosf ;Dk"0f{ sfd, st{Ao
/ clwsf/ /fhs'df/ s08nfO{ k|bfg u/] . v08xn /fhs'df/ s08 k|lt ´g\
´g\ Oiof{n' aGb} uP . /fhs'df/sf] nf]slk|otf gi6 ug{sf nflu pgn]
cgulGt if8oGq /r] . v08xn Tof] nf]slk|otf cfkm" lng rfxGy] . pgn]
/fhs'df/ s08 / ;f/f ;d'bfo;+u abnf lng rfxGy] . w]/} ;do klxn] g}
pgL Tof] of]hgfnfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sy] t/ klg c;n df}sf x]/]/ al;/x]sf
lyP .
39
Ps /ft /fhf Ps/fh eJo lx/fdf]tLn] ;';lHht eP/ cfkm\gf k|hfx?;Fu
al;/x]sf lyP . Tof] k|sfzn] el/k"0f{ :ju{sf] zlQmdf k|j]z ug{] pgsf] OR5f
lyof] t/ pgL ljpl´gf ;fy ;lsof] . pgL;Fu yf]/} wfld{s ljZjf; lyof] .
To;}n] pgL /fhsLo ;ef xndf k|j]z u/] / d'Vo a|fXd0fnfO{ pgL sxfF
cfpg cfb]z lbP . pgL Tof] a]nf klg cw{lgGb|f d} lyP . pgn] Tof] cfslif{t
k|sfzk"0f{ b[Zo ePsf] 7fpFdf k'Ug ;Sg] af6f] s'g xf] egL ;f]w] . v08xnn]
oxL g} abnf lng] pko{'Qm cj;/ xf] eGg] ;f]r] . pgn] /fhfsf] cuf8L 3'F8f
6]s]/ ljlGt u/] ÆTof] /fHodf k'Ug Tolt ;lhnf] 5}g .Æ o;sf] d"No w]/} 5 .
eujfgsf nflu xh'/n] Hofb} 7"nf] Tofu ug{' k5{ . of] rf/ r/0fdf ug{' k5{ .
To:tf] sd{sf sf/0f dfq Tolt pRr :yfgdf k'Ug ;Sg' x'G5 . tL rf/
Tofux? k'q, /fgL, Jofkf/L / hgfj/ x'g\ . oL lk|o a:t' c;n sd{sf08 u/L
Tofu ug{' k5{ . To;f] ug{'eof] eg] tkfO{n] :ju{df k|j]z kfpg' x'g]5 . /fhfsf]
Tof] ;kgfn] o;/L k|efj kf¥of] ls pgsf] dg s'g} lrhdf c8\g ;s]g . Tof]
b'i6 v08xnsf] ;Nnfxsf] glthf af/] pgn] ;f]Rg yfn] .
/fhfn] zx/sf] aflx/ Pp6f 7"nf] o1 cfof]hgf u/L tL $ j6f j:t'sf]
alnbfg -k'q, /fgL, Jofkf/L / hgfj/_ ug]{ cfb]z lbP . of] ;'g]/ /fhs'df/
Hofb} b'lvt eP . olt w]/} dflg; / kz'sf] alnbfgn] w]/}sf] hLjg u'D5 .
t;y{ pgn] /fhfnfO{ eg] xh'/ o:tf] sfo{ gug{' xf];\ . d d]/f] Hofgsf]
/Iffsf] geO{ c?sf] hLjg /Iffsf nflu xh'/nfO{ of] ;Nnfx lbO/x]sf] 5' . oL
lg/k/fwL c1fgL dflg; / kz'nfO{ lsg o:tf] b08 lbg'x'G5 < of] vj/n]
zx/ e/L 7"nf] lg/fzf 5fof] . /fhfsf glhssf hf] hf] JolQmx? x'g'x'GYof] tL
;a}n] Ps Ps u/]/ /fhfnfO{ eg] ls Tof] a|fXd0fn] eg]sf] ;a} ´'6f s'/f x'g\
. /fhfnfO{ ToxL km6fxf a|fXd0fn] eg]sf] rfxL 7Ls nfUof] t/ c? w]/} hgf
a|fXd0fn] eg]sf] ;a} ´'6f s'/f x'g\ eGg] nfUof] . cGTodf, ;a} k|hfn]
/fhfnfO{ Tof] w]/} hgfsf] Hofg lng] /Qmk"0f{ sfo{sf] cfb]znfO{ cGTo ug{
;Nnfx lbP t/ klg /fhfn] 6fpsf] xNnfPgg\ . Tof] v08xn a|fXd0fn] o:t/L
k|efj kf¥of] ls /fhfn] s;}sf] s'/f ;'g]gg\ . dGqLx?n], cfkm\gL a'xf/Ln] /
olt;Dd ls ;fgf] gflt ;d]tn] /fhfnfO{ o:tf] o1 gug{ cg'/f]w u/] . ha
/fhf of] unt xf] ls eg]/ clns ;f]wL vf]hL ub{y], ToxLa]nf Tof] v08xn
a|fXd0f t'?Gt /fhf sxfF uP/ :ju{ k'Ug] of] Pp6f dfq af6f] xf] egL
;D´fpg k'Uby] . ha w]/} dflg; zx/df a;]/ lrRofpy] /fhf tL lgbf]{if
JolQmx?nfO{ 5f]l8lbGy] t/ Tof] b'i6 a|fXd0fsf] bafadf cfP/ k'gM
ltgLx?nfO{ y'gfdf /fVby] .
40
cGTodf o1:yn ;kmf ul/of] / dGr tof/ kfl/of] . t'nx? ´'08ofOP .
rf}sf rb'jf 6fFluof], 5ftf p3fl/of] . ljr/f tL 3f]8fx? / ;fF9]x?nfO{ d[To'df
r9\g nflu/x]sf 5f}+ eGg] yfxf lyPg . tL lgbf{]if hgfj/x? lgbfp/f] d'v
nufP/ gfsaf6 km'F km'F cfjfh lgsfNb} lyP . t/ klg 5'6sf/f kfpg ;s]sf
lyPgg\ . /fhs'df/ s08 tL cfˆgf lkl8t ;fyL / dfofn' hgfj/;Fu ToxLF
b'ef{Uo s'/]/ a;L/x]sf lyP . pgLx?;Fu} /fhs'df/ s08sL kTgL klg ;fy}
al;/x]sL lyOg . pgLx? e]nf eP/ df}g ?kdf a;]sf lyP . /fhs'df/
s08sL kTgLn]] lx8]h:tf] u/L eujfgnfO{ k'sf/ ul/g\ / rfF8} xh'/ d]/f] s'/f
Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg' xf];\ elgg\ . pgn] elgg\ æxfdL k[YjLdf 5f}+ s]xL klg ug{
;Sb}gf}+ . oxfF Gofo lbg cfTdfx? klg cGwf 5g\ . pgLx? klg unt / w't{
5g\ .Æ pgn] cem cufl8 elgg\ ÆoL lgbf]{if JolQm / hgfj/x? d[To'sf]
d'vdf kg{ cufj} of] o1sf] cGTo ul/lbg d xh'/nfO{ k'sf/ ul//x]sL 5' .Æ
lrq M zs|sf] 5f]/fn] /fhsLo rf}sf rb'jf / 5ftf RofTb}

41
t'?Gt} r6\ofª k/] h:t} cfjfh cfof] / zlQmzfnL zs|sf 5f]/f b]vf k/] .
pgsf] 6fpsfaf6 Hof]tL cfO{/x]sf] lyof] . pgn] Tof] /fhsLo rf}sf rb'jf /
5ftf RoftL lbP . rf}sf rb'jf / 5ftf 6'qmf 6'qmf eof] . Tof] o1 Tolts}df
;lsof] . rf}sf / rb'jf gePkl5 Tof] ;df/f]x kljq x'b}gYof] . Tof] crDdsf]
b[Zo b]v]/ Tof] eL8df v'zLsf] ;+rf/ eof] . tL lkl8t hgfj/x? aGwgljlxg
e} gfRg nfu] . dflg;x? tL dfl/g] JolQmx?sf] tn e]nf eP . /fhf xtf/
xtf/ xflQ r9]/ efUg nfu]sf lyP t/ kms{g] af6f] g} kfPgg\ . eL8 Tof] b'i6
v08xn a|fXd0flt/ vlgof] . To;nfO{ s'6]/} df/] . olb zs|sf] 5f]/f /fhs'df/
s08sf] ;'/Iffdf Toxf geOlbPsf] eP pgLx?n] /fhfnfO{ klg dfy]{ . t}klg
pgLx?n] /fhfnfO{ alxisf/ u/] / lgjf{;gdf k7fP . t/ pgsf 5f]/fn]
afa'nfO{ lal;{g ;Sb}gy] / To;}n] pgsf nflu n'ufkmf6f] / ;ft' rfdn
xflnlbP/ lgjf{;gdf k7fP .
b]jtf / dflg; Psh'6 eP/ /fhs'df/ s08sf] /fHoleif]s ug{ eJo
;df/f]xsf] cfof]hgf u/] . gofF /fhf Goflos / ljj]sL lyP . pgsf]
zf;gsfndf lr/ zflGt sfod eof] / ltg} /fhf eljiosf] a'4 x'g of]Uo eP
.
ha b]jbQn] a'4nfO{ dfg{ vf]h] ToxL a]nf a'4n] of] syf ;'gfpg' ePsf] xf] .
v08xn Tof] a]nf b]jbQ lyP eg] s08 s'df/ rfFxL jf]lw;Tj x'g'x'GYof] .
-Dff}lns syfM s08s'df/ hfts syf g+= %$@_
-;|f]tM http://www.buddha-images.com_

of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff

• w}o{tf kf/ldtfM of] syfsf] d'Vo lzIff eg]sf] w}o{tf /fVg'k5{ eGg]
g} xf] . lts8d ug{ l;kfn' a|fXd0fn] u/]sf] if8oGqaf6 cfkm"nfO{,
cfkm\gL cfdfnfO{, Jofkf/LnfO{ / hgfj/nfO{ o1:yndf aln lbg]
s''/f klg /fhs'df/ s08n] wo{tfk"j{s ;'gL/x] . /fhs'df/sf] a9\bf]
nf]slk|otf b]v]/ v08xn O{iof{n' ag]sf lyP . cg]s if8oGq /r] klg
/fhs'df/ s08n] w}o{tfk"j{s ;xb} uP . pgL cGTodf o1:yndf
hgfj/x?;+u a;]/ w}o{tfk"j{s d[To' s'/]/ a;L/x]sf lyP . pgsL
>LdtL ;To / Gofosf nflu sd{ ub{lyg\ . t;y{ /fhs'df/ s08sL
>LdtLsf] k'sf/ ;'g]/ zs|n] cfkm\gf 5f]/fnfO{ s08, pgsL cfdf /
42
 hgfj/nfO{ arfpg k[YjLdf k7fpg' k¥of] . r6\ofË k/] h:t} cfjfh
cfof] . o1sf rf}sf rb'jf 5ftf ;a} RofltP/ 6's|f 6's|f eP . o;/L
zs|n] w}o{tfsf] afFw clGtd cj:yf ;Dd elTsg lbg'ePg /
;a}nfO{ d'Qm ug{'eof] .
• ;To / Gofosf] hLtM of] syfsf] csf{] d'Vo lzIff eg]sf] ;To af6f]
lx8g' k5{ eGg] g} xf] . /fhs'df/ s08 ;To / Gofosf] af6f] lx8\g'
x'GYof] To;}sf/0f pgL, pgsL cfdf, hgfj/ ;a}n] d'lQm kfP . lzIff
;/n 5, ;Toaf6f] lx8\of] / w}o{ u¥of] eg] d'lQm kfOG5 . oxfF ;To
/ Gofosf] hLt eof] . s;}n] klg Gofo u/]gg\ eg] zs|n] Gofo
lbg'x'G5 . To;}n] ;To af6f] lx8g'k5{ .
• sd{ cg';f/sf] kmnM /fhs'df/ s08s'df/sL >LdtLsf] c;n sd{ jf
k'0o sd{s} sf/0f s08s'df/sL >LdtLsf] k'sf/ zs|n] ;'Gg'eof] /
pgsf >Ldfg\, ;f;[ / caf]w hgfj/sf] hLjg /Iff ug'{eof] . csf]{
tkm{ s'sd{sf sf/0f hgtfn] v08xnnfO{ s'6]/} df/] . /fhfn] cfkm\gf]
s'sd{sf sf/0f lgjf{;gdf hfg'k¥of] .
c? lzIff ljåfg kf7sn] cfkm} k9]/ kfpg' x'g]5 .

43
 e'/LbQ hfts

k[YjLsf] ue{leq dflg;sf nflu h+un / v]t lyof], ToxLF gfux? klg a:y] .
k[YjLsf] aflx/ rfxL ;k]/f / hfb'u/ dflg;x? a:y] . cfjZos k/]sf] a]nfdf
tL gfux?n] dfgj rf]nf wf/0f ub{y] / c? a]nf rfxL gfu eP/} hLjg
latfpy] . pgLx?sf] /fHodf b'n{e u/uxgf / clt dxFuf vlgh j:t'
ePsfn] pgLx? wgL / j}ejzfnL eP/ a;]sf lyP . tL gfux? ;do
;dodf cfˆgf] /fHo / jf;:yfg kl/jt{g u/L /xGy] . k[YjLsf] ;txdf
dflg;;Fu klg a:ty] . pgLx?sf] d'Vo b'idg eg]sf] u?8 lyof] . u?8
eg]sf] 7"nf] k+IfL xf] hf] w]/} dflysf] cfsfzdf p8\5 / ;"o{ ls/0fdf
/dfp5 .
ha u?8 ef]sfpFy] pgLx?n] gfunfO{ ;dfpy] / p8fP/ cfsfzdf nuL
vfGYf] . u?8sf v'§fn] gfusf] 6fpsf] ;dfpYof] . gfu olt nfdf] lyof] ls
p;sf z/L/ / k'R5/n] lkknsf] af]6nfO{ k'/} a]/]/ 5f]KYof] t/ u?8sf] an
klg olt lyof] ls Tof] lkknsf] af]6 g} pvfn]/ h/f ;lxt cfsfzdf p8fP/
nUYof] . ha u?8n] gfunfO{ xtf/ xtf/ lgNof], tj u?8n] ;lD´of] ls Tof]
lkknsf] af]6n] leIf', ;fw' / ;GtnfO{ cf>o lbPsf] lyof] / ToxL ´'k|f]df w]/}
leIf', ;fw', / ;Gtx? a:ty] . Tof] gfun] dxz'; u¥of] ls Tof] kfk sd{n]
p;nfO{ b'ef{Uo lgDTofpF5 . To;kl5 pm Tof] cf>ddf kmls{of] / p;n]
leIf'x?nfO{ eGof] ls d]/f] v/fa sd{n] dnfO{ la/fdL gagfcf];, d}n] leIf',
;fw' ;GtnfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] p2]Zon] u/]sf] xf]Og . u?8n] pgLx?nfO{ eGof]
ls gfusf] zlQm dnfO{ k|fKt ePsf]n] d tkfO{x?nfO{ k'/:s[t ug{ uO/x]sf]
5' .
t/ Tof] cf>dsf leIf'nfO{ s'g} j/ jf k'/:sf/ dfUg' kg{] s'g} sf/0f g} 5}g .
u?8n] Tof]] k'/:sf/ a|fXd0f cnDjofgnfO{ lbP . cnDaofgn] Tof] j/ -
k'/:sf/_ zlQmzfnL gfux?nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ k|of]u u¥of] . o;af6 p;n] w]/}
wg / ;'jf; k|fKt u¥of] . a|fXd0f cnDjofgn] Tof] cf>dsf] ;]jf 5f]8\of] /
h+un j/k/ 3'Dg yfNof] / clGtddf od'gf gbLdf k'Uof] . ToxfF p;n] o'jf
44
gfux?nfO{ cfqmd0f u¥of] . tL gfu;Fu ax'd"No u/uxgf lyP . tL uxgf hf]
;Fu x'GYof] p;n] h] lrtfof] ToxL k'UbYof] . t'?Gt g} p;n] u?8n] lbPsf]
hfb'u/L j/nfO{ k|of]u u¥of] . pgLx? 8/n] sfDg yfn] / lx/fdf]tL 5f]8L
t'?Gt efu]/ kfgL d'lg k'u] . cnDjofg Tof] 5l/Psf lx/fdf]tL l6k]/ cxf]efUo
;D´L cfglGbt eof] . p;n] ;a} u/uxgf dl0f a6'n]/ /fVof] . pm hfb'u/L]
j/ kfP/ klg ghfGg] h:t} eO{ h+undf 3'Dg yfNof] .
Ps}l5g kl5 cnDjofgn] lzsf/L bfp/]nfO{ e]6\of] . Tof] bfp/]sf] 5f]/f
h+unsf hgfj/x? klqmP/ cfˆgf] hLljsf]kfh{g ub{Yof] . ha l;sf/Ln]
cnDaofg;Fu u/uxgf ePsf] kQf] kfof] p;df nf]e a9\of] / g/fd|f] efjgf
knfof], p;n] ;'/fsL ug{ yfNof] . w]/} klxnf klg Ps k6s lzsf/L bfp/]n]
u/uxgf k|fKt ug]{ cj;/ kfPsf] lyof] t/ p;n] Tof] df}sf To;} u'dfPsf]
lyof] . Tof] 36gf p;n] ´n´nL ;lD´of] . p;n] Tof] lbg h+undf ;f]r
ljrf/d} latfof] . To;sf] ef]nLkN6 ljxfg gfusGofsf] ;'dw'/ ;+uLt /
pgLx?sf] xfF;f] ;'Gof] . gfu /fhs'df/;+u ePsf]] u/uxgf yfxf kfP kl5
bfp/]] lzsf/Ldf tL u/uxgf k|fKt ug]{ rfxgf knfof], To; kl5 p;n]
/fhs'df/nfO{ k5|ofpg yfNof] . Tof] yfxf kfP/ gfu /fhs'df/n] /fd|f]
sk8fdf a]l/P/ Pp6f wld/fsf] kxf8 agfP/ a;] . ha bfp/]n] p;nfO{
;f]Wof] . clg /fhs'df/n] eg] ls d]/f] gfd e'/LxQ xf] d gfux?sf] /fhs'df/
x'F . tL gfu /fhs'df/sf k|1f / c;n sd{sf sf/0f pgL eujfg ´} ePsfn]
pgsf] gfd e'/LbQ /x]sf] lyof] . c´ a9L c;n sd{ ug{sf nflu pgn]
cfˆgf] /fhb/af/ / >LdtLnfO{ 5f]8]/ ;Gof; wf/0f u/]sf] s'/f tL gfu
/fhs'df/n] Tof] bfp/]nfO{ eg] . pgn] Tof] elTsPsf] wld/f] nfu]sf] kxf8
dflg;sf] ;+;f/df k|fKt u/] . pgLn] eg] æd x/]s lbg a]l/P/ ToxL wld/f]sf]
kxf8df lgZrn e} /xg] u/]sf] 5' . s;}nfO{ OR5f eP d]/f] sfFr'nL, 5fnf /
xf8 df;' / /ut n}hfg ;S5 . x/]s lbg ljxfg} bz hgf gfusGofx? /
;';f/]x? dnfO{ cfˆgf] gfu b/af/df n}hfgsf nflu cfpF5g\ .æ e'/LbQn]
cfˆgf] Wofg ug]{ 7fpF s;}nfO{ klg atfpb}gy] tfklg pQm uf]Ko s'/f eGg
pko'Qm nfu]/ pgn]] bfp/] lzsf/LnfO{ Tof] :yfg atfP . Tof] bfp/] -lzsf/L_
/ pgsf 5f]/fnfO{ gfu/fHo x]g{sf nflu lgDtf lbP . ;fy} pgn] ltgnfO{ Tof]
/fHosf] ;'v ef]u ug{'xf];\ eg] . tL bfp/]n] pgsf] lgDtf :jLsf/] / gfu
/fHosf] e|d0f u/] . ToxfF gfux?n] 7"nf] ;'ljwfo'Qm / ljnf;k"0f{ hLjg
latfPsf] b]v] . pgn] s]xL aif{ gfu/fHodf a;]/ ;'v ;'ljwf k|fKt u/] kl5
Tof] lzsf/Ln] k'g dflg;sf] ;+;f/d} kms{g rfx\of] . e'/LbQn] pgnfO{ w]/} wg
45
;DklQ tyf dl0fdfl0fSoflb u/uxgf lbg] jrg lbP . h;n] tL u/uxgf /
dl0f k|fKt u5{ p;n] h] rfxof] Tolt lng ;SbYof] t/ Tof] bfp/] lzsf/Ln]
e'/LbQn] k|:tfj u/]hlt ;a} lng OGsf/ u/] . pN6} tL bfp/] lzsf/Ln] eg]
ls d klg e'/LbQ h:t} leIf' ;Gof;L aGg rfxG5' . To;kl5 tL bfp/]
lzsf/L / pgsf 5f]/f cfˆg} sfddf kmls{P . ha bfp/] lzsf/Ln] cfkm" leIf'
;Gof;L aG5' / ltdLnfO{ 5f]8\5' eg]/ pgsL kTgLnfO{ eg] pgsL kTgLn]
pgnfO{ l/;fP/ elgg\ ls tkfO{ d;Fu} a:g}k5{ / kl/jf/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{'k5{ .
>LdtLsf] of] cfu|xkl5 pgL klxnf h:t} lzsf/L ag]/ hLjg latfpg yfn] .
ha bfp/] lzsf/Ln] a|fXd0f cnDaofgsf] xftdf hfb'sf] uxgf b]v] .
e'/LbQn] lbPsf] Tof] hfb'sf] uxgf glnPsf]df dgdg} kZrfQfk u/] . ca
pgn] Tof] uxgf kfP lng] lgZro u/] . bfp/] lzsf/Ln] cnDaognfO{ of]
uxgf Hofb} vt/f s'/f xf] eg]/ a'´fpg] sf]lz; u5{' eGg] ljrf/ u/] . km]/L
pgn] dg dg} ;f]r] Tof] nf]eL a|fXd0fn] d]/f] s'/f gdfGg klg ;S5 .
To;kl5 bfp/] lzsf/Ln] Tof] gfu /fhs'df/;+u s] cfZro{sf] s'/fsf] 5 eg]/
a'´\g] sf]lz; u/] . cnDaofgsf] p2]Zo zlQmzfnL gfunfO{ lgoGq0fdf lng'
lyof] / h;af6 p;sf] gfd / sLlt{sf] ;'jf; oqtq km}lnof];\ eGg] rfxGy] .
o;} aLrdf cnDaofgn] h;n] Tof] ;k{sf] ljifodf ;"rgf lbG5 p;nfO{ of]
;a} lx/fdf]tL u/uxgf lbg] saf]n ;lxtsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . cnDaofg;+u tL
gfusf] zlQmsf] ;fIffTsf/ ePsf] lyPg .
ptf lzsf/Ln] klg s;/L Tof] wg ;DklQ k|fKt ug]{ eGg] Pp6f h'lQm
lgsfNof] . ha p;n] gfusf] /fhs'df/ cGt/Wofg ePsf] 7fpF af/]]
cnDjofgnfO{ eGg nfu]sf lyP tj pgsf 5f]/fn] To;/L ljZjf; u/]/
;'gfOPsf] uf]Ko s'/f s;}nfO{ klg geGg' eg]sf] 5 eg]/ ;DemfP . pgn] Ps
jif{ ;Dd xfdLnfO{ gfu /fHodf a;fPsf lyP . p;n] cfˆgf afa'nfO{ gfu
/fhs'df/sf] hfgsf/L rfxg] xf] eg] Tof] dflg;n] cfkm} yfxf kfP eOxfNof]
lg . lsg To:tf] ;'/fsL ug'{ k¥of] < cflb s'/f eg]/ cfkm\gf afa'nfO{
;Demfof] . pgnfO{ lgZro lyof] ls gfu /fhs'df/n] s'g} lbg Tof] wg k|bfg
ug{' x'g]5 .
t/ Tof] nf]eL lzsf/Ln] cfˆgf] 5f]/fsf s'/f ;'g]g . p;n] cnDaofgnfO{
8f]¥ofpFb} e'/LbQ a]l/P/ Wofg a;]sf] Tof] wld/fsf] kxf8 lt/ lnP/ uP . Tof]
cnDaofg gfunfO{ ;dfpg lrlGtt eof] . cnDaofgn] p;nfO{ k'/:sf/
ydfof] . cnDaofgn] k'/:sf/ :j?k Tof] æhfb'sf] uxgfÆ xftdf /flvlbg
46
nflu/x]sf] s] lyof], Tof] nf]eL lzsf/Ln] t'?Gt Tof] æhfb'sf] uxgfÆ y't]/ lng]
sf]lz; u¥of] . y't]/ lnbf Tof] hfb'sf] uxgf xftsf] cf}nfaf6 v;]/ lrl/Psf]
e'O leq k:of] / x/fof] . Tof] hfb'sf] uxgf k'gM gfu /fHod} k'Uof] . Tof] d"v{
lzsf/L ToxL kfksf sf/0f ?b} s/fpFb} uof] .
cnDjofg p;sf s'sd{ ;fy e'/LbQ sxfF uof] / Tof] hfb'u/L j/ kmnfSb} /
k+vf xDs]/} p;n] ;lhn} tL gfu /fhs'df/ af]lw;TjnfO{ lgoGq0fdf lnof] .
tL e'/LbQ af]lw;Tjn] eg] ætkfO{ d]/f] 5fnf, df;', x8\8L / /ut n}hfg ;Sg'
x'G5 .Æ cnDaofgn] To;kl5 e'/LbQnfO{ Pp6f 9fsLdf sf]r] . gfu /fhs'df/
e'/LbQn] Hofb} 7"nf] kL8f ;x]/ Tof] a|fXd0f k|lt gl/;fOsg cfkm}+ cfˆgf]
z/L/ n}hfg :jLs[t lbP .
cnDaofgn] cfˆgf s}bL e'/LbQnfO{ glhs}sf] ufpFdf lnP/ uP / p;nfO{
gfRg nufP . qm'/ oftgfsf] 8/n] e'/LbQn] ljleGg /+u / ?kdf gfr] .
cnDaofgn] pgnfO{ ha/h:tL w'jf nufpFy] / slxn] ha/h:tL lr;f] kfgL
vGofOlbGy] . of] b]v]/ ufpFn]x? 5Ss ky]{ . af]lw;Tjsf] of] k|ltefaf6 Tof]
cnDaofg a|fXd0fn] w]/} nfe k|fKt u¥of] . Tof] gfusf] gfr x]g{ dflg;x?
cnDaofgnfO{ k};f lbGy] . p;n] Tof] gfu lnP/ ufpF ufpF uP/ w]/} k};f
hDdf u¥of] . agf/; gk'u'Gh]n p;n] w]/} gfd / bfd sdfof] .
lrqM cnDaofgn] e'/LbQnfO{ agf/;sf /fhfsf] cufl8 gfRg nufpb}

47
ToxLa]nf e'/LbQnfO{ cfkm\gL >LdtL / cfdfnfO{ w]/} lbgb]lv u'dfpg'
k/]sf]n] w]/} lgof;|f] nfu]sfn] pgsf efOnfO{ vf]Hg k7fP . Pp6f efOn]
b]jnf]sdf uP/ vf]h] eg] csf]{n] lxdjtv08sf h+undf uO{ vf]h] . h]7f]
bfOn] rfxL dg'io nf]sdf k'u]/ oqtq vf]h] . h]7f bfh'n] rfFxL ;Gof;Lsf]
klx/gdf e'l/bQsL lk|o alxgLnfO{ ;fy} lnP/ vf]Hg' eof] .
h]7f bfh' ;'bf;g / e'/LbQsL alxgL dg'io nf]sdf vf]Hb} vf]Hb} agf/; ku]
hxfF pgsf dfdf /fhf lyP . c? ;j{;fwf/0f dflg; h:t} pgLx? klg 7"nf]
;k{sf] gfr x]g{ ahf/ uP . 9fsLaf6 ha e'/LbQn] 6fpsf] p7fP / pgn] Tof]
eL8df cfˆgf bfh'nfO{ b]v] . pgn] cfˆgf bfh'sf v'§fdf 9f]u] . pgL /f]P /
pgsf bfh' ;'bf;g klg /f]P . cnDaofgn] 6f9faf6 Tof] b[Zo x]l//x]sf lyP .
pgnfO{ nfUof] ls Tof] ;k{n] Tof] ;Gof;LnfO{ 6f]Sof] eg] Tof] ;k{ ljif/lxt
x'G5 .
;'bf;gn] 3d08k"j{s eGg'eof] ls s'g} ;k{sf] ljifn] jf cGo k|f0fLsf] ljifn]
pgnfO{ xfgL ub}{g . of] pb\3f]ifn] cnDaofg l/;fP/ ;'bf;gnfO{ cfˆgf] zlQm
k|bz{g ug{ r'gf}lt lbg'eof] . tL ;Gof;Ln] cfˆgL alxgLnfO{ eGg' eof], oL
Eofu'tf]sf] ?kdf l5g\ . pgL;Fu ;a}eGbf a9L ljiffn' y's 5 . pgn] cfˆgL
alxgLnfO{ xftdf 6f]Sg / tLg yf]kf ljif v;fpg cg'/f]w u/] . ;'bf;gn] eg]
s;n] oL ljifsf yf]kfx? d]/f] kfv'/fdf x]g{ rfxG5 < hf];Fu o:tf] zlQm x'G5
p agf/;sf k"/} zx/df xfjf h:t} jxg ;S5 . d xh'/x?nfO{ b]vfp ls <
;'bf;gn] eGg' eof] .
cnDaofgn] k5fl8 kms]{/ x]/] . dflg;x? 8/n] s/fO/x]sf lyP . s]an /fhf
dfq zfGtk"j{s a;]sf lyP . pgn] ;f]w] æof] ljif s;/L gi6 ug]{ <æ
;'bf;gn] eGg' eof] æo;sf] Pp6} tl/sf 5 . tLgj6f ulx/f vfN6f vg]/
Pp6fdf nfu' cf}iflwn] eg{', csf]{df ufO{sf] uf]a/ eg{' / t];|f] vfN8f]df
cf}iflwn] eg{' .æ h;cg';f/ tL vfN8f] el/P kl5 pgn] tLg yf]kf ljif
tLgj6f Kjfndf v;flnlbP . ToxfF t'?Gt} lj:kmf]6 eof] . cfsfz / xfjf e/L
r6\ofª h:t} u/L ;f/f zx/ g} yls{Psf] cfjfh cfof] . cnDaofgn] o:tf]
b]v]/ 8/n] lgnf] sfnf] x'Fb} eG5g\ ls æd gfuf /fhs'df/nfO{ d'Qm u5{' .Æ
To;kl5 e'/LbQ 9fsLaf6 aflx/ lg:sG5g\ . pgL k|sfzsf] ?kdf ljhosf]
eL8df pleG5g\ . Tof] kfkL a|fXd0f cnDaofg n';'Ss 3;|]/ efU5 k'gM
slxn} b]lvb}g .

48
 To;kl5 tL b'O{ bfh'efO efGhfsf] ?kdf jgf/;sf /fhf eP . pgL gfu
/fHodf cfOk'Ug' cufl8 g} pgsf] eJo ;df/f]x aLr /fHof/f]x0f ul/of] .
o;/L hLjgsf] cGTodf e'/LbQ pgsf pQ/flwsf/L tof/ u/L ljhoL
gfux?nfO{ /fHo lbO{ :ju{sf] af6f] nfu] .
-Dff}lnsM e'/LbQ hfts, syf g+= %$#_

-;|f]tM http://www.buddha-images.com+_
of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff
• zLn kf/ldtfM of] syfsf] s]GbL|o lzIff eg]sf] zLnsf] kfngf ug'{ xf]
. e'/LbQnfO{ 9fs/ -;fgf] 8fnf]_ leq sf]r]/ /fVbf klg sf]lrP/
a:g'eof] . em'6f] af]Ng' ePg . jxfFn] b'v ;x]/ klg csf{nfO{ xfgL x'g]
s'g} sd{ ug'{ ePg . ;xgzLn eP/ a:g'eof] . lx+;fsd{ ug'{ ePg .
a? cfkm\gf] /ut, df;' / x8\8L klg bfg lbg /fhL x'g'eof] .
• Wofg kf/ldtfM e'/LbQ gfusf] ?k lnP/ a]l/P/ Wofg u/]/ a:g'eof] .
pgsf] lrQdf s'g}klg v/fa s'/f cfPgg\ . Wofgsf sf/0f dgsf
;a} ljs[ltx? e:d eP . pgsf] lrQ z'4 eof] / pgsf] lrQdf
slxNo} g/fd|f ljrf/ cfPgg\ . a? cfkm\gf 5fnf, xf8 / /ut lbg
tof/ x'g'eof] .
• bfg / k/f]ksf/L kf/ldtfM of] syfsf] csf{] lzIff eg]sf] yf]kf yf]kf
u/L bfg u/]/ k/f]ksf/L kf/ldtf hDdf ug'{ k5{ eGg] g} xf] .
e'/LbQ cfkm\gf] z/L/sf] 5fnf, df;', x8\8L, /ut klg bfg lbg /fhL
x'g'eof] . pxfn] bfp/]nfO{ vfg, nfpg, a:g lbg'eof] / hLjge/L
bfg lbP/ k/f]ksf/L sfo{ ug'{eof] .
• g}ltstfM e'/LbQ hftssf] csf{] lzIff g}ltstf xf] . bfp/];+u
g}ltstf lyPg . lx/fdf]lt u/uxgfsf] nf]edf k/L pgsf] g}ltstf
x/fof] . klxnf e'/LbQ h:t} ;Gof;L x'g] larf/ u/]]sf bfp/] nf]esf
sf/0f g}ltstf u'dfpg k'u] . ha bfp/] lzsf/Ln] uxgfsf] y}nL
y't]/ lng sf]lz; u/], klxn] u/]sf s'sd{sf sf/0f pgsf xftaf6
uxgf v;]/ lrl/Psf] e'FO{leq k:of] / x/fof] .
49
• ljZjf;wft ug'{ x'b}gM e'/LbQn] lzsf/L bfp/]nfO{ ljZjf;n]
gfu/fHodf /fv] . gfu/fHosf ;a} ;'ljwfx? k|bfg u/] . /fd|f]
Jojxf/ u/] . To;af6 k|efljt eP/ bfp/] lzsf/L klg e'/LbQ h:t}
;Gof;L x'g] ljrf/ u/] . bfp/] lzsf/L e'/LbQk|lt ljZjf;L ag] t/
kl5 lx/fdf]lt / u/uxgfsf] kf]sf]sf] nf]edf k/]/ kfkL AolQmnfO{
e'/LbQ a;]sf] :yfg atfpg k'u] . pgn] e'/LbQk|lt ljZjf;3ft u/]
. cGttM k"j{hGd / oxL hGdsf s'sd{sf sf/0f pgn] b'v afx]s
s]xL kfPgg\ .
• /fu / å]ifxLgtfM gfu/fh e'/LbQnfO{ a|fXd0fn] w]/} b'v lbof] .
a|fXd0fn] e'/LbQnfO{ gfRg] cfb]z lbPkl5 pxfF ;sL g;sL
gfRg'x'GYof] . ljleGg /+u, ?k / cfsf/ b]vfpg' x'GYof] . Tof] gfr
b]vfP afkt Tof] a|fXd0fn] w]/} k};f sdfpFy] . t/ e'/LbQnfO} g t
Tof] k};fk|lt /fu lyof] g t Tof] a|fXd0fk|lt å]if lyof] . /fu /
å]ifljxLg x'g' klg of] syfsf] lzIff xf] .
• sd{sf] kmnM cnDaofg a|fXd0f nf]eL / kfkL lyof] p;n] e'/LbQnfO{
sf]r]/ 9fs/ leq /fVof] . p;n] e'/LbQnfO{ s|'/ Jojxf/ u¥of], gfRg
nufof], r6s b]vfpg nufof] / To; afkt w]/}] ?k}of hDdf u¥of]
t/ gfu/fhfnfO{ s]xL klg vfg lbPg . To;sf] sd{kmn Tof]
a|fXd0fn] ef]Ug' k¥of] / zx/ g} 5f]8]/ efUg' k¥of] . bfp/] lzsf/L;+u
nf]e lyof] p;n] ljZjf;3ft u¥of] . ToxL s'sd{ / ljZjf;3ftsf
sf/0f lx/fdf]lt u/uxgf p;sf xftdf kgf{;fy em/]/ lr/f k/]sf]
hldgleq k/]/ x/fP .
• jLo{ kf/ldtfM ;'bf;gn] cfkm\gf] jLo{ kf/ldtfsf sf/0f axfFn] zlQm
k|bz{g ug'{eof] . Tof] zlQm k|bz{gaf6 8/fP/ nfeL a|fXd0f
e'/LbQnfO{ 5f]8\g /fhL eof] . To;}n] jLo{ kf/ldtf klg x'g
cfaZos 5 .
c? lzIff kf7s ju{n] kQf nufpg'x'g]5 .

50
 dxfgf/b hfts

ljb]xsf] /fHo ldlynfdf Pshgf c+ult gfdsf /fhf lyP . pgsL Pp6L
;'Gb/L 5f]/L lyOg\ . pgsf] gfd ?hf lyof] . pgL g} tL /fhfsf] v'zL /
cfgGbsL ;|f]t lyOg\ . /fhfsf !^ xhf/ /fgL lyP t/ klg pgL dfq PSnL
5f]/L lyOg\ . /fhf c+ultn] 5f]/LnfO{ dg vf]n]/ wg ;DklQ lbGy] . pgn]
cfkm\gL 5f]/LnfO{ km"nsf a's]x?, ;;fgf ;'gsf uxgf / ;'grfFbLsf wfufn]]
a'g]sf rf]nf / ;f8Lx? lbGy] . pgL 5f]/LnfO{ olt ljZjf; ub{y] ls k|To]s
!% lbgdf -k"l0fdfsf] lbg_ ul/a / /f]uL JolQmnfO{ ljt/0f ul/g] Ps xhf/
;'gsf l;Ssf klg cfkm\gL 5f]/L dfkm{t g} ljt/0f ub{y] . ;'gsf l;Ssfsf]
bfgn] pgnfO{ hgtfsf] dfof / 5f]/Lsf] Kof/ b'a} k|fKt ePsf] lyof] .
pgL k"0f{rGb|sf lbg ;j]/} p7]/ g'xfP/, n'uf nufP/ tLghgf k|d'v
;Nnfxsf/;Fu /fhb/af/sf] afb{nLdf pleP/ tnsf ;]tf zx/sf kf6f
kf6fdf ljeflht kmFf6x? x]l//x]sf lyP . ha pbfO/x]sf] rGb|dfsf] ls/0f
zx/sf ;8s / uNnLdf k¥of] ta /fhfn] tL ;Nnfxsf/lt/ kmls{P/ ;f]w]
æxfdL of] k"0f{rGb|sf] kj{ s;/L cfgGbk"j{s dgfpg ;S5f}+ < æ
k|yd ;Nnfxsf/ hg/n cNnftn] ;'´fj lbP ægofF e"lddf xfdLn] ljho
k|fKt ug{' k5{ .æ bf]>f,] /fhsLo kmfF6 x]g]{ ;Nnfxsf/n] eg] æof] a]nf gfrufg
/ /dfOnf] ug]{ a]nf xf] .æ t];|f] ;Nnfxsf/ tyf Gofo k|d'v a|fXd0fn] eg]
æzx/ aflx/sf] h+undf gfË} tk:jL e} ;Gof;L hLjg latfpg' g} ;a}eGbf
cfgGbdo xf] .æ /fhf c+utL a|fXd0f ;Nnfxsf/sf s'/f ;'g]/ cfglGbt eP /
pgn]] lbPsf] ;NnfxnfO{ lz/f]wfo{ u/] . To;kl5 /fhsLo /ynfO{ kfln;
nufPsf rfFbLsf] u/uxgf h8fg u/]/ ;lh;hfpsf ;fy tof/ kfl/of] .
/fhfsf] /fqL e|d0fsf] nflu ;a} aGbf]jl:tsf ;fdfg ldnfOof] . /ysf nflu
rf/j6f jfo'k+vL ;]tf 3f]8fx? tof/ kfl/of] . ;ft tnf ePsf] /ysf] nflu
kfn / 5ftf tof/ kfl/of] . ;]tf] zfxL k+vf tof/ kfl/of] . 6f9faf6 x]bf{ /fhf
51
/ ;]tf] /y rGb|df h:t} 6n6n 6lNsP/ k|sfzn] el/k"0f{ b]lvg'xG' Yof] . Tof]
/yn] h+unsf] dWo efu ;Ddsf] ofqf to u¥of] . pgLx?n] k/af6} b]v],
tk:jL u'0f w]/} gfËf JolQmx?åf/f 3]l/P/ al;/x]sf] lyP . tk:ofdf cfFr
gk'¥ofO{ pgn] /yaf6} u'0fsf] kfpdf k|sfz k7fP . pgL;Fu enfs';f/L kl5
v/fof]sf] 5fnfn] df]xf/]sf]] uh/fdf a;]/ cfb/k"j{s tk:jL u'0fnfO{ cfˆgf]
e|d0fsf] p2]Zo atfP . pgn] eg] æxfdL dfly k"0f{rGb| pbfpb} 5 To;}n]
xfd|f] dgdf /x]sf s]xL z+sfx? lgjf/0f ug{' 5 .æ
To;kl5 pgLn] cfdfafa', lzIfs, >LdtL, aRrf, a|fXd0f tyf ;}lgs;Fu
s:tf] Jojxf/ ug]{ tyf s:tf] lgod kfng ug]{ eGg]af/] k|jrg lbP . ;fy}
pgn] ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ s'/f s;/L sf]xL gs{df k5{g\ / sf]xL rfxL :ju{sf]
af6f] nfU5g\ eGg] s'/f klg atfP . Tof] a]nfdf Tof] e"lddf pko'Qm ;Nnfx
lbg] Pp6f klg ;fFrf] Clif lyPgg\ . To;}n] sf]xL gePkl5 u'0fn] g} /fhfnfO{
;Nnfx lbg] ub{y] . u'0f cw{1fgL, cw{3d08L lyP tfklg pgL] To; 7fp+Fdf
1fg / k|1fsf] nflu k|l;4 lyP . pgL gfl:ts / cwd{sf l;4fGt o;/L
/6fpy] ls w]/} JolQmx? pgnfO{ ljZjf; ug{ k'Uy] . pgL eGy] ls s'g} klg
Jojxf/ /fd|f] / g/fd|f] x'Fb}g . rfx] /fd|f] sd{ ug{'xf];\, rfx] g/fd|f], o;sf]
eljiodf s'g} k|efj kb}{g eGy] . pgL eGy] ætkfO{sf] hGdeGbf cufl8 g} ;a}
s'/fsf] lglZrt ul/Psf] x'G5 . s'g} JolQmn] zq'dfly t/af/ rnfpg] ljZjf;
ug{' x'G5 eg] sf]xL rfxL e]befj gu/L bfg lbg'x'G5 . oL b'j} xfd|f]
lgoGq0fdf 5}gg\ / o;sf] eljiodf s'g} k|efj kb}{g . gs{ jf :ju{ a]sf/sf
s'/f x'g\ . of] afx]s csf]{ ;+;f/ 5}g . To;}n] tkfO{nfO{ h] ug{ dg nfU5
ToxL ug{'xf];\ / cfkm"nfO{ cfglGbt t'Nofpg' xf];\ .æ
u'0fsf] :tAw t'Nofpg] k|arg kl5 hg/n cNnftn] af]Ng' eof] . æxf], d}n]
;f]r]sf] s'/f ca olsg -k'g ;fljt_ eof] . cl3Nnf] hGddf d lzsf/L lyP,
kljq ufO{sf] xTof uy]{ / w]/} unt sfd u/] . s] d}n] of] hGddf b'v ef]u
u/]sf] 5' / d ;d[4 ;}lgs hg/n 5' t/ klg dnfO{ s;}n] gs{df k7fPg\ .æ
To;kl5 Pshgf bf;n] RofltPsf] n'uf nufP/ uxe/L cfFz' agfpFb} eg],
d}n] k"j{hGddf ;w} /fd|f] sfd u/F] . slxNo} bfg glbO{ vfgf vfOg . t/
clxn] dnfO{ x]g{'xf];\ . clxn] d]/f] hGd j]Zofsf] 5f]/fsf] ?kdf eof] .
d'lZsnn] xftd'v hf]8\5' tfklg c´ klg d cfkm"nfO{ g/fvL cfwf vfgf d
ef]sfPsf JolQmnfO{ lbG5' . slt lbg t d ef]s} a:5' . t/ d]/f] of] hGd /
k"j{hGdsf sd{x? To;} v]/ uP .
52
/fhf c+ult oL syfx? ;'g]/ w]/} k|efljt eP pgn] cfkm}n] cfkm"nfO{ k|Zg
u/] æd}n] elQmk"j{s bfg lbPsf] j]sf/ eof] . pgL bfg lbPsf]df ;Gt'i6
lyPgg\ . d}n] u/]sf] /fd|f] sd{af6 d ;'vL eOg .æ /fhfn] dgdg} eg,] æd}n]
o:tf] bfg lbPsf]df dnfO{ s'g} v'zL klg k|fKt ePg .æ u'0fsf zAbx?;Fu
pgL ljZj:t eP / tL ClifnfO{ gd:sf/ ;d]t gu/L t'?Gt} ToxfFaf6
kmls{P .
To;kl5 pgn] s'g} klg /fd|f] sfd u/]gg\ . /fd|f] sd{lt/ nfUg s'g} d]xgt
klg u/]gg\ . pgn] /fhfåf/f ;Dkfbg ul/g] ;a} sd{ / /fHosf] /]vb]v ug]{
sfo{ pgsf ;Nnfxsf/nfO{ ;'Dk] . pgn] s'g} lg0f{o u/]gg\ . c?n] u/]sf] sfd
x]/]/ / v]n]/ cfkm\gf] ;do Joltt u/] . pgL cfkm"n] sd{ g} gu/]kl5 s'g}
kl/0ffd cfpg] s'/} ePg . g t s'g} sf/0f g} atfpg k¥of] . pgsf] hLjgdf
s'g} pNn]vgLo sfd g} ePg . ;a}eGbf v/fa s'/f rfxL pgn] bfg lbg klg
5f8]] .
/fhfn] pgLx?nfO{ k"0f{ j]jf:tf u/]sf] / bfg glbPsf]df w]/} ul/j b'vLx?n]
/f]Os/fO{ ug{ yfn] . /fhfn] cfˆgf sfg aGb u/]sf] / ljnfk g;'g]sf]df
/fhfsL 5f]/L ?hf w]/} /f]Og\ . csf]{ k"0f{rGb|sf lbg ?hfn] ;a}eGbf /fd|f] n'uf
nufOg\ . a'afn] pkxf/ :j?k lbPsf u/uxgf nufOg\ / /fhfsf] b/af/ leq
kl;g\ . /fhfn] pgsf] hLjg s;/L lalt/x]sf] 5 egL ;f]wk'5 u/] . pgn]
elgg\ ls dnfO{ Pp6f lrh dfq ck'u 5 . ef]nL kljq k"0f{rGb|sf] ltly 5,
kljq lbg 5 . xh'/nfO{ OR5f 5 eg] tkfO{sf vhfGhLnfO{ Ps xhf/ ;'gsf
l;Ssf Nofpg nufP/ hgtfnfO{ ljt/0f ul/lbg'xf];\, of] xfd|f] k/Dk/f e}
;s]sf] 5 . t/ pgsf a'jfn] ;f]Rb} g;f]r]sf] pQ/ lbb} eg] . æbfg Û s]sf]
bfg Û xfd|f] ;'g c?nfO{ ljt/0f ug]{ < d of] d"v{ k/Dk/fnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg
rfxGg . k|f/Aw ePs}n] xfdL clxn] of] cj:yfdf 5f}+ . s] sf/0fn] d}n] d]/f]
wgnfO{ j/jfb ug]{ < dnfO{ 3/L3/L o:tf cgfjZos s'/f u/]/ b'Mv gb]pm
5f]/L .æ
?hfn] a'afsf o:tf s'/f ;'g]/ 8/fPsf] dx;'; ul/g\ . pgsf afj' tL
;Gof;Lsf s'/f ;'g]/ k"/} e8\lsPsf lyP . pgn] k'gM Psk6s /fhf;Fu lalGt
u/]/ dgfpg sf]lz; ul/g\ . æa'af, d}n] ;'g]sL lyP h;n] d"v{sf s'/f ;'G5
p klg d"v{ g} x'G5 . h;n] aRrfsf] s'/f ;'G5 Tof] aRrf h:t} x'G5 . d
8/fPsL 5' ls u'0fsf] s'/f ;'g]/ xh'/ o:tf] x'g'eof] . xh'/sf] hg/n
cNnftn] k"{hGdsf] /fd|f] sfdsf] kmn kfO/x]sf] 5 / of] ;lsgf;fy p l;w}
53
gs{ hfG5 . Tof] levf/L h'g 5 Tof] k"j{hGdsf] s'g} v/fa sfdsf] sf/0f
dfu]/ vfg' kl//x]5 t/ ha Tof] v/fa sfdsf] b'Mv ;dfKt x'G5 clg p;sf
b'Mvsf lbg ;lsG5g\ . k"j{hGd / of] hGdsf c;n sd{sf sf/0f h'g k'0o
hDdf ePsf 5g\ To;sf] k|efjn] pgsf] hLjgdf :juL{o cfgGb Nofpg]5 .
lrq M gf/bn] ?hfsf] k'sf/ ;'gL pgnfO{ ;xof]u ub{} .

ta ?hf cfkm}n] cfˆgf ;ft hGdsf s'/fx? elgg\ . pgL k"j{ hGddf
sfdLsf] 5f]/f lyP . p;n] b'i6 ;fyL;Fu ldn]/ Pp6L dlxnfsf] anTsf/
u¥of] . To;n] csf]{ hGddf v;L kf/]sf] af]sf] x'gk¥of] . Pp6f afFb/ h;sf]
afa'n] qm'/tfk"j{s cfˆgf] 5f]/fsf] c08sf]if lgsfn]sf] lyof] p;n] gk'+;s x'g'
k¥of] . /fhfn] cfˆgL 5f]/LnfO{ dfof u/] klg 5f]/Lsf k"j{hGdsf o:tf
pbfx/0f / ts{n] /fhfnfO{ s'g} k|efj k/]g . pgsf wf/0ffdf s'g} kl/jt{g
cfPg . ?hf To;kl5 b/af/sf] Ps 5]plt/ uOg\ / 3'F8f 6]s]/ cfˆgf]
xftnfO{ cfˆgf] 6fpsf] dfly /fv]/ a|Xdnf]ssf bz} lbzfsf b]ptfx?nfO{
>4fk"j{s k'sf/ ul/g\ / d]/f] a'afnfO{ ;b\a'l4 b]pm elgg\ .
Tof] a]nfsf af]lw;Tj h;sf] gfd gf/b lyof] . pgL Tof] ;dosf 7"nf a|Xdf
lyP . pgL :ju{sf] cfˆgf] s'l;{af6 k[YjLlt/ x]l//x]sf lyP . pgn] ?hfsf
k'sf/ ;'g] / pgnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ lgZro u/] . k[YjLdf cfpg' cufl8 pgn]
ljrf/ u/] ls d afx]s c? s;}n] klg /fhfsf] z+sf lgjf/0f ug{ ;Sb}g . d
km/s ?kdf hfg'k5{ tf ls d]/f] ?kn] /fhfnfO{ k|efj kg{ ;sf];\ / d]/f
54
s'/fn] pgsf] Wofg tfGg ;sf];\ . /fhf c+ult ;Gof;nfO{ a9L dxTj lbGy] .
To;}n] gf/bn] ;Gof;L dWo] ;a}eGbf k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] ;Gof;Lsf] n'uf nufP
. pgn] ljZjf; u/] ls ca pgn] d]/f s'/f /fd|/L ;'Gg]5g\ .
gf/bn] rt'd{'vL a|Xdfsf] e]if wf/0f u/] . sn]hL /+usf] n'uf nufP . sfnf]
5fnfsf] uDrf Pp6f sfFwdf /fv] . pgn] sfFwdf Pp6f ;'gsf] ef/ agfP/
b'O{lt/} leIff dfUg] sdG8n' /fv] . df]ltsf bfgf pg]/ tL sd08n'x? ef/df
afFlwPsf lyP . pgsf] skfn tk:jLsf] h:tf] n6\6f leqaf6 ;'gsf lrD6Ln]
r]lkPsf] lyof] . xfjf nfu]sf] a]nf afbnnfO{ l5rf]Nb} h;/L rGb|df cufl8
a9\5 To;/L g} pgL cfsfz dfu{af6 p8]/ cfP / xfjfd} /f]lsP/ /fhfsf]
cufl8 pleP .
lrq M gf/b a|Xdfsf] e]ifdf /fhfnfO{ clt{ lbb} .

?hf /fhfsf] 5]pdf g} al;/x]sL lyOg\ . pgn] a|XdfnfO{ t'?Gt lrlgxflng\ /

pgn] ´'s]/ >4fk"j{s 9f]lug\ t/ /fhf eg] :juL{o pkl:yltn] 5Ss k/]sf
lyP . pgL /fhu2Laf6 t'?Gt cf]ln{P / lrRofP ætkfO{ sf] xf], sxfFaf6
cfpg' ePsf] <Æ gf/bn] gd|tfk"j{s eGg'eof] æ/fhf c+ult, d dxfa|Xdf x'F /
d ltdLnfO{ clt{{ lbg a|Xdnf]saf6 cfPsf] x'F .Æ /fhf c+ult ltdL cfkm} gs{
hfg vf]lh/x]sf 5f} . c+ultn] eg] æd]/f] ljrf/df :ju{ / gs{ eGg] 7fpF 5}g .
of] k|dfl0ft ug{'x'G5 eg] dnfO{ %)) j6f ;'gsf 6'qmf lbg'xf];\ . d unt
eP5' eg] d xh'/nfO{ !))) j6f ;'gsf] 6'qmf gs{af6 lkmtf{ u/f}nf .æ
55
/fhfsf] o:tf s'/f ;'g]/ gf/bn] pgnfO{ o;/L r]tfjgL lbP æltdLn] /fd|f]
sfd ug]{ ePsf] eP d ltdLnfO{ ;'g ;fk6L lbGyF] xf]nf . :ju{df ;'gsf xhf/
6'qmf ;+sng ug{ Tolt ufx|f] 5}g, t/ ltdL h:tf] dfG5]nfO{ xfdL lbg OGsf/
u5f}{ . zf:qsf /fd|f s'/f gdfGg], unt l;4fGt dfGg]n] gs{ t hfg} k5{ . n
;'Gg'xf];\ gs{sf] ljifodf d atfpF5' . gs{df s;}n] klg s'g} JolQmaf6 lng
;Sb}g . To;df klg ToxfF Pp6f dfq geO{ xhf/f}+ gs{x? 5g\ . l;+x b]lv
d';f ;Ddn] ltd|f 5fnf rkfpg] 5g\ . ltd|f xf8x? rkfpg] 5g\ . sfnf
sfusf ayfgn], lrn, lu2n] ltdLnfO{ lryf]/]/ vfg] 5g\ . kmnfd] bfFt u/]sf
s's'/n] ltd|f] z/L/ Roft]/ vfg]5g\ . clt s8f afkmdf, wfl/nf kxf8df,
aln/x]sf sf]Onfdf ltdLnfO{ oftgf lbO{ /flvg] 5 . To:t} t/af/ h:tf kft
ePsf] ?vdf ltdLnfO{ oftgf lbO{ /flvg] 5 .
Gff/bsf o:tf s/f ;'g]/ cGTodf c+utL 8/n] y/y/L sfDg yfNof] . p;n]
af]lw;TjnfO{ x]¥of] / ;xof]usf] nflu cg'/f]w u¥of] . clg s;/L p;sf]
dgdf /x]sf z+sfsf afbnx? x6fpg ;lsG5 / s;/L cfkm"nfO{ klxnfs}
r]tgf kmsf{pg ;S5' egL /fhf c+ultn] af]lw;TjnfO{ ljGtL ug'{eof]] < ta
af]lw;Tj gf/bn] eGg'eof] æclxn] ltdL /fhf 5f}+, ltd|f] :jf:Yo /fd|f] 5,
ltdLn] /fHosf pQ/bfloTjx? axg ug{'k5{ . u/La, ef]sd/Ldf k/]sf,
a[4a[4fx? / a|fXd0fnfO{ bfg lbg'k5{ . ltd|f] dgn] z/L/nfO{ kyk|bz{g ug{
;sf]];\ . lglZrt xf} ls, ltdL cfkm}n] o:tf ljs[ltx?sf] k|lt/f]w ug{ ;Sg]
x'g]5f}+ . To;kl5 dfq ltdLn] :ju{sf] af6f] kfpg] 5f} . ltd|L 5f]/Ln] ltdLnfO{
;xL af6f]df nufpg l;sfpg] l5g\ . /fhf c+ultn] gf/b af]lw;Tj;+u Ifdf
dfu] / pgsL 5f]/L ?hfn] af]lw;TjnfO{ ´'s]/ clejfbg ul/g\ . s[t1tf
hfx]/ ul/g\ . To;kl5 tL dxfa|Xdf -gf/b_ a|Xdnf]sdf lkmtf{ eO{ uP .
-Dff}lnsM dxfgf/b hfts, syf g+= %$$_
;|f]tM http://www.buddha-images.com_

of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff

• ;defj kf/ldtfM of] syfsf] d'Vo lzIff eg]s} ;defj xf] . dflg;n]
;a};+u ;defj /fVg'k5{ eGg] g} xf] . ?hfn] cfkm\gf afa' c+utLn]
w]/} dfof ubf{ / pgL dfkm{t ;'gsf l;Ssf u/LjnfO{ afF8bf / pgsf
a'afn] pgnfO{ a]jf:tf ubf{ klg p:t} efj /flvg\ . pgn] ;}lgs
56
 hg/nsf] ef]ujfbL / levf/Lsf] cfWofTdjfbL bz{gdf klg ;defj
/flvg\ . /fhf cult ;+Gof;Lsf] s'/f ;'g]/ ef]uafbL ePkl5 ?hfn]
pgnfO{ lgs} ;DemfOg\ . t/ klg /fhf cutLn] dfg]gg\ . To;kl5
pgn] a|XdfnfO{ k'sf/ ul/g\ . ?hfn] lx+;sk|lt klg ;defj /flvg\ .
To;}sf/0f dxfgf/bn] ?hfsf] k'sf/ ;'g]/ ;xof]u u/] .
• bfg / k/f]ksf/L kf/ldtfM bfg kf/ldtfs} sf/0f ?hfdf olt zlQm
lyof] ls pgsf] k'sf/ ;'g]/ gf/bn] a|Xdsf] ?k wf/0f u/]/ /fhf
c+ult sxfF cfpg' eof] / pgnfO{ wd{b]zgf lbg'eof] . gf/bn]
/fhfnfO{ bfgsf] dxTj l;sfpg'eof] . To;kl5 /fhf c+ultn] klxnf
h:t} bfg ug{ yfNg'eof] / gs{ hfgaf6 hf]lug'eof] .
• k|1f kf/ldtfM :ju{df dfq ;'g kfOG5, gs{df ;'g kfOb}g . To;}n]
ltdLn] ;'gsf 6's|fx? ltg{ ;Sb}gf} . gf/bn] a|Xdsf] ?k wf/0f u/]/
/fhf cultnfO{ wd{b]zgf lbg'eof] . ?hfn] klg cfkm\gf afa'
cultnfO{ wd{b]zgf lbg'eof] . k|1f k|fKt ug{ Wofg, 1fg / bfgsf]
dxTj atfpg'eof] . hg/n cNnftn] k"j{hGdsf] /fd|f sfdsf] kmn
kfO{/x]sf] 5 . Tof] ;lsP kl5 pm l;w} gs{ hfG5 . levf/Ln] k"j{
hGdsf yf]/} s'sd{sf sf/0f dfu]/ vfg' kl//x]sf] 5 . ca p;sf
b'vsf lbg ;lsP . ca p;n] :juL{o cfgGb k|fKt u5{ . To;}n]
Ifl0fs sd{kmn x]g'{ x'b}g\ . t;y{ c;n sd{ -k'0o_ ug'{ ePsf] 5 eg]
To;n] cfgGb Nofp5 . unt sd{ ug'{ ePsf] 5 eg] To;n] b'Mv
Nofp5 . ?hf k/f]ksf/L sd{df laZjf; uly{g\ h;sf] sf/0f pgnfO{
dfq xf]Og pgsf afa'nfO{ ;d]t gs{ hfgaf6 arfOg\ .
• sd{ cg';f/sf] kmnM k"j{ hGddf dlxnfnfO{ anfTsf/ u/]sfn] g}
csf{] hGddf v;L eP/ hGdg' k¥of] . cG8sf]if lgsfNg] afFb/
gk'+;s eof] . ;a}n] sd{ cg';f/sf] kmn ef]Ug'k5{ .
• w}o{tf kf/ldtfM h;n] h] eGof] To;sf] kl5 kl5 nfUg' x'b}g . Ifl0fs
s'/f eGbf klg kl5 ;Ddsf] s'/f x]g'{k5{ . w}o{tf /fVg ;Sg'k5{ .
c? lzIff kf7s au{n] kQf nufpg' x'g]5 .

57
 ljb'/ kl08t hfts

xhf/f}+ jif{ cl3 s'g} ;dodf ljb'/ kl08t gfd u/]sf Clif dflg;sf] ?kdf
k[YjLdf cjtl/t ePsf lyP . pgL c;fwf/0f 1fg / k|1f k|Kt JolQm lyP .
pgsf] hLjgsf] p2]Zo rfxL ;To s'/f af]Ng' lyof] . dflg; arga4 x'g' k5{
/ af]n]sf] s'/f k"/f ug{'k5{ eGg] g} pgsf] d'Vo ts{ lyof] . pgL OGb|k|:y
zx/sf /fhf wgGhosf k|d'v ;Nnfxsf/ lyP . ljb'/n] cfˆgf] hGdsf] p2]Zo
/fd|/L k"/f u/]sf lyP . pgsf] rt'/ lha|f]df o:tf] zlQm lyof] ls To; If]qsf
Ps ;o Ps /fhfx?nfO{ pgsf] dL7f] af]nLn] dGqd'Uw agfPsf lyP h;sf]
sf/0f pgLx? ljb'/nfO{ e]6]kl5 cfˆgf] /fHodf kmls{P/ hfg g} lal;{Gy] .
pgsf] sLlt{ ;'jf; 6f9f6f9f ;Dd km}lnPsf] lyof] . pgnfO{ 6f9f6f9fsf w]/}
JolQmx?n] lrGby] .
Pshgf dlxnfn] cfkm\gf >Ldfg\af6 Ps hgf ct'ngLo Clifsf af/]]df
;'g]sL lyOg\ . pgL tL Clifsf] k|jrg ;'Gg nfdf] ;do b]lv k|ltIff/t lyOg\
. t/ dlxnf ePs}n] PSn} ClifnfO{ e]6\g hfg ;lsgg\ / pgn] cfkm\gf
>Ldfg\nfO{ tL ClifnfO{ af]nfP/ pgsf] 3/df Nofpg cg'/f]w ul/g\ . tL
dlxnfn] lj/fdL ePsf] clego u/]/ tL ClifnfO{ lj/fdL ;'t]sf] a]8df g}
Nofpg nufOg\ . pgn] 7"nf] :j/df ljnfk u/]/ elgg\ æPp6f lrhn] dfq
dnfO{ lgsf] agfpg ;S5 . P gfu/fhf, æljb'/ Clifsf] d'6'n] dfq dnfO{
lgsf] agfpg ;S5Æ pgn] lrRofP/ elgg\ . xh'/n] ljb'/sf] x[bo
NofOlbg'xf];\ gq d d5{' .æ
tL /fhf w]/} pbf; eP / Psl5gdf g} a"9f]h:tf] b]lvP . h;/L sdnsf]
km"nnfO{ dflg;n] 5'g] lalQs} cf]Onfp5 To;} u/L /fhf klg cf]OnfP . To:tf]]
afrf s;/L k"lt{ u/fpg] < sf] ;Fu o:tf] 9'Ëf h:tf] dg / x[bo x'G5 h;n]
cfkm\gL >LdtL arfpg csf{sf] d'6' dfUg[ h:tf]] gLr sd{ ug{ ;S5 . t/ h]
h;/L ePklg tL /fhf cfˆgL /fgLnfO{ arfpg rfxGy] . tL Clifsf ;fyL
58
ePsf] eP tL ;fyL dfkm{t Tof] s'/f Clifdf /fVg ;lsGYof] t/ b'ef{Uo tL
Clifsf s'g} ;fyL g} lyPgg\ . ToxL a]nf pgsf] gh/ pgsL ;'Gb/L 5f]/L
/fhs'df/L OGb|fbtLdf k¥of] / ljb'/sf] x[bonfO{ Nofpg s'g} h'lQm lgsfNg
;S5] ls eg]/ pgn] 5f]/LnfO{ lng k7fP . ljb'/sf] x[bo s;n] ckx/0f u/]/
Nofpg ;S5 eg]/ vf]hL ug{ k7fOof] . h;n] ljb'/sf] x[bo ckx/0f Nofpg
;S5 ToxL d]/f] klt x'g]5 eg]/ OGb|fbtLn] saf]n ul/g .
/fhs'df/L OGb|fbtL ljleGg /+usf af:gfbf/ h+unL km"nx? ;+sng ug{
lxdfnodf uOg\ . ljleGg cfsif{s km"nx? ldnfP/ pgL cfkm}n] u'R5f /
dfnfåf/f ;';lHht Pp6f lj5\of}gf tof/ kfl/g\ . To;kl5 pgn] cfsif{s
gfrufg k|:t't ul/g . s] eujfg, s] dflg;, s] uGwj{ , s] Clif, s] gfu /
s] ofSvf h;n] d]/f OR5fx? k"lt{ ug{ ;S5 d cfh /ftL g} To; JolQm ;Fu
ljjfx u5{' .
ToxL ;dodf snfkYy/sf] lxdfndf Pshgf k'Ggfsf gfdsf ofSvf jf /fIf;
lyP . pgL cfˆgf] hfb'sf] 3f]8fdf lx8\by] . OGb|fbtLsf] k|]d k|:tfj ;'g]/
Psl5g /f]lsP . OGb|fbtLsf s'/f ;'g]kl5 pgL cfˆgf] af6f] 5f]8]/ tL
/fhs'df/Lsf] dgsf] /fHo lng lt/ nfu] . p;n] tL /fhs'df/Lsf] x[bo k|]dn]
el/lbP / pgnfO{ k|]ddf 8'afP . To;kl5 b'j}hgf ljjfx aGwgsf] nflu
afj'sf] cg'dlt dfUg uP . /fhfn] dgdg} ljrf/ u/] ls d]/f] of]hgfn] sfd
ug]{ eof] . t/ /fhs'df/Ln] k'GgsfnfO{ v'n]/} 3f]if0ff ul/g\ ls d Pp6f ;t{df
dfq k'Ggsf;Fu ljjfx u5{' . Tof] s] eg] k'Ggsfn] ljb'/sf] x[bo Nofpg' k5{ .
+k'Ggsfsf] nflu klg cfˆgf] hfb'sf] zlQm k|dfl0ft ug]{ Tof] Pp6f ;'j0f{ df}sf
lyof]] . k'Ggsfn] Tof] r'gf}tLnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]] . pgn] skfn sf6]/ 7LSssf]
agfP, w]/} dxFuf n'ufx? nufP . / sfgb]lv 6fpsf];Dd u/uxgfn] ;';lHht
eP . To;kl5 3f]8f r9]/ OGb|k|:ylt/ nfu] hxfF ljb'/ a:by] . pgL zx/df
k'Ug' cufj} p;n] Tof] ClifnfO{ s;/L lhTg ;lsG5 eg]/ of]hgf agfP .
pgL;Fu 8fo;-n+u'/j'hf{_ v]n]/ hLt xfl;n ug]{ s'/f ;f]lr ;s]sf lyP . To;
v]ndf pgL /fhf wgGhonfO{ ;d]t r'gf}tL lbg ;Sy] . ha pgL zx/sf]
9f]sfdf k'u] . pgn] eg] æP zlQmzfnL /fhf, n xh'/ d;Fu n+u'/j'hf{ v]Ng
cfpg'xf];\ . olb d}n] xf/]F eg] of] rdTsf/L hfb'sf] 3f]8f / lx/fdf]tL ;a}
tkfO{sf] x'g]5 .æ pgn] Tof] rdTsf/L 3f]8fsf] b}ljs zlQm h:tf] ls kfgLdf
s'b\g], cfsfzdf p8\g] / vh'/sf] ?vsf] xfFufdf pleg] / ;fFu'/f zx/sf
uNnLleq klg l5/]/ lx8\g ;Sg] To;sf] ljz]iftf lyof] . To;kl5 v}/f] /
lgnf] /+usf crDd nfUbf dxFuf kTy/nfO{ cfˆgf] rdTsf/ h:tf] ls hLljt
59
k|f0fL ;[hgf ug{, ;"o{ rGb|df / tf/fu0fx? ;[hgf ug{ cfb]z lbP . k'Ggsfsf]
tL rdTsf/L sfd b]v]/ /fhf nf]leg' eof] / n+u'/j'hf{ v]Ng /fhL x'g' eof] .
pgn] eg]sL æd}n] xf/]df d]/f] z/L/ / d]/f] ;]tf] 5ftf afx]s ;a} tkfO{sf]
x'g]5 .Æ
Tof] n+u'/j'hf{ v]Ng] xndf dflg;x? e/Le/fp lyP . v]n v]Ng ;Dk"0f{
aGbf]a:t ldnfOPsf] lyof] . c? /fhfx?nfO{ ;fIfLsf] ?kdf cfdGq0f ul/Psf]
lyof] . n+u'/a'hf{ af]8{ tof/ ul/of] / b'j}hgf v]Ng tof/ eP . k'Ggsfn] eg]
/fhf tkfO{ klxn] xfGg'xf];\ . /fhfn] klxnf uf]6Lx? xNnfP/ xfg] t/ crDd
eof] . /fhfn] n+u'/j'hf{sf uf]6Lx? hfb'sf sf/0f cfkm" lj?4 klN6Psf] b]v] .
pgL k"0f{?kn] g ;kgf g ljkgfsf h:tf eP . pgL o:tf] v]ndf slxNo} klg
a;]sf lyPgg\ . pgsf cleefjs h:tf] ls pgsL k"j{ hGdsL cfdf g} b]jL
lyOg\ . d]/f] 5f]/fn] lhT5 eg]/ dflyaf6 x]/]/ a;]sL lyOg\ . Tof] a]nf pgn]
s]an bz{s ag]/ x]g'{ eGbf s]xL klg ug{ ;Sg' ePg . s]an v]n gv]n
o;df ltdLn] ;f]r]sf] eGbf ljk/Lt x'G5 dfq eGg'eof] t/ /fhfn] ;Nnfx
gdfgL pgn] n+u'/j'hf{sf] uf]6Lx? xNnfP/ vf]n] . bf]>f] k6s klg glthf
pgsf] ljk/Lt g} cfof] . of] k|dfl0ft eof] ls eujtLn] klg pgnfO{ ;xof]u
ug{ ;lsgg\ . lsgls k'Ggsfsf] hfb' eujtL eGbf klg zlQmzfnL lyof] .
Tof] eGbf klg /fhfn] b]v]sf lyP ls n+u'/j'hf{sf uf]6Lx? cfZro{k"j{s cfkm}
klN6Gy] . pgL lj?4sf] zlQm alnof] ag]/ cfO/x]sf] 5 eg] cfefif kfP .
/fhfsf k5fl8af6 k'Ggsfn] / /fhfsL cleefjs eujtLsf] zlQmIf0f ug{
pgn] l/;fPsf cfFvfaf6 Hjfnf k7fP . tL eujtL Tof] Hjfnfsf] vt/fsf
sf/0f glhs}sf] lxdfnsf] 6'Kkf]af6 eflug\ . To;kl5 t ´g\ k'Ggsfsf] ljho
x'g] g} eof] . t];|f] k6s klg pgn] n+u'/j'hf{sf uf]6Lx? xNnfP/ xfg] . t];|f]
k6s klg pgsf] xf/ g} eof] .
To;kl5 k'Ggsfsf] kfnL cfof,] pgn] lhTg] g} eP . k'Ggsf ljhon] v'zL eP
. tfnL ahfP / sjf]n adf]lhd ltg{ /fhfnfO{ cg'/f]w u/] . /fHo g} lht]
kl5 Tof] /fHosf ljåjfg\ ;d]t k'Ggsfsf] x'g] g} eP . To;}n] afrf cg';f/
k'Ggsfn] ljb'/nfO{ lbg cg'/f]w u/] . /fhfn] l/;fP/ ljb'/ lbg' /] eg] . pgL
d]/f] ;a}eGbf ljZjf;L k/fdz{bftf x'g\ . d]/f] an g} ljb'/ x'g / pgL d]/f]
z/0fdf /x]sf 5g\ . /fhf wgGho cfkm\gf cd"No kl08t ljb'/ u'Dg] eon]
6f]nfP/ al;/x]sf lyP . k'Ggsfn] lrRofP/ ljb'/nfO{ eg] æltdL /fhfsf bf;
xf} jf /fhfsf ;Gtfg xf} <Æ ljb'/n] OdfGbf/k"j{s pQ/ lbG5g\ eGg] ;f]r]/
pgn] o;f] eg]sf lyP . ljb'/n] j8f] lzi6tfk"j{s eg] ls æ/fhf xh'/n]
60
dnfO{ Tof] b'i6 ofSvfsf] xftdf ;'Dkg ;Sg'x'G5 .Æ To;kl5 cfkm"nfO{ oSvf
;dIf ;'Dkg' cuf8L pgn] cfˆgf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? / gftfuf]tf;Fu ljbf
dfu] . ljb'/n] cfˆgf 5f]/f / >LdtLnfO{ clt{ / lzIff lbg clu|d cg'dlt
dfu] . pgLx?af6 ljbf x'g' cufl8 pgn] cfˆgf l;4fGtx? af/] JofVof /
ljZn]if0f ug{ rfxGy] . t]>f] lbgdf pgn] ;Dk"0f{ l;4fGtx?sf] j0f{g /
ljZn]if0f u/] . h] eGg' lyof] ;a} eg] . clg pgn] k/fdz{bftfsf] kbaf6
/fhLgfdf lbP . pgL, pgsL >LdtL, 5f]/f, gf]s/ / ;fyLefO{ ;a} /f]P / cfkm}
yfs]/ pgnfO{ ljbf ug{ tn ´/] .
k'Ggsfn] eGof] æltdL d]/f] 3f]8fsf] k'R5f/df a; . ltdLn] ca hLjg
d/0faf6 kf/ kfpg]5f} . nfdf] ofqfn] ltdLnfO{ kvL{/x]sf] 5 . ltdLn] k'g of]
;+;f/ x]g'{ kg]{ 5}g . af]lw;Tjn] k|efj kfg]{ tl/sfn] gd|tfk"j{s pQ/ lbg'eof]
æd s'g} klg hLjgaf6 8/fplbg .Æ pgn] cem cufl8 eg] æd}n] s;}nfO{
klg xfgL x'g] sfd dg, jrg / sd{åf/f u/]sf] 5}g . To;}n] s;}n] klg d]/f]
xfgL x'g] sfd ub}{gg\ .Æ
lrq M ljb'/ 3f]8fsf] k'R5/df a;]/ hfFb} .

61
To;kl5 pgn] cfˆgf n'uf dfly ;'ls{P/ 3f]8fsf] k'R5/df ´'l08P/ a;] .
k'Ggsfn] ljb'/nfO{ ntfb}{ ntfb}{ Tof] sfnfkTy/ kxf8 kf/ u/]/ r'r'/f]df k'u] .
k'GgsfnfO{ nfu]sf] lyof] ls r6\6fgsf] wfl/nf r'Rrf 9'Fufn] / sfF8f3f/L
?vsf xfFuf / sfF8fn] pgnfO{ sf]/]/ ;Vt 3fOt] agfof] xf]nf, t/ ljb'/nfO{
To:tf] s]xL ePg . ljb'/ afFlr/x]sf]df pgL 5Ss k/] . To;kl5 k'Ggsfn]
ljb'/nfO{ d[To'sf] 8/ b]vfpg yfn] . k'Ggsfn] ljleGg 8/nfUbf ?k b]vfpg
yfn] . slxn] /fIf;sf], slxn] l;+xsf,] slxn] h+unL xflQsf] t slxn] km0ff
km}lnPsf] ljiffn' ;k{sf] ?k b]vfP t/ klg ljb'/ zfGtk"j{s /x] . k'Ggsfsf]
hlt g} 8/nfUbf ?kn] klg pgnfO{ s]xL km/s kf/]g .
k'Ggsf hfb' u/L k|s[ltsf] ?k abNg dflx/ lyP . pgsf aGbL ljb'/nfO{ tL
s'g} 8/nfUbf ?kn] cTofpg ;s]g . o;/L s]xL lzk gnfu]kl5 k'Ggsfn] ca
d cfˆg} xftn] o;sf] xTof u5{' eGg] ;f]r] . pgn] Ps lgd]if d} ClifnfO{
lgoGq0fdf lnP / Tof] kj{tsf] 6fs'/fdf pleP . k'Ggsfn] ljb'/ ClifnfO{ pwf]
d'G6f] nufP/ ´'08\ofP / k/ kxf8df pgsf] 6fpsf] ahfg{sf nflu tof/ eP
. To;kl5 dfq af]lw;Tjn] cfkm\gf] z/L/ ;DaGwL k|1f / 1fgnfO{ k|of]u
ug{'k5{ eGg] ;f]r] . To;kl5 cfkm"nfO{ dfg{ tof/ ePsf k'GgsfnfO{ pgn]
zfGtk"j{s ;f]w] . dnfO{ dfg{' kg]{ sf/0f s] xf] < ha k'Ggsfn] ;a} s'/f atfP
ta af]lw;Tj ljb'/nfO{ yfxf eof] ls gfu/fgLsf] cg'/f]wnfO{ k'Ggsfn] unt
tl/sfn] a'´]sf /x]5g\ .
d]/f] d'6' Nofpg nufpg' eg]sf] s'/fnfO{ unt cy{df a'´]sf /x]5g\ . pgsf]
cy{ d]/f] ef}lts df+;k]zLn] ag]sf] d'6' Nofpg eg]sf] x}g, pgn] t d]/f] k|1f
ePsf] x[bo kf] Nofpg nufpg' ePsf] xf] . ljb'/n] eg] .
ljb'/n] k'Ggsfsf] cfzo a'´]kl5 pgnfO{ eg] æklxnf d]/f] lzIff ;'Gg'xf]; .
To;kl5 d d]/f] d'6' lbg ;S5' .æ k'Ggsf 3f]8faf6 cf]ln{P/ e'O{df a;] .
To;}a]nf Pp6f ;lh;hfp ePsf] u2L ljb'/sf] tn cfOk'Uof], k'Ggsf ljb'/sf]
v'§f d'lg a;] / ljb'/sf] lzIff ;'g] . k'Ggsfn] cfkm\gf xftx? Wofg d'b|fdf
/fv] . To;}kl5 cfkm"n] ljutdf u/]sf ;a} s'sd{x?;lD´P/ kZrfQfk ub}{
ci6fË dfu{df nfu] . pgn] cfˆgf aGbL ljb'/nfO{ 5fl]8lbP . t/ klg pgL
t'?Gt cfˆgf] /fHodf gkmls{O{ gfu/fHodf h'g c;d´bf/L ;[hgf ePsf]
lyof], ToxL ;dfwfg ug{ uP . gfu/fHosf] rlDsnf] gfub/af/ gb]lvP ;Dd
af]lw;Tj ljb'/ klg ToxL k'Ggsfsf] 3f]8fd} ;Fu;Fu} a;L hfg'eof] . Tof] /fHo

62
s:tf] lyof] eg] rf/}lt/af6 ;d'b|n] 3]/]sf] chLjsf k|f0fL af; u/]sf] :yfg
lyof] .
/fhb/af/sf] u2Lsf] aLrdf af]lw;Tj ljb'/ a;]sf lyP . To;sf] jl/k/L
gfu/fhf / gfu/fgL pgsf 5f]/L OGb|fbtL / k'Ggsf a;]sf lyP . ;Ddflgt
7fpFd} a;]/ pgn] k|1f / pgsf] x[bosf ;a} s'/f ;a}nfO{ a'´fP . pgn]
cfˆgf] hLjgsf] s'g} kjf{x u/]gg\ . pgn] k"j{jt\ lzIff k|bfg u/] . ha
gfu/fhfn] ljb'/sf] k|1f k|fKt u/] pgn] ljb'/sf] df+;k]zLn] ag]sf] d'6' rfxg'
ePg / gfu/fgLsf] s'/fnfO{ unt ?kdf a'´]/ o:tf] eoª\s/ vt/fhgs
cj:yfsf] ;[hgf eof] eGg] a'em] . h;nfO{ zAbdf ptfg{ ;lsb}g . gfu/fhf
/ gfu/fgL dfq geP/ ;a}n] ljb'/sf] k|1f k|fKt u/] . ;a} k|Zgx? ;dfwfg
ePkl5 /fhfn] cfˆgL 5f]/L OGb|fbtLnfO{ ofSvf k'Ggsf;Fu ljjfx ul/lbP .
To;kl5 ljb'/nfO{ /fhk|;fbleq g} Clifsf] kb k|bfg u/] . To;kl5 k'Ggsfsf]
3f]8fdf r9]/ pgsf b'nfxf / b'nxL OGb|k|:ytkm{ k|:yfg u/] .
-Dff}lnsM ljb'/ kl08t hfts syf g+= %$%_
;|f]tM http://www.buddha-images.com
of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff
• ;Tojflbtf kf/ldtfM of] syfsf] d'Vo lzIff eg]sf] dflg;n] ;To
af]Ng'k5{ eGg] g} xf] . a'4wd{df zLnsf] 7"nf] dxTj 5, To;df klg ;To
af]Ng' g} 7"nf] kf/ldtf xf] . ljb'/ ;ToafbL lyP / arga4 klg lyP .
To;}n] pgn] eg] ædnfO{ oIf ;dIf ;dk{0f ug'{xf];\ . d pgsf] bf; x'g
tof/ 5' .æ af]n]sf] s'/f k"/f ug{'k5{ eGg] g} pgsf] d'Vo ts{ lyof] .
• 1fg / k|1f kf/ldtfM of] syfsf] csf{] lzIff eg]sf] k|1f kf/ldtf ;+u|x
ug'{k5{ eGg] g} xf] . /fhs'df/Ln] ljb'/sf] d'6' Nofpg' eGg'sf] cy{ d]/f]
df+;k]zLn] ag]sf] d'6' Nofpg eGg'ePsf] x}g, pgn] t d]/f] k|1f ePsf]
x[bo kf] Nofpg nufpg' ePsf] xf] eg]/ ljb'/n] JofVof ug'{eof] . pgsf]
d'6' d}qL kf/ldtfn] el/k"0f{ lyof] .
• ;xgzLntfM k'Ggsfn] ljb'/ ClifnfO{ nfdf] ;do ;Dd ntfn]/ nu] .
pwf] d'G6f] nufP/ ´'08\ofP lw;f/] t/ klg ljb'/ Clifn] ;x]/ a;] .
pgn] cfˆgf] hLjgsf] s'g} k|jf{x u/]gg\ . pgL ;xgzLn eP .
c? lzIff kf7s au{n] kQf nufpg'x'g]5 .
63
 dxf];bf hfts

s'g} ;dodf /fhf ljb]x ldlynfdf /fHo uy]{ . pgn] cfkm\gf] /fHodf rf/
hgf ljåfg Clif /fv]sf lyP . pgLx?sf] ;Nnfx cg';f/ g} /fhf ljb]xn]
/fHo ;~rfng ub{y] . ljxfg x'g} nfu]sf] cj:yfdf /fhf ljb]xn] crDdsf]
8/nfUbf] ;kgf b]v]/ laplemP . pgn] k"/} ljZjsf rf/j6} 5]pmaf6 cfuf]sf
/fFsf] p7]/ rf/lt/} ;lNs/x]sf] b]v] . ljb]xn] Tof] cfuf]sf] nKsfn] b/jf/sf
;a} vDafx? ;dft]sf] / cfuf]sf] Hjfnf a9\b} u/]sf] b]Vg'eof] . ToxL a]nf
Tof] cfuf]sf] Hjfnfaf6} w]/} JolQm aflx/ lgl:s/x]sf lyP . t/ s:tf] crDd
eg] Tof] cfuf]sf] Hjfnfn] s;}nfO{ klg kf]n]g . o:tf] ;kgf b]v]/ lapFem]kl5
/fhf 8/fP/ of] ;kgfsf] cy{ s] x'G5 egL w]/} Clif;Fu k/fdz{ u/] . rf/}
hgf Clifx?n] eg] ls xfdL eGbf klg rt'/ kfFrf} Clifsf] cEo[bo x'Fb}5 egL
JofVof u/] . cfuf]sf] rf/j6f /fFsf]sf] cy{ xfdL $ hgf Clif xf} . tL rf/j6}
/fFsfx? a9\b} uP/ Pp6f 7"nf] /fFsf]df ldn]sf] cy{ ;a} 1fgx? ca kfFrf}
Clifdf uP/ ldN5 / Tof] g} 1fg / k|hfsf] d"n k|afx x'G5 . geGb} ToxL
/fHosf] ldlynfsf] k"jL{kl§sf] 9f]sfsf] 5]pd} a:g] Pshgf wgf9\o Jofkf/LsL
;'dgf gfd u/]sL >LdtLsf] ue{df tL af]lw;Tj cfpg' eof] . ToxL ;dodf
tL af]lw;Tjsf] /fd|f] x]/rfx xf];\ / v]Ng] ;fyLx? x'g\ egL c? Ps xhf/
wgf9\o JolQmsf >LdtLx? ;d]t ue{jtL eP .
gf} dlxgfkl5 ;'dgfn] ;'gf}nf] /+usf] aRrfnfO{ hGd lbg'eof] . tL afnssf]
gfd dxf];bf /flvof] . cfˆgL cfdfnfO{ k|;j Joyfsf] kL8f gxf];\ eGgfsf
nflu pgn] ue{b]lv g} xftdf hl8a'6L lnP/ hGd]sf lyP . crDdsf s'/f t
s] eof] eg] pgnfO{ x]g{ cfpg] hlt klg dlxnfx? lyP ltgLx? ;a}sf] /f]u
klg lgsf] eof] .
hlt hlt dxf];bf a9\b} uP pltplt pgdf k|1f / 1fg klg a9\b} uof] .
;ft aif{sf] x'Fbf g} pgn] OlGhlgol/ª ;Lksf] k|bz{g u/] . h;n] pgsf] /fHo
/ /fhfnfO{ Wj+z x'gaf6 arfP . pgn] Pp6f sdnsf] km"nn] 9fFs]sf] 7"nf]
tnfpm agfP / To;sf] aLrdf g} Pp6f 7"nf] ;efsIf / c? w]/} sf]7f ePsf]
64
Pp6f eJo ejg lgdf{0f u/] . ToxLF a;]/ ;d:ofdf k/]sf JolQmx?nfO{
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;/;Nnfx k|bfg uy]{ . pgsf] afNofj:yf zfGt /
cfgGbk"j{s laTof], pgn] af]lw;Tjsf] ?kdf w]/}nfO{ bz{g lbP .
Tof] ;kgf ;D´]/ /fhf ljb]xn] tL dxf];bfnfO{ pgsf] b/af/df NofP .
dxf];fbfnfO{ kQf nufO{ pgnfO{ /fhb/af/df Nofpg rf/hgf Clifx?nfO{
cfb]z lbP . t/ tL rf/} hgf Clifx?n] pgsf] k|f/AwnfO{ a'´]/ pgnfO{
/fhb/af/df Nofpg lxrlsrfO{ /x]sf lyP . sf/0f pgsf] k|1f / 1fg ;fy}
rt'/tfsf sf/0f pgLx? /fhb/af/df tn kg]{ jf cf]´]ndf kg]{ lglZrt
lyof] . pgLx?df Oiof{ hfu]/ cfof] / pgnfO{ gNofpgsf nflu w]/} tfgfjfgf
/ if8oGq /r] . ;a} Clifx?n] Ps} :j/n] pgnfO{ 6f9f /fVg /fhfnfO{
;/;Nnfx lbP . Clifx?n] hlt g} hfn´]n /r] klg dxf];bf af]lw;Tjn]
ltgLx?nfO{ eTsfO{÷ljkmn kf/L cGTodf /fhb/af/df cfOk'Ug'eof] .
w]/} aif{;Dd dxf];bfn] /fhf ljb]xnfO{ cfWoflTds / ef}lts ljsf;df /fo
;Nnfx k|bfg ug'{eof]] . ToxL ;dodf k'/fgf cljZjf;L Clifx?af6 x'g]
r'SnLnfO{ /f]Sgsf nflu klg ;ts{tfk"j{s sfd ug{'eof] . t/ klg jxfFn]
Clifx?sf Oiof{n' lqmofsnfknfO{ sf}zntfk"j{s /f]Sb} /fhf ljb]xnfO{ 7Ls
tl/sfn] Jojxf/x? l;sfpb} hfg'eof] .
tL /fhfsf] k|j[lQ aRrfsf] h:tf] eP kl/0ffd gx]/L cfkm\gf] /fo ;Nnfx
cg';f/ Jojxf/ ug{ ;'emfj lbg'eof] . To;}a]nf kfkL s]j6 Clifn] cfkm\gf]
g]t[Tjdf ;o hgf /fhfx?nfO{ PsLs[t u/L ef/taif{ e/L ljho ug]{ of]hgf
agfP . t/ dxf];bf Tolt nf6f] x'g'x'GgYof] . jxfFn] ldlynfsf] ;'/IffnfO{ c´
dha'b agfpg'eof] / s]j6sf clwsf/Lx? ePsf] 7fpFdf cfˆgf hf;';x?
k7fpg'eof] . o; k|sf/ jxfF h'g;'s} r'gf}lt ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd x'g'x'GYof] .
jxfF ldlynf /fHodf rf/}lt/af6 ;}lgs cfqmd0f eP klg ljkmn agfpg
;Ifd x'g'x'GYof] .
ha zlQmzfnL kmf}hn] zx/nfO{ cfqmd0fsf] lgzfgf agfP, pgLx?nfO{
:jfut ug{ kj{df ahfOg] clejfbgsf :j/x? u'GhfOPsf lyP . k|hfx?df
8/ lyPg . b'idg /fhfx?n] ldlynf hfg] kfgLsf kfOk sf6\g nufP .
dxf];bfn] Pp6f 7"nf] ´/gf agfpg] / ToxfFaf6 lg:s]sf] 7"nf] kl/df0fdf
kfgL zx/ aflx/ k7fpg] of]hgf /fhfnfO{ ;'gfpg' eof] . kfgLsf] ;d:of
lg/fsf/ ug{ ldlynfdf ulx/f Ogf/ / 7"nf tnfp÷;fu/ agfpg nufpg'eof]
. csf]{ sbd ldlynfnfO{ e'vd/Laf6 arfpg' eof]] . b'idgsf kmf}hx?
65
ef]sfPsf x'G5g\ / pgLx?n] Tof] cGg vfg kfpg eg]/ ldlynfnfO{ vfg k'uL
afFsL /x]sf] cGgsf af]/fnfO{ kvf{n dfly /fvL lbg'eof] . Tof] b]v]/ Ps ;o
Ps /fhfx? 5Ss k/] . b'idgn] ldlynf hfg] ;a} hgf{ -bfp/f_ /f]Sg] csf]{
/0fgLlt agfP . t/ Tof] klg ;kmn x'g ;s]g . dxf];bfn] bfp/fsf ef/Lx?
kvf{n dfly /flv lbge'of] . b'idgn] of] a'´'g\ ls ldlynfdf afNgsf nflu
k|z:t bfp/f 5 / a9L ePsf] ef/L kvf{n dfly /flvPsf] 5 .
lrq Mo'4sf] bZo

zx/ sAhf ug{ b'idg /fhfx?n] cfˆgf] ;}Go annfO{ b'O{ u'0ff a9fP t/ klg
s]xL ug{ ;s]gg\ . af]lw;Tj dxf];bf b/af/sf 7"n7"nf kvf{nsf aLrdf
agfPsf Kjfnaf6 pgLx?n] ul//x]sf lqmofsnfkx? lgofn]P/ x]l//xg' ePsf]
lyof] . ;a} /0fgLltx? ljkmn ePkl5 cGTodf s]j6n] clGtd pkfo lgsfn] .
xfdL 9f]sfsf] aflx/ e]nf xf}F tf sL dxf];bfn] xfdLnfO{ clejfbg u?g\ .
Pp6f /fhfn] eg], d /fhf x'F / pgLeGbf h]7f] klg 5' . d]/f] cf1f dxf];bfn]
kfng ug{'k5{ . h;sf] cf1fkfng x'G5, p;}sf] hLt x'G5 . pgn] clejfbg
ug{' eg]sf] cf1fkfng ug{' xf] . of] rfxL o:tf] k|lt:kwf{ xf] h;df p;n]
lhTg ;Sb}gg\ . dxf];bfn] o:tf] clejfbg r'gf}ltsf] kl/0ffd s] x'G5 eGg]
t'?Gt} dxz'; ug'{eof]] / Tof] s]j6sf] rfnjfhLnfO{ klg a'l4dfgLk"j{s
66
/f]Sg'eof] . s]j6 Hofb} nf]eL lyof] . Tof] nf]e yfxf kfP/ dxf];bfn] ci6d'vL
-cf7j6f efu ePsf]_ lx/f df]tLx? 9f]sfsf] cufl8 ;"o{sf] k|sfzdf 6lNsg]
ul/ 5l/lbg'eof] . cfˆgf zq'x?nfO{ lbgsf nflu pgn] 9f]sf aflx/sf] kmf]x/
kmfNg] 7fpFdf u/uxgfx? ´f/Llbg'eof] . s]j6 t'?Gt} tL u/uxgf l6Kg
lgx'l/of] . ha p;n] u/uxgf l6Kg 3'F8f 6]s]sf] lyof] ToxL a]nf dxf];bfn]
Ps xftn] p;sf] s7fnf] / csf]{ xftn] sDd/df ;dfTg'eof] tf sL Tof] p7\g
g;sf];\ . p;nfO{ ;dfP/ dxf];bfn] lrRofP/ eGg'eof]] p7\g'xf]; u'?hL Û
p7\g'xf];\ . d xh'/eGbf ;fgf] 5' . tkfO{sf] gftL eGbf klg ;fgf] 5' . tkfO{n]
d]/f] cf1fkfng ug{' kb}{g < Tof] ;'g]/ Ps ;o Ps /fhfx? 8/fP . olb
s]j6n] dxf];bfsf] cf1f dfg]sf] eP pgLx? jf:tjdf o'4 eGbf cufl8 g}
xfg]{ lyP . pgLx?n] xft xltof/ p7fpg' cl3 g} s'n]nd 7f]Sg] lyP .
s]j6n] cfˆgf] ckdfg / 8/sf sf/0f tTsfnsf nflu cfˆgf] kmf}hnfO{ lkmtf{
af]nfof] . p;sf] leqL of]hgf rfxL dxf];bf / /fhf ljb]xnfO{ x/fpg] if8oGq
a'Gg' lyof] . cGTodf p;n] /fhfnfO{ k'/:sf/ lbO{ p;sf] k|efjdf /fVg]
of]hgf agfof] . /fhf s'nfgLsL Pp6L ;'Gb/L 5f]/L lyOg\ . pgsf] ;'Gb/tfsf]]
j0f{g ub}{ tL ldlynfsf gjo'jsn] ;'Gb/Lsf lrqsnf / sljtf /fhfsxfF
k|:t't u/] . t'?Gt} cfj]z÷hf]zdf cfP/ pgn] tL ;'Gb/LnfO{ cfˆgf nflu
a]x'nL agfpg] lgZro u/] . dxf];bfsf] r]tfjgLsf] -if8oGq_ afah'b cfˆgf]
d'v{tfdf k/L pgL cfkm} s'nfgLsf] /fHodf hfg] of]hgf agfP . dxf];bfnfO{
yfxf lyof] ToxfF /fhfnfO{ dfg]{ if8oGq /lrPsf] 5 . cGTodf jxfFn] cfkm" d/]/
klg /fhfnfO{ ;'/Iff ug]{ lgZro ug'{eof]] . /fhf hfg'eGbf rf/ dlxgf cl3 g}
pxfFn] cfkm" s'nfgLsf] zx/df hfg] cg'dlt dfu ug{'eof] / t'?Gt s'nfgLsf]
zx/sf] e|d0f ug]{ of]hgf agfpg'eof] . /fhfsf] e|d0faf/] s'nfgL / s]j6nfO{
hfgsf/L lbg kq k7fpg'eof] . cfkm";+u b/af/ lgdf{0f ug]{ ljlzi6 sf}zn
ePsf sf/0f pgn] s'nfgLsf] /fhwfgL glhs} Pp6f eJo / rlDsnf] b/af/
agfpg] of]hgf agfpg'eof] . of] ;fdfGo b/af/ lyPg . ToxfF dflg;n] gb]Vg]
u/L dfj{nn] / c? ;'Gb/tfn] ;';lHht Pp7f k|j]zåf/ lgdf{0f ug{'eof] . ToxfF
b]jtfx? e]nf x'gsf nflu ;';lHht Pp6f 7"nf] ;efxnsf]] lgdf{0f ug'{eof]] .
To;sf leQfx?df dx+uf k]lG6ª\ / ;hfpg] sfuh 6fFl;Psf] lyof] . ToxfF
´'l08Psf alQx?n] hudufpFbf] Kof;]h lyof] . Tof] xndf *$ j6f 7"nf
9f]sf / ^$ j6f ;fgf 9f]sf lyP . tL 9f]sf cf}nfn] 5'Fbf g} v'Ng] / aGb x'g]
ub{y] . tL 9f]sfaf6 lgl:sbf !)! zogsIfdf k'luGYof] . ToxfF cfkm} af]Nnfg\
h:t} b]lvg] ;'Gb/ dlxnfx?sf] zflns /flvPsf] lyof] . Tof] ;'Gb/ ;'?ªaf6}
67
s'nfgLsL ;'Gb/L 5f]/L a:g] sf]7fdf k'Ug ;lsGYof] / Tof] ;'?ª u+uf gbLsf]
d'v ;Dd k'u]/ 6'lËPsf] lyof]] . Tof] ;'?ª zx/sf] kvf{n eGbf s]xL 6f9f
lyof] .
ha ;a} tof/L k"/f eof], tj /fhf ljb]x s'nfgLsf] zx/ e|d0f ug{ cfOk'Ug'
eof] . pgL ToxfF cfpFbf vt/f x'G5 ls eGg] cg';Gwfg ug{' lyof] . gofF
a]x'nL lngsf nflu jxfF gofF b/af/leq kv]{/ al;/xg' ePsf] lyof] . jxfFn]
s'nfgLsf w]/} ;]gfx? b/af/ aflx/ e]nf ePsf] b]Vg'eof] . /fhfn]] dxf];bfsf]
r]tfjgLnfO{ j]jf:tf u/L s'nfgLsf] zx/sf] e|d0f ug]{ of]hgf agfPsf lyP
To;}n] jxfFn] pgsf $ hgf a"9f Clif;Fu k|Zg ;f]Wg'eof] . /fhf dxf];bfsf]
;Nnfx lng lxrlsrfO/x]sf lyP . k|To]s Clifn] zq'sf] ;]gfåf/f dfl/g' eGbf
a? cfTdxTof ug{' g} pQd ljsNk xf] eg] / 6fpsf] xNnfP .
cGTodf pgL dxf];bf tkm{ kmls{P / /fhfn] ;xof]u ug{ cg'/f]w u/] . s]xL
;do dxf];bf cfkm" s]xL ug{ g;Sg] h:tf] jxfgf agfP/ df}g a:g'eof]] . tf
sL /fhfn] pgL k|lt k"0f{ ljZjf; u?g\ . cGTodf jxfFn] efu]/ hfg] ;'?ª\
b]vfOlbg'eof] / /fhf ljb]x / pgsf ;xof]uL Tof] sf]l/8f]/af6 pDsg ;kmn
eP . ToxL a]nf dxf];bfsf ;]gfx? Tof] ;'?Ëaf6 l3l;|b} s'nfgLsf] b/af/lt/
cfpb} lyP . b/af/sf] leqL sf]7fdf k'u]/ pgLx? /fhf s'nfgL s} zfxL
;}lgs ePsf] atfO/x]sf lyP . Tof] eJo ;'Gb/ ;'?ª b]v]/ ;'Gb/L /fhs'df/L
/ pgsf ;xof]uL Tof] ;'?ªdf k;] . pgLx? Tof] sf]/L8f]/ x'Fb} c;fWo} dxFuf] /
;'Gb/ sf]7fx?df k'u] . k|To]s sf]7f klxnf b]v]sf sf]7f eGbf cf}wL /fd|f lyP
. cGTodf pgLx? ;'?ª g} ;'?ª xF'b} Pp6f u'kmfdf k'u] hxfF /fhf ljb]x /
pgsf ;Nnfxsf/ al;/x]sf lyP .
h] eP klg klxnf] ;ts{tfd} ;'Gb/L /fhs'df/Ln] cfkm" ckxl/t ePsf] dxz';
ul/g\ . pgL / /fhf ljb]x aLr ljjfx eof] . pgLx? cfˆgf ;]jf ;';f/] ;lxt
xtf/ xtf/n] l56f] bfl}8O{ xflQdf r9L ldlynf lkmtf{ eP .
;}lgsx?n] s'nfgLsf] b/af/sf ax'd"No ;/;fdfgx? klg cfkm';+u} NofP .
pgLx?n] cfGtl/s ;'/Iffdf vl6Psf uf8{nfO{ kftf kmsf{P/ afFwL /fv] /
pgLx? kvf{n aflx/ kmfn xfgL lgl:sP . s;/L Tof] if8oGq ljkmn kfl/of] <
s;/L Tof] eJo dxn aGof] / pgnfO{ arfpg ;lsof] egL /fhf s'nfgLnfO{
eGg pxfF cfˆgf] zx/df kmls{g'eof] . ha /fhfn] cfˆgL 5f]/L gePsf] / /fhf
ljb]x klg ToxfF gePsf] ;fy} dxf];bf uO/x]sf] b]v] . ta s'nfgL ;'/Iff
;lxt ;'?ªleq cfP . ToxfFsf dfj{nx? b]v] / cfZro{rlst eP . cGTodf
68
pgLx? u'kmfsf] d'vdf k'u] . ToxL a]nf dxf];bfn] nf} cfOh egL t/af/
lgsfn], plk|mP/ s/fP ef/tsf zq' /fHox? s'g–s'g x'g\ < /fhf s'nfgL
Hofb} 8/fP/, af]Ng ;s]ggg\, 3'F8f 6]s]/ 8/5]?jf e} df}g ?kn] cfkm" k/flht
ePsf] :jLsf/] . cfˆgf] t/af/ 5]pdf /fv] / b'O{aLr d}qLk"0f{ ;DaGw sfod
ePsf] 3f]if0ff u/] . kfkL s]j6 stf x/fof] / Tof] km]/L slxNo} b]lvPg . o;/L
dxf];bfn] ef/t e/L cgGt zflGt Nofpg'eof] .
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of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff
• k|1f kf/ldtfM of] syfsf] s]GbL|o lzIff eg]sf] k|1f k|fKt ug'{ g} xf] .
dxf];bf rt'/ Clif lyP . pgdf k|1f ePs}n] cfdfnfO{ k|;j kL8f
gxf];\ eg]/ pgL hGdb} kL8f gx'g] h8La'6L xftdf lnP/ hGd]sf
lyP . ;ft aif{d} OGhLlgol/Ëdf lgk"0f e};s]sf lyP . dxf];bfn]
ldlynfnfO{ ef]sd/Laf6 arfpg'eof] . s'nfgLsL 5f]/Lsf] k|]dsf] kf;f]
yfk]/ /fhfnfO{ dfg{] if8oGqaf6 /fhfnfO{ arfpg' eof] .
• jLo{ kf/ldtfM dxf];bf Clif;+u jLo{tf u'0f lyof] . rft'o{tf lyof] .
To;}sf/0f ;f/f ef/t e/L zflGt / d}qL :yfkgf ug{ ;Sg'eof] .
s'nfgLsf] if8oGq lj?4 jL/tf / a'l4dQfk"j{s d'sflanf ug'{eof] /
cfkm\gf /fhf / ;]gfx?nfO{ arfpg'eof] .
• rt'/tfM of] syfsf] csf{] lzIff eg]sf] rt'/ x'g'k5{ eGg] xf] . Clif
dxf];bf Hofb} rt'/ lyP . ToxL rt'/tfsf sf/0f g} pgn] $
Clifx?dfly ljho k|fKt u/] . pgLx?sf ;a} if8oGqx? c;kmn
agfO{lbP . rt'/tfs} sf/0f afXo cfs|d0f ;d]t ljkmn kfl/lbP .
kfkL s]j6sf ;a} if8oGqx? lakmn agfO{lbP .
• ;defjM dxf];bf Clif;+u nf]e, å]if, df]x, cf8Da/ s]xL klg lyPg .
/fhfn] /fhs'df/Lsf] df]xdf k/L dxf];bfnfO{ dtna u/]gg\, t/ klg
pgn] /fhfk|lt slt klg å]if /fv]gg\ . rf/ Clifx?n] pgnfO{
c;kmn agfpg w]/} lts8d u/] . t/ pgn] if8oGqk"j{s u/]gg\ .
pgdf 7"nf] Clif x'F eGg] cf8Da/ lyPg .
c? lzIff kf7sju{n] vf]Hg' x'g]5 .
69
 e]iffGt/ hfts

k[YjLdf cfjZos k/]kl5 JolQm t s] zs|sL d"Vo /fgLn] ;d]t teltD;

:ju{ 5f]8]/ k[YjLdf cfpg' k¥of] . o;eGbf cl3Nnf] hGddf pgL af]lw;TjsL
cfdf lyOg\ . pgsf] k[YjLdf k'gh{Gd x'bf klg pgsf] gfd km';tL g} lyof] .
tL clt ;'Gb/L o'jtL k"l0f{dfsf] rGb|df em} a9\b} uOg\ . ;f]x| jif{sL x'Fbf
pgsf] ljjfx eof] . pgLx? b'j} Ps csf{df Hofb} k|]dk"j{s hLjg ljtfO/x]sf
lyP . l;eLsf u/Lj b'MvLnfO{ bfg lbg] :yfgsf nflu ^ j6f 7"N7"nf
bfgxnx? agfPsf lyP . ToxfFaf6 pgL k|ltlbg rfFbLsf 6'qmf bfg lblGyg\ .
ha pgn] cfˆgf] k]6df s]xL a9L/x]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfOg\ pgn] cem a9L
bfg lbg yflng\ . ha pgsf] aRrf hGdg] a]nf glhs cfof], ToxL a]nf
pgn] cfˆgf] >Ldfg\sf] /fHosf x/]s s'gfsfKrf ;Dd e|d0fdf hfg /fhfnfO{
cg'/f]w ul/g\ . /fhfn] klg pgsf] cg'/f]wnfO{ :jLsf/ u/] . pgnfO{ x]/rfx
ug{ / ;'Tgsf] nflu ljleGg 7fpFdf cf>dx? agfOPsf lyP . e]iff eGg] 7fpF
k'Ugnfu]s} a]nf Jofkfl/s :yfgdf g} pgnfO{ ;'Ts]/L a]yfn] ;dfTof] / lzz'sf]
hGd eof] . Tof] gjhft lzz'sf] gfd e]iffGt/0f /flvof] . pgL Jofkfl/s
7fpFdf hGd] klg pgsf] s'g} u'0f Jofkf/Lsf h:tf lyPgg\ . ToxL a]nf
crDdsf] s'/f s] eof] eg] Tof] gjhft lzz' af]Ng yfNof] . æcfdf xh'/nfO{
d s] pkxf/ lbpFm .Æ ToxLa]nf b]jtfx?n] tL dxfg\ afnssf] hGdsf] ;"rgf
k|fKt u/] .
ha pgL cf7 jif{sf eP . pgnfO{ s;}n] klg glbPsf] cfˆgf] s]xL lrh
c?nfO{ lbg dg nfUof] . s;}n] d]/f] cfˆgf] d'6', d]/f] cfFvf, / dfF;k]zL dfUof]
eg] klg d lbg tof/ 5' eg]/ 3f]if0ff u/] . of] s'/f ;'g]/ :ju{sf b]jtfx?
;a} 8udufP . To;kl5 k[YjLdf e'Orfnf] g} uof] . lxdjt\ v08df d]3
hf]8n] d8fl/g yfNof] / r6\ofª\ k¥of] . gjo'jf ePsf cfDbfgLsf] >f]t s]xL
gePsf] / cfkm\gf] s]xL ;fdfg gePsf] sf/0fn] c?nfO{ k6s k6s s]xL
lbgsf] nflu klg s]xL k|fKt ug{' g} kYof]{ . ;f]x| jif{df pgsf] cf}krfl/s
cWoog k"/f eof] . pgnfO{ Tof] /fHo ;'Dkgsf nflu l5d]sL /fhfsL 5f]/L
dfbL;Fu ljjfxsf] aGbf]a:t ldnfOof] .
70
Tof] /fHo ;d[4zfnL lyof] / pgsf] ljjfx klg w'dwfdsf ;fy ul/of] .
pgLx?af6 5f]/f hfnL / 5f]/L sGxflhgfsf] hGd eof] . e]iffGt/0f gfafns
ePsf] a]nfdf g} Pp6f ;]tf] xfQL /fhb/af/sf] xflQ;f/df NofOPsf] lyof] .
e]iffGt/0f / xflQsf] aRrf ;Fu;Fu} x'ls{P . Tof] ;]tf] xfQLd} r9]/ o'j/fh
e]iffGt/0f ;'g ljt/0f ug{ pgsL cfdfn] lgdf{0f u/]sf] bfgzfnfdf hfGy] .
slt k|hfx?sf] v]t xfQLsf] ;'F8sf] kfgLaf6 l;+rfO{ x'GYof] . xfQL ;'8df kfgL
NofP/ k|hfx?sf] v]t l;+rfO{ ul/lbGy] .
Ps ;fn ToxfFsf] l5d]sL /fHo slnËfdf nfdf] v8]/L k¥of] . w]/} JolQmx?n]
kfgLsf] nflu k|fy{gf u/] . /fhfn] w]/} a:t'x? r9fP, bfg lbP t/ klg s]xL
ePg . w]/} JolQmx?n] l5d]sL /fHosf] ;]tf] xfQLsf] / e]iffGt/0fsf] k/f]ksf/L
sfo{sf] ljifodf ;'g]sf lyP . Tof] /fHosf * hgf a|fXd0fn] e]iffGt/0f;Fu
;/;Nnfx lng' k5{ egL /fhfnfO{ ;'´fj lbP . ha tL * hgf a|fXd0fx?
/fhf b/af/df cfOk'u] e]iffGt/0f xfQLdf r9]/ k|hfx?nfO{ ;'gsf l;Ssf
afF8\b} lyP . Tof] xfQLsf] z/L/ e/L ax'd"No lx/fdf]tL hf]l8Psf] lyof] . /fhf
olt k/f]ksf/L lyP sL pgn] ha a|fXd0fx?sf] cg'/f]w ;'g] . pgn] tTsfn}
Tof] xfQL l5d]sL /fHonfO{ pkxf/ :j?k lbP . pgn] cfkm\gf bofn' OR5f k"/f
u/] . ha eujfgn] o:tf] kljq sd{ b]v] . k[YjLdftf 8udufOg\ . cfsfze/L
ljh'nL rlDsP/ r6\ofª\ k¥of] .
Tof] xfQL u'd]kl5 e]iff b]zsf w]/} k|hfx? b'lvt eP . To;kl5 hgtfn]
e]iffGt/nfO{ /fhu2Laf6 lgsfnL tkfO{ /fHo lgoGq0f u/L cfkm} /fh ug{'xf];\
eg]/ /fhf ;+honfO{ /fo ;Nnfx lbP . /fhf ;+ho cfˆgf] 5f]/fnfO{ lgs} dfof
ub{y] t/ pgLdfly k|hfsf] l/; / bafa olt lyof] ls pgL y]Ug} g;Sg]
ePsf lyP . hgtf l/;fP/ pgnfO{ Ps lbgsf] efvf lbPsf lyP . Tof]
lbgleq pgn] e]iffGt/0fnfO{ /fhfaf6 x6fO{ cfkm} /fHo ;+rfng ug{ ljjz
lyP . t/ la8Dagf Tof] Ps lbg leqdf g} e]iffGt/0fn] ;a} ;DklQ bfg lbP
. ;ft ;o xfQL, ;ft ;o 3f]8f, ;ft ;o /y, ;ft ;o k/L / ;ft ;o
bf;x? a|fXd0fnfO{ pkxf/ :j?k lbP . Tof] bfg ;ft ;o pkxf/sf] gfdn]
ljVoft ePsf] lyof] . pkxf/ lngsf nflu JolQmx? 6f9f 6f9faf6 ToxfF
cfOk'u]sf lyP . a]n'sf ;fF´;Dd klg pgL tL a:t'x? pkxf/ :j?k bfg
lbO/x]sf lyP . Tof] /ftdf pgn] cfˆgf] afcfdf;Fu ljbf dfu] lsgls
e]iffGt/0f lgjf{;gdf hfg' kYof]{. pgn] ef]nLkN6 l´;ld;]d} ;"o{ pbfpg'
cufl8 cfˆgf] kl/jf/ ;lxt cfkm" /ydf a;]] / zx/ 5f]8] . zx/sf]
d"n9f]sf aGb x'g' eGbf cuf8L g} pgn] rf/ hgf a|fXd0fnfO{ e]6] hf] l9nf
71
u/L pkxf/ lng cfPsf /x]5g\ . tL a|fXd0fx? $ j6f 3f]8f dfUg cfPsf
/x]5g\ . ;'Ggf;fy e]iffGt/0fn] tL $ j6f 3f]8fx? klg pkxf/ :j?k bfg lbP
. :ju{sf eujfgn] $ hgf b]jtfx?nfO{ k'?if xl/0fsf] ?kdf k7fpg' eof] /
tL rf/ xl/0fn] Tof] /ynfO{ tfg]/ nu] .
Ps}l5g k5fl8 kfFrfF} a|fXd0f cfP/ /y dfu] . e]iffGt/0fn] Tof] klg ;xif{
k|bfg u/] . tL zs|n] k7fPsf xl/0fx? cfkm} x/fP . tL e]iffGt/0f /fhs'df/
/ /fhs'df/Lx? k}bn ofqf ub}{ uP . /yljxLg ePsf sf/0f 5f]/fnfO{
/fhs'df/n] af]s]sf lyP eg] 5f]/LnfO{ /fhs'df/Ln] af]s]sL lyOg\ . pgLx?sf]
ofqf ;]tf zx/lt/ cuf8L a9\of] hxfF pgsf sfsf /fHo ub{y] . pgL cfpFb}
5g\ eGg] ;'g]/ pgsf sfsf zx/sf] d"n9f]sfdf lng cfPsf lyP t/
e]iffGt/0fn] cfkm" zx/leq gk:g] eg]kl5 pgnfO{ d"n9f]sfsf] 5]pm d} /fhfn]
vfg / a:gsf] aGbf]j:t ldnfOlbPsf lyP . pgLx? Ps lbg / Ps /ft
ToxL a;] . /fhfn] elth e]iffGt/0fnfO{ ToxLF /fhf eP/ a:g cg'/f]w u/] t/
klg e]iffGt/0fn] Tof] :jLsf/ u/]gg\ .
e]iffGt/0f ;Fu;Fu} /fhf klg h+un 5]pm;Dd uP/ elth e]iffGt/0fnfO{ 5f]8]/
/fhf cfˆgf] /fHodf kmls{P/ cfP . To;kl5 Ps hgf bfp/]n] pgnfO{ r'/]
kj{tsf kmfF6x? x'Fb} Pp6f gbL ;Dd k'Ug] af6f] b]vfpFb} nUof] . pgLx? Ps
/ft ToxLF vfgf vfP/ a;] . To;kl5 PSn} pgLx? lxdfnosf] km]b}km]b lx8]/
d'sflnGbf eGg] tfndf k'u] . To;sf] csf]{ lbgsf] ;fFemdf pgLx? lxdfno
kj{tdf k'u] . ;fFu'/f] ulN5 kf/ u/]/ clGtddf pgLx? dfp06 aDsf eGg]
6fs'/fdf k'u] .
b]jtfsf /fhf zs| pgsf] af6f] x]l//x]sf lyP . Tof] 6fs'/fdf sdnsf] km"n
km"ln/x]sf] tfnsf] glhs} b'O{j6f cf>d agfpg pgn] ljZjsdf{nfO{ cfb]z
lbP . e]iffGt/0f cufl8 a9\b} uP, PSn} Tof] cf>ddf k|j]z u/] . pgnfO{
:jfut ug{ $ hgf ;Gof;Lx? ´'s]/ al;/x]sf lyP . zs|n] dflyaf6 tL ;a}
b[Zox? x]l//x]sf lyP . pgn] rLj/ -;Gof;Lsf j:qx?_ nufP / To;kl5
pgsL >LdtL dfbLnfO{ clejfbg ug{ uP . pgL h:t} pgsL >LdtL dfbL /
5f]/f5f]/Ln] klg rLj/ nufP . dfbLn] vf]h]/ hDdf kf/]sf] t?n Eofs'/ /
h+unL kmnkm"n vfP/;ft dlxgf;Dd pgLx? 5'§f5'§} cf>ddf a;] . 5'§f5'§}
cf>ddf a;] klg dfbLn] cfkm\gf >Ldfg\sf] /fd|f] x]/ljrf/ uly{g\ . t/
pgLx? b'j}n] Ps csf{nfO{ :kz{ u/]gg\ lsgls b'j}n] ;Gof; wf/0f u/]sf lyP
.
72
ToxL a]nfdf slnª\ufdf ;]tf] xfQL k'u] kl5 kfgL k¥of] / v8]/Lsf] ;+s6
cGTo eof] . pgLx? a;]sf] s]xL k/ Pp6f h'hfs gfd u/]sf] a"9f] a|fXd0f
a:y] . pgsL Hofb} /fd|L gjo'jtL >LdtL lyOg\ . pgsL >LdtL Tof] tfnaf6
kfgL Nofpgsf nflu hfFbf pgsf ;fyLx?n] pgsf] >Ldfg a"9f] 5 eg]/
luHofpFy] . Tof] eP/ pgsL >LdtL kfgL lng hfg dflGbglyg\ . kfgL Nofpg
/ 3/ wGbfsf] nflu ;xof]uL NofOlbg'xf];\ egL pgn] cfˆgf >Ldfg\nfO{
cg'/f]w ul/g\ .
e]iffGt/0fsf] k/f]ksf/L / bfgzLntfsf] s'/f ;'g]/ e]iffGt/0fsf b'O{j6f 5f]/f
5f]/L ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf lbG5g\ ls eGg] cfzn] cfˆgf >Ldfg\nfO{ ;xof]uL
dfUgsf nflu k7fOg\ . h'hfs;Fu Ps k};f klg lyPg . To;}n] p;n] bf;
/fVg ;Sb}gYof] . To;sf/0f p e]iffGt/0fnfO{ vf]Hg lx8\of] . ha h'hfs
a|fXd0f h+unaf6 lg:sb} lyP, e]iffGt/0fsf ;'/Iffsf nflu /flvPsf b'Oj6f
s's'/n] tL a|fXd0fnfO{ cfqmd0f u/] . ToxL a]nf e]iffGt/0fnfO{ kmsf{pgsf
nflu /fhf ;+hon] dflg; k7fpg' ePsf] lyof] . rf}lsbf/n] s's'/ ;dft]sf]
df}sf 5f]k]/ tL a'9f h'hfs a|fXd0f rnfvLk"j{s leq l5/] . ljxfg dfbL
h+unlt/ uPsf] df}sf kf/L pgn] cfˆgf >LdtLsf] syf / Joyf e]iffGt/0f
;Gof;L ;dIf k|:t't u/] . ha e]iffGt/0fn] Ps hgf j[4 dflg; cfkm";Fu
dfUg cfO/x]sf] b]v] ta pgn] hflgxfn] ls p;nfO{ pRrtd\ sf]6Lsf] bfg
lbg' k5{ .
h'hfsn] e]iffGt/0fnfO{ o;/L x'g} g;Sg] cg'/f]w u/]tf klg e]iffGt/0fn]
t'?Gt} cfˆgf b'O{ aRrfx? tL h'hfs a|fXd0fnfO{ lbg dGh'/ eP . ha
aRrfx?n] pgLx?sf] s'/f ;'g] . pgLx? ToxfFaf6 efu]/ tfnsf 5]pmdf
7"N7"nf kft ePsf] sdnsf] kQfleq n's] . t/ klg pgLx?sf afa'n]
pgLx?nfO{ e]6\6fO{ xfn] / kmsf{P/ NofP . pgn] kfgL ;dft]/ cfˆgf
aRrfx?nfO{ h'hfsnfO{ lbP . of] b]v]/ b]jtfx?nfO{ c;x\o eof] . k[YjL
sfFlkg\ / :ju{ g} 8udufof] . tL h'hs a|fXd0fn] slnnf aRrfx?sf xft
h+unsf nx/fn] afFw] . To;kl5 wkfpb} nu] . e]iffGt/0fsf cfFvfaf6 t//
cfF;' au] . pgL ?Fb} cfˆgf] cf>ddf uP . ha pgn] a'´] sL Tof] b'Mvsf]
sf/s eg]sf] aRrfx? k|ltsf] dfof / df]x eGg] a'´] . To;kl5 pgn] cfˆgf]
dgnfO{ cdf]xdf nufP / t'?Gt} cfˆgf] ;Gof;L dgnfO{ zfGt kf/] .
ha h'hfsn] aRrfx?nfO{ wkfpFb} h+unaf6 nlu/x]sf] lyof] To;a]nfdf
dfbLn] Tof] b[io b]lvg\ eg] pgL clt b'MvL x'g]l5g\ eGg] 7fg]/ tLghgf
73
b]jtfx?n] cfˆgf] ?k qmdz l;+x, af3 / lrt'jf agfO{ dfbLsf] af6f] /f]s] .
ha;Dd /ft gk/] ;Dd pgL 3/ kms{g ;lsgg\ . e]iffGt/0fn] cfˆgf
aRrfsf] cj:yfsf] af/]df dfbLnfO{ atfpg] lxDdt u/]gg\ . pgL b'lvt eP/
/fte/L cfˆgf aRrfx? vf]lh/lxg\ . ha pHofnf] eof] pgL cfˆgf] cf>ddf
kmls{Og\ / d'5f{ k/]/ nl8g\ . e]iffGt/0f 7"nf] wd{;+s6df k/] . cfˆgf]
rLj/nfO{ Roft]/ pgn] cfˆgL >LdtLnfO{ p7fP . pgsf cg'xf/ ;'d;'dfP .
pgsf] d'v wf]OlbP . ha pgsf] r]t v'Nof] pgn] aRrfx?nfO{ bfg lbPF eg]/
;'gfP . ;a} ;DklQ, wghg bfg lbg] pgsf] OR5f a'´]/ pgn] k|ltjfb
ul/gg\ . :ju{ k|fKt ug{ Tof] dxfbfg lbPsf]df lrQ a'´fOg\ .
ca Pp6} ;jf]{Rr bfg dfq afFsL /x]sf] lyof], Tof] eg]sf] pgsL >LdtL .
:ju{sf /fhf zs|nfO{ yfxf lyof] ls pgn] Tof] klg afFsL /fVb}gg\ . dfbL
c?nfO{ bfg lbg g;sf];\ eg]/ zs|n] Ps hgf a"9f a|fXd0f v8f u/L ToxL
laxfg} dfbLnfO{ dfUg k7fP . To;kl5 pgsf] nIo k|fKt ug{sf nflu pgn]
dfbLnfO{ klg bfg lbg ;Sg'k5{ eGg] s'/f dxz'z u/] . tL a"9f a|fXd0fnfO{
;dft]/ pgn] dfbLnfO{ klg bfg lbP . dfbLn] Ps zAb klg gaf]lnsg tL
a|fXd0fnfO{ cfˆgf] z/L/ ;dk{0f ul/g\ . pgn] a'l´g\ ls of] sd{af6 pgsf
>Ldfg\sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] OR5f kl"t{ x'G5 . Tof] eg]sf] k|1f k|fKt x'g' xf] . of]
b]v]/ :ju{ g} :tAw eof], ;d'Gb| hf]8n] ulh{of], To;kl5 b]jtfx?n] a'´] ls
e]iffGt/0fn] d'lQm k|fKt u/] . :ju{ k|fKt u/] . tL dxfg\ JolQmn] k/f]ksf/sf]
pRrtd IfdtfnfO{ k|:t't u/] . To;kl5 zs|n] dfbLnfO{ e]iffGt/0f sxfF
lkmtf{ k7fOlbP .
ToxLa]nfdf h'hfs af6f] lj/fP/ x/fP . pgn] aRrfx?nfO{ Pp6f ?vsf]
xfFufdf afFwL csf]{ xfFufdf pgL ;'t]sf lyP . b]jtfx? tL aRrfx?sf] x]/rfx
ug{ / /Iff ug{ pgLx?sf] afcfdfsf] e]ifdf cfPsf lyP . b]jtfn] tL x/fPsf
h'hfsnfO{ klg af6f] b]vfP/ sflnËf k'¥ofOlbP . e]iffGt/0fsf 5f]/f5f]/L
csf:dft\ l;eLdf k'u] . tL aRrfx?nfO{ ToxfFsf JolQmx?n] lrg]/ tL aRrf
/ aRrf /fVg] JolQm ;d]tnfO{ /fhf ;+hosxfF NofP . gftL gfltgfnfO{ kfP/
/fhf olt w]/} v'zL eP ls pgn] h'hfsnfO{ ;d]t b08 lbPgg\ . pN6} tL
a|fXd0fnfO{ 7"nf] /sd lbP . To;af6 Tof] a|fXd0fn] eJo / rlDsnf] 3/
agfP/ a;] . s]xL aif{ ljnf;L hLjg latfP/ tL a|fXd0f d/] . /fhf ;+hon]
aRrfx?sf afcfdfsf] ljifodf ;f]wk'5 u/] . aRrfx?n] eg] ls pgLx?sf
afcfdf ;Gr} 5g\ / hLpFb} 5g\ t/ hnL]n] pgLx?sf xh'/afnfO{ -/fhf_ ljGtL
u/] ls e]iffGt/0fnfO{ 6f9f k7fpg' k5{ . lsgls p;n] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{
74
dfof u/]gg\ . /fhs'df/ e]iffGt/0f / /fhs'df/L dfbLnfO{ lkmtf{ Nofpg]
p2]Zon] /fhf ;+ho cfkm} aDsf kj{t hfg] lgZro u/] . ToxL p2]Zon] /y
n}hfg pgn] ;8snfO{ ;Dd / km/flsnf] x'g] cfb]z lbP . ;lh;hfp
agfpgsf nflu t'nx? tof/ ug{ cfb]z lbP . /fhfn] zfxL nfjf n:s/
;lxt aDsf kj{t uO{ cfˆgf 5f]/f / a'xf/LnfO{ Nofpg' k5{ eGg] c7f]6 u/] .
;8se/L :jfut t'n ´'0ofpg nufP . km"nsf dfnf / u'R5fx? tof/ ug{
nufP . af6fdf ef]s / ltvf{ gnfuf];\ egL vfgf / ;j{tsf] Joj:yf ug{
nufP . xfdL hfg] a]nfdf gfrufgsf] Joj:yf xf];\ klg eg] .
lrq M /fhs'df/ e]iffGt/0f / /fhs'df/L dfbLnfO{ lkmtf{ Nofpg] p2]Zon] /fhf
;+ho cfkm} aDsf kj{t hfb} .

e]iffGt/0fn] cfkm";Fu ePsf] ;a} lbP/ klg /fhfsf] e"ldsfdf /xg] OR5f k|s6
u/] . ;Gof;Lsf n'uf vf]n] . tLg k6s Tof] cf>dsf] kl/qmdf u/L d}n] :ju{
k|fKt u/]F . d'lQm k|fKt u/]F eg]/ ´'s]/ clejfbg u/] . To;kl5 pgn] skfn
sf6]/ 5f]6f] agfP, g'xfP, / o'j/fhsf] kf];fs nufP . pgL w]/} rlDsnf
ePsf lyP . dfbLnfO{ klg ;'Gb/ n'uf / u/uxgf nufP/ /fd|L agfPsf lyP
. To;kl5 pgLx? /fhf ;+hosf] SofDk tkm{ nfu] . Ps dlxgf ;Ddsf]
75
cfgGbk"0f{ jgjf; kl5 pgLx? l;eLdf kmls{P . /fhf e]iffGt/0fsf] z'e
/fHofleif]s eof] / pgL /fh l;+xf;gdf r9] . zs|sf] OR5fsf sf/0f pgnfO{
olt wg k|fKt eof] ls pgn] hLjge/ afF8]/ klg ;s]gg\ . To;kl5 /fhfaf6
/flhgfdf u/]sf] s]xL jif{kl5 pgsf] :juf{/f]x0f eof] . hxfF pgL k/f]ksf/sf]
k|ltssf] ?kdf ;w}e/L /xL /x] .
-Dff}lnsM e]iffGt/0f hfts, syf g+= %$&_
-;|f]tM http://www.buddha-images.com_
of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff
bfg kf/ldtfM of] syfsf] d'Vo lzIff eg]sf] yf]kf yf]kf u/]/ bfg kf/ldtf
hDdf ug'{k5{ eGg] g} xf] . bfg, k/f]ksf/ / k'0o kf/ldtfn] cfkm\gf] / c?
;a}sf] d+un u5{ . bfgaf6 g} k|1f kf/ldtf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . bfgaf6 g}
e]iffGt/0fn] d'lQm k|fKt u/] . bfg kf/ldtfs} sf/0f e]iffGt/0f k'gM /fhf klg
eP .
;G+of; kf/ldtfM bf]>f] lzIff eg]sf] ;Gof; wf/0f ug'{ xf] . e]iffGt/0f, pgsL
>LdtL dfbL rLj/ -;Gof;Lsf j:qx?_ nufP/ ;Gof; wf/0f u/] . lsgls
;Gof; lagf d'lQm k|fKt x'b}g.
d}qL kf/ldtfM t]>f] lzIff eg]sf] d}qL kf/ldtf xf] . /fhfn] cfkm\gf gftL
gfltgfnfO{ b'v lbg] a|fXd0fnfO{ b08 lbPgg\ a? Pp6f eAo dxn agfO{lbP
. pgn] s;}k|lt klg å]if /fv]gg\ . dfbLn] klg cfkm\gf aRrf bfg lbg]
>LdfgnfO{ s]xL klg elggg\ . of] syfdf oqtq s?0ff / d}qL dfq kfOG5 .
c? lzIff kf7s ju{n] kQf nufpg'x'g]5 .

76
cGo /f]rs hfts syfx?

77
 Oln; hftsM sGh';sf] wg

of] syf a'4n] hLtfjgsf] ljxf/df Pp6f nf]eL wgL JolQmsf] af/]df eGg'
ePsf] xf] .
;fsf/f /fHosf] /fhufx eGg] Pp6f zx/df Pshgf Oln; gfdsf b]zs}
3gf9\o JolQm a:ty] . pgL olt sGh'; lyP ls pgL Ps yf]kf t]n;Dd klg
s;}nfO{ lbb}gy] . Tof] dfq sxfF xf] / Û cfkm\gf] wgsf] Pp6f afl56f] hltsf]
;fgf] c+z klg pgL cfkm\gf] nflu ;d]t k|of]u ub{]gy] . pgsf] Tof] cyfx
;DklQsf] ;fgf] c+z klg cfkm\gf hgtfsf nflu, cfkm\gf kl/jf/sf nflu /
cfkm\gf] nflu k|of]u ub{]gy] .
Dff]unfgfn] cfkm\gf] sGh'; x[bo / cfkm\gL >LdtLnfO{ lhtfag lnP/ uP hxfF
Pp6f 7"nf] slyg bfg / ef]h eO{/x]sf] lyof] . ToxfF ;xof]uLx?n] a'4 / c?
%)) leIf'x?nfO{ 7'N7'nf yfnLx?df k|z:t vfgf k|bfg ul//x]sf lyP . pgn]
klxn] a'4nfO{ e]6L jxfFsf] cflza{rg k|fKt u/L wd{b]zgf ;'Gg ;To gfdsf]
;efxndf k|j]z ug'{eof] . ;efxndf ePsf JolQmx?n] eg] ls >4]o
Dff]unfgfsf] zlQm olt 7'nf] 5 ls Ps}l5gdf pgn] hLtfagdf NofPsf]
sGh'; wgnfO{ bfgdf kl/0ft ug'{eof] . cl3Nnf] lbg Ps a[4 JolQmn] eg]sf]
s'/f ;To x'g cfof] . tL a[4 JolQm Hofb} k|z+;gLo lyP . pgLx? ToxL s'/f
ul//x]sf] a]nfdf ;efsIfdf a'4sf] kj]z eof] . To;kl5 pxfFn] Tof] lbgsf]
5nkmnsf] laifo ;f]Wg'eof] .
leIf'n] Tof] lbgsf] 5nkmnsf] laifo bfg ePsf] atfP . a'4n] eGg'eof] of]
klxnf] k6s xf]Og leIf'x? xf] Û of] eGbf klxn] klg Dff]unfgfn] cfkm\gf]
nf]enfO{ bfgdf kl/jt{g ug'{ePsf] lyof] . To;kl5 a'4n] sd{ / sd{kmnsf]
af/]df k|sfz kfg{'eof] . of] eGbf klxn] df]unfgfn] s;/L nf]enfO{ bfgdf
kl/jt{g ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ToxL syf a'4n] leIf'x?nfO{ ;'gfpg' ePsf] lyof] .
78
w]/} aif{ cufl8 a|XdbQ gfd u/]sf /fhf agf/;df /fHo ub{+y] . ToxfF c;L
s/f]8 wg ;DklQ ePsf Oln; gfdsf Ps wgf9\o JolQm lyP . t/ Tof]
JolQmdf dflg;df x'g' gkg{] ;a} v/fj u'0f dfq lyP . Tof] JolQm nª\u8f],
s'k|f], / 6]9f] lyof] . pgsf] z/L/n] g} pgL nf]eL ePsf] k|dfl0ft ub{Yof] . Tof]
JolQmn] s;}nfO{ klg s]xL lbPsf] lyPg / cfkm"n] klg Tof] wgsf] k|of]u u/]sf]
lyPg .
t/ crDdsf] s'/f, pgsf ;ft k':tf cl3 ;Ddsf ;a} k'vf{x?n] pbf/ lrQn]
lagf /f]s6f]s k|z:t bfg lbPsf lyP . Tof] bfgn] g} pgsf kl/af/nfO{ wgL
agfof] . To;kl5 pgsf ;Gtfgx?n] bfg lbg aGb u/L wg hDdf ug{ yfn] .
Ps lbg pgL /fhfsf]] efif0f ;'g]/ 3/ kmls{/x]sf lyP . ToxLa]nf Pshgf
sfdaf6 nvt/fg eP/ cfPsf s[ifs vf6df a;]/ 7/f{ -;:tf] /S;L_
lkO/x]sf] b]v] . Tof] b]v]/ tL wgf9\o JolQmnfO{ klg /S;L lkpg dg nfUof] .
t/ pgn] dg nfu]/ klg /S;L lkPgg\ lsgls pgn] lkPdf c? dflg;x?n]
klg pgL;+u} lkpg rfxGy] . pgn] ;f]r] d s;}nfO{ klg /S;L v'jfplbg . oL
;a}nfO{ /S;L v'jfPF eg] d]/f] w]/} 7"nf] vr{ x'G5 . hlt pgn] /S;Lsf] Tof]
t[i0ff /f]s] Tof] Tolt g} anjfg eof] / emg emg ;tfpg yfNof] .
/S;Lsf]] t[i0ffnfO{ bafP/ /fVbf /fVbf pgsf] cg'xf/ kxF]nf] eof] tfklg k};f
vr{ x'g] 8/n] ubf{ nf]en] ubf{ pgn] s]xL vfPgg\ . pgL emg\ emg\ sdhf]/
x'g yfn]] / p;sf] cg'xf/df g;fx?sf] hfnf] aflx/af6} b]lvg yfNof] . To;sf]
s]xL lbg kl5 ;Dd klg Tof] t[i0ffn] pgnfO{ ;tfO/Xof] . pgL cfkm\gf]
sf]7fdf uP/ la5\of}gfnfO{ c+sdfn u/]/ ;'t] . pgsL >LdtL sf]7fleq kl;g\
/ pgsf] lk7\of}df 9ofk df/]/ ;f]lwg\ æxh'/nfO{ s] eof]<Æ
pgn] eg] æs]xL klg ePsf] 5}g .Æ
pgn] elgg\ æ/fhf xh'/;+u gf/fh x'g'x'G5 <Æ
æcxF x'g'x'Gg .Æ
æaRrf / gf]s/rfs/n] kf] xh'/nfO{ b'v lbP ls <Æ pgn] ;f]lwg\ .
æcxF, lbPsf 5}gg\ .Æ
æTo;f] eP xh'/nfO{ s]xL lrhsf] t[i0ff 5 ls <Æ

79
cem} klg pgL cfkm\gf] wgsf] gf]S;fg x'G5 eg]/ s]xL gaf]nL a;]] .
æ>Ldfg\ af]Ng'xf]; g .Æ pgn] hf]8 ug{ yflng\ .
æeGg'xf];\ g xh'/nfO{ s] sf] t[i0ff 5<Æ
To;kl5 pgn] la:tf/} sfg]v'zL ub{} eg] æd /S;L lkpg rfxG5' .Æ
æxh'/n] klxnf lsg geGg'ePsf]<Æ 5Ss k/]/ ;f]lwg\ .
æd of] zx/sf ;a} dflg;nfO{ k'Ug] /S;L kfg{ nufp5' .Æ
æcxF x'b}g .Æ pgn] lrRofP .
æltdL c? JolQmsf] nflu g;f]r . pgLx? cfkm\g} k};fn] /S;L vfpg\ .Æ
æTo;f] eP d cfkm\gf] 6f]nsf nflu /S;L tof/ kfg{ nufpF5' lg t .Æ
æltdL slt wgL 5\of} / o:tf] s'/f u5{\of} <Æ
æTo;f] eP xfd|f] kl/jf/nfO{ k'Ug] /S;L kfg{ nufpF5' .Æ
æltdL slt vlr{nL ePsL xF <Æ
æTo;f] eP xfd|f 5f]/f 5f]/L / xfd|f nflu kfg{ nufpF5' .Æ
æpgLx?sf] nflu lsg emGem6 ug'{ k¥of] <Æ
æTo;f] eP xfdL b'O{hgfnfO{ dfq tof/ ug{ nufp t .Æ
æTolt a9L lsg agfpg' k¥of] <Æ
æTo;f] eP d xh'/nfO{ dfq tof/ ug{ nufp5' lg t .Æ
ækv, ltdLn] 3/df /S;L kfg{ nufof} eg] t ;a}n] b]V5g\ / pgLx? oxfF
/S;L lkpg cfpg ;S5g\ . Ps ?k}of vNtLaf6 lgsfNb} gf]s/nfO{ lbb} pgn]
eg] 6f9fsf] /S;L k;naf6 s;}n] gb]Vg] u/L lsg]/ Nofpm .æ gf]s/ Psl5gd}
kmls{of] .
pgn] eg] ædnfO{ zx/ eGbf 6f9f vf]nf kf/Lsf] emf8Ldf NofO{ ToxfF Psn}
5f]8 .æ pgnfO{ emf8L ghLs} 5f]8]/ gf]s/ kms{]kl5 tL wgf9\o JolQm l3l;|b}
PSn} emf8Lleq k;] / xftdf Ps lunf; e/L /S;L lnP/ lkpg yfn] . t/
bfgzLntfs} sf/0f pgsf a'afsf] zs|sf] ?kdf k'gh{Gd ePsf] lyof] . pgsf]
a'af ToxLa]nf cfkm\gf] kl/jf/sf] bfgL efjgf cem} 5 ls 5}g eg]/ hfGgsf
80
nflu pgsf] 3/lt/ cfpb} ubf{ af6f]df Oln;nfO{ b]v] . pgL cfkm\gf] 5f]/fsf]
Tof] nf]eL / 3[l0ft Jojxf/ b]v]/ 5Ss k/] . pgsf 5f]/fn] Tof] bfg lbg]
k/Dk/f dfq tf]8]gg\ levf/L a:g] 3/df cfuf] nufO{ lbP . cfkm\gf] 3/sf]
9f]sfdf lev dfUg cfpg]nfO{ s'6]/ v]bfP . b]jtfsf /fhf zs|n] cfkm\gf
5f]/fn] Tof] 7/f{ klg -;:tf] ;S;L_ emf8Ldf n's]/ s;}nfO{ Ps yf]kf klg
glbO{ lkO{/x]sf] b]v] .
Tof] b]v]/ b]jtfsf /fhf zs|nfO{ c;Xo eof] / lrRofpg' eof] . x/]s
dflg;n] sd{sf] kmn ef]Ug} k5{ eGg] s'/f d}n] d]/f] 5f]/fnfO{ b]vfpg' k5{ . d
o;nfO{ bfgL agfO{ csf{] k'gh{Gd b]jnf]sdf x'g nfossf] agfpF5' .
tTsfn} zs|n] cfkm\gf] 5f]/f Oln;sf] ?k wf/0f u/] . pgsf] h:t} 9f8 s'k|f]
/ cfFvf 6]9f agfpb} agf/;sf] zx/df k;] . pgL l;w} /fhb/af/sf]
9f]sfdf pleg k'u] / /fhfnfO{ e]6g cfPsf] va/ k7fP . pgnfO{ leq
k7fpg /fhfn] kfn]nfO{ cfb]z lbP . zs| leq k;] / /fhfnfO{ cfb/k"j{s
clejfbg u/] .
æxh'/Û ckem{6 oxfF s] sfdn] kfNg' eof]<Æ
æxh'/, d d]/f] *) s/f]8 ?k}of ;/sf/L /fh:jdf hDdf ug{ rfxG5' .Æ
æx'Gg xh'/Æ /fhfn] eGg'eof] . æd;+u cfkm\g} kljq wg 5 . dnfO{ c?sf]
wgsf] cfjZostf 5}g.Æ
æxh'/n] lng'x'Gg eg] d of] wg ;a}nfO{ afF8\g rfxG5' .Æ
/fhfn] eGg'eof] ætkfO{nfO{ h] ug{ dg nfU5 ToxL ug{'xf];\ .Æ
æxh'/sf] hf] cfb]z .Æ zs|n] eg] .
zs| /fh b/af/af6 lgl:sP/ l;w} wgf9\o JolQmsf] -Oln;_ 3/ uP .
s'g} klg gf]s/ rfs/n] pgnfO{ ;SsnL dflns xf]Og eg]/ lrGg ;s]gg\ .
zs|n] e/LofnfO{ 3/sf ;a} ;fdfg hDdf ug{ nufP . pgn] cfkm\gf gf]s/
rfs/nfO{ cfb]z lbb} eg] æobL s'g} dflg; cfP/ d of] 3/sf] dflns x'F
eGof] eg] p;nfO{ a]:;/L s'6]/ aflx/ lgsfNg' .Æ
To;kl5 pgL dflyNnf] tnfdf uP / 7"nf] vf6df a;] . pgn] tTsfn
Oln;sL >LdtLnfO{ af]nfpg k7fP . ha Oln;sL >LdtL ToxfF cfOg\
zs|n] xfF;]/ eg] æd]/L lk|o, ca xfdL pbf/ xf}{ x} .Æ
81
ha of] s'/f Oln;sL >LdtL / 5f]/f 5f]/Ln] ;'g], pgLx?n] dgdg} ljrf/ u/]
ls of] dflg; slxNo} klg olt pbf/ lyPg, o;n] kSs} klg a9L g} /S;L
lkPsf] x'g'k5{ . æd]/f] >Ldfg\, xh'/ hlt ;Sbf] pbf/ x'g'xf];\ .Æ >LdtLn]
elgg\ .
zs|n] zx/sf 9f]n lk6\g] / s6'jfn s/fpg] JolQmnfO{ af]nfP/ eg] æzx/df
uP/ hh;nfO{ ;'g rfFbL, lx/f, df]lt / c? ax'd"No u/uxgf rflxPsf] 5
Oln;sf] 3/df cfO{ lnP/ hfg' elglbg" .æ
pgsL kTgLn] klg cfb]zsf] kfngf ul/g\ . pgsf 3/df af]/f, wf]s|f / y'Gr]
lnP/ ;/;fdfg lng w]/} dflg;x? cfP . zs|n] 9's'6Lsf] ;fFrf] vf]Ng nufP
/ hh;nfO{ h] h] rflxPsf] 5 n}hfcf] eg]/ cfb]z lbP . zs|n] eg] æof]
;a} d]/f] tkm{af6 tkfO{x?nfO{ bfg xf] . tkfO{x?nfO{ h] rflxG5 ToxL ;dfg
n}hfg'xf];\ . tkfO{x? ;a}sf] efUo bflxg] xf];\ .æ zx/sf dflg;n] rflxg] hlt
;dfgx? Aff]/f / wf]s|f e/L e/L xfn]/ lnP/ uP .
Pp6f ls;fgn] rfFxL w]/} g} ;fdfg n}hfg] ljrf/ u/]/ Oln;sf ;'Gb/
uf]?uf8fdf ;fdfgx? /fvL lnP/ uof] . p l56f] l56f] zx/af6 aflx/
lgl:sof] . Tof] ls;fg uf]?uf8fdf a;]/ Oln;sf] k|z+;f ub{] cufl8 a9L/x]sf]
lyof] . Tof] ls;fgn] eGb} lyof] æOln; xh'/ !)) aif{ ;Dd afFRg'xf];\ . d]/f]
:jfdL Oln; Ûæ eGb} Tof] emf8Laf6} cufl8 hfFb} lyof] . æ x] :jfdL, xh'/n]
dnfO{ oqf] u'0f nufpg'eof] ls d ca s]xL gu/L klg afFRg ;S5' . oL uf]?
s;sf x'g\ < xh'/n] dnfO{ lbPsf x'g\ . of] uf]?uf8L klg xh'/n] g} dnfO{
lbPsf x'g\ . of] uf]?uf8fdf /fvLPsf ;fdfg klg xh'/n] g} lbPsf x'g\ . oL
;fdfg g d]/f a'afn] g t d]/L cfdfn] lbg'ePsf x'g\ . xh'/af6 g} dnfO{
k|fKt ePsf x'g\ . Ûæ eGb} s/fpb} cufl8 a9L/x]sf] lyof] .
ToxL af6f]sf] glhs}sf] emf8Ldf n's]/ Oln; /S;L vfO/x]sf] lyof] . oL
zAbx?n] Oln;nfO{ r:; 3f]r] . of] df]/fn] d]/f] gfd lsg lnO/x]sf] 5 xF <
pm cfkm} 5Ss k¥of] . d]/f] 3g ;DklQ /fhfn] t afFl8lbPsf 5}gg\ < p;n]
emf8Laf6 lrxfP/ x]¥of] / t'?Gt} cfkm\gf uf]?uf8f lrgLxfNof] .
p afbn hlts} j]un] bf}l8P/ emf8Lx? / a'6\6fx? gf3]/ aflx/ lgl:sof] .
p;n] uf]?sf] gfsL ;dfTof] / hf]8n] eGof] æ/f]s, P ;fn] rf]/ Û oL d]/f
uf]?x? x'g\ .Æ ls;fg uf]?uf8faf6 tn cf]ln{of] / Tof] uf]?sf] gfsL ;dfpg]
JolQmnfO{ s'6lk6 u¥of] . æP ;fn], of] t]/f] ;/f]sf/sf] s'/f xf]Og, Oln;n]

82
;a} wg ;DklQ zx/sf JolQmnfO{ lbO{;s] .æp;n] Oln;nfO{ e'F{O{df
k5f/Llbof] / uf]?uf8fdf r9]/ cfkm\gf] af6f] nfUof]] .
l/;n] pGd'Qm e} xlNnb} Oln; km]/L hldgaf6 p7\of] / uf]?uf8fsf] k5fl8
k5fl8 bf}l8b} uP/ km]/L uf]?sf] gfsL ;dfTg k'Uof] . ls;fgn] km]/L
uf]?uf8faf6 tn cf]ln{P/ Tof]] JolQmnfO{ a]:;/L s'6lk6 u¥of] . Tof] s'6fO{af6
Oln; ulDe/ 3fOt] eof] . ls;fg eg] km]/L uf]?uf8fdf r9]/ Tof] JolQmnfO{
tyfgfd ufnL ub{] cfkm\gf] af6f] nfUof] .
s]xL ;do kl5 Oln; n/a/fpb} p7\of] xtf/ xtf/ 3/df cfof] . 3/ cfpb}
ubf{ af6f]df w]/} dflg;x?n] pgsf] cfkm\gf] wg ;DklQ nlu/x]sf] bVof] .
p;n] lrRofP/ eGof] æof] s] ul//x]sf 5f} < ltdLx?nfO{ csf{sf] ;DklQ
n}hfbf nfh nfu]g . Æ p;n] klxnf Pp6f dflg;nfO{ ;dfTof] To;kl5 csf{]
JolQmnfO{ . t/ k|To]s JolQmn] pgnfO{ s'6lk6 u/L hldgdf k5f/LlbP .
rf]6}rf]6 / /utkR5] eP kl5 pm s/fpb} cfkm\gf] 3/df k'Uof] t/ e/Lofx?n]
p;nfO{ 3/leq l5g{ lbPgg\ . 3/sf] k]6Ld} /f]s] . pN6} csf{sf] 3/df k:g
vf]Hb5;\ km6fxf egL e/Lofn] p;nfO{ emkf/] . cfb]z adf]lhd p;nfO{
a]:;/L afF;sf efF6fn] lk6] . p;nfO{ 3fF6Ldf ;dft]/ l3;fb{] nu]/ e¥ofªaf6
emfl/lbP .
æP}of Û cfdf, P}of Û cfdfæeGb} p la:tf/} p7\of]] . p;n] dgdg} eGof] ædnfO{
/fhfn] dfq ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ .æ To; kl5 pgL vGRofª\ vGRofª\ ub{}
/fhb/af/df uP / s;n] dnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;S5 egL s/fpg yfn] .
s] sf/0fn] ltdLn] u'xf/ dfu]sf] egL /fhfn] p;nfO{ ;f]w] .
æd}n] u'xf/ dfu]sf] xf]Og xh'/ .æ Oln;n] eGof] .
/fhfn] eg] æwgL JolQm, klxn] ltdLn] g} ltd|f] wg dnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] xf]Og
< d}n] lng gdfg] kl5 ltdLn] g} Tof] wg zx/sf gful/sx?nfO{ ljt/0f
u/]sf] xf]Og<Æ Oln;n] eGof] æxh'/ d}n] o:tf] slxNo} u/]sf] 5}g . xh'/nfO{
yfxf 5 d d]/f] 3g ;DklQnfO{ slQsf] lxkmfht u5'{ . d}n] Ps yf]kf t]n
hlt ;DklQ klg s;}nfO{ lbPsf] 5}g . s[kof h h;n] d]/f] ;DklQ nu]sf
5g\ pgLx?nfO{ ;dft]/ cg';Gwfg u/L d]/f] ;DklQ lkmtf{ u/fO{ kfpmF .æ
Oln;nfO{ dfly Nofpg /fhfn] cfb]z lbP . To;kl5 Oln;nfO{ lnP/ /fhf
zs| ePsf] :yfgtkm{ nfu] . ToxfF p:t} cg'xf/sf b'O{ hgf dflg; b]v]/
;a}hgf 5Ss k/] . tL b'O{ dWo] s'g rfxL ;SsnL Oln; xf,] 5'6\ofpg s;}n]
83
klg ;s]gg\ . To;kl5 b'a}nfO{ cbfntdf pkl:yt u/fOof] . b'a} p:t} lyP .
s;}n] klg pgLx?nfO{ 5'6\ofpg ;s]gg\ . /fhfn] eGg'eof] ædxfzo oL b'O{
dWo] s'g rfxL ;SsnL Oln; xf], d}n] 5'6\ofpg ;lsg . s;}n] b'O{dWo] sf]
;xL Oln; xf] eGg ;S5 <æ Oln;n] eGof] æd]/L >LdtLn] 5'6\ofpg ;lS5g\
xh'/ .Æ tL b'O{ dWo] pgsf] >Ldfg s'g rfxL xf] eg]/ Oln;sL >LdtLnfO{
;f]wgL x'G5 . pgL zs|nfO{ x]/]/ d':s'/fOg\ / pgsf] 5]pmdf uP/ al;g\ .
To;kl5 Oln;sf aRrfx? / gf]s/nfO{ ;SsnL Oln; s'g xf] eg]/ klxrfg
ug{ nufP . ;a}hgf zs|sf] 5]pmdf g} uP/ a;] .
To;kl5 Oln;n] emNof:; ;lDemof], d]/f] 6fpsfdf skfnn] 5f]k]sf] sf]7L 5 .
Tof] sf]7L xhfd afx]s s;}nfO{ klg yfxf 5}g . p;nfO{ NofOof] eg] t dnfO{
lrlgxfN5 . p;nfO{ af]nfj6 eof] / ;f]lwof] æs'g ;xL / s'g unt Oln; xf]
5'6\ofpg ;S5f} <
Æ;S5' xh'/Æ p;n] eGof] . d}n] pgLx?sf] 6fpsfsf] kl/If0f u/]F eg] t
;lsxfN5' lg .
Æx'G5, b'a}sf] 6fpsfsf] /fd|/L kl/If0f ug'{xf];\ .Æ /fhfn] eGg'eof] .
xhfdn] Oln;sf] 6fpsfdf sf]7L e]6\6fof] . To;kl5 zs|sf] 6fpsf] x]g{
yfNof] . zs|n] klg cfkm\gf] 6fpsfdf t'?Gt sf]7L pTkGg ug{'eof] . b'a}sf
6fpsf x]/]/ xhfd cfZro{rlst eof] . p;n] cfZro{rlst eP/ eGof]
æ;/sf/ b'a} s'k|f 5g\, b'a} 6]9f 5g\, b'a}sf xft v'6\6f p:t} 5g\ . b'a}sf]
6fpsfsf] pxL 7fpdf sf]7L 5 . ;/sf/ b'O{ dWo] s'g rfFxL ;xL Oln; xf]
d}n] eGg ;lsg .Æ
ha Oln;n] oL zAbx? ;'Gof] ta p;nfO{ ;xL Oln; d} x'F egL s;}n] klg
5'6\ofpg ;Sb}gg\ h:tf] nfUof] . pm cfkm\gf] wg ;DklQsf] gf]S;fg ePsf]
b]v]/ cfa]udf cfO{ y/y/ sfDg yfNof] . hldgdf 9n]/ a]xf]; eof] ToxL
avt zs|n] cfkm\gf] zlSt k|of]u u/]/ ;a}sf cuf8L cfkm\gf] c;nL ?kdf
xfjfdf b]vfP/ eg] .
æx] /fhg\ Û d Oln; xf]Og zs| x'F .Æ zs|n] eg] .
/fhfsf ;';f/]x?n] Oln;nfO{ xf];df Nofpgsf nflu d'vdf kfgL 5\ofkLlbP .
xf];df cfpgf;fy p;n] zs|nfO{ b]Vof] / pgsf v'6\6fdf em's]/ ;fi6fË
k|0ffd u¥of] .

84
æOln; ÛÆ zs|n] af]nfpg' eof] . w]/}aif{ cufl8 of] wg ;DklQ d]/f] lyof],
ltd|f] lyPg . d ltd|f] lktf lyPF . d cfkm\gf] hLjge/L u/Ljk|lt pbf/ /
bfgL lyPF . pgLx?s} nflu d}n] cfkm\gf] hLjge/ sfd u/F] . ToxL d]/f]
bfgzLntfsf] sf/0fn] :ju{sf /fhfsf] ?kdf d]/f] k'gh{Gd eof] . t/ ltdL
d"v{ /x]5f} . ltdL d]/f] kblrGxdf lx8]gf} . ltdL 8/nfUbf] nf]eL eof} . d]/f]
wg;DklQ x8Kg ltdLn] levf/L a:g] 3/ klg hnfO{ lbof} / u/LjnfO{
ToxfFaf6 v]bfO{ lbof} . of] wgaf6 ltdLn] s'g} v';L / cfgGb k|fKt ug{ ;s]gf}
. g t of] wgn] c? s;}nfO{ v'zL agfpg ;Sof]} < ltd|f] wg t /fIf;x?n]
n'6]/ NofPsf] wg h:t} aGg uof] . o;af6 s;}n] klg cfkm\gf] OR5f k"lt{ ug{
;s]gg\ .
ltdLn] levf/Lsf] 3/ k'g{lgdf{0f u¥of} / u/LanfO[ bfg lbO{ k/f]ksf/L sfd
u¥of} eg] k'0o sdfp5f} . o;f] u/]gf} eg] d ltdL;+u ePsf] ;a} wg lkmtf{
n}hfG5' . Tolt dfq xf]Og, d r6\ofª agL ltd|f] 6fpsf] ;d]t sf6L lbG5' .æ
ha Oln;n] of] r]tfjgL ;'Gof] . pm t 8/n] y/y/ sfDg nfUof] / lrRofof] .
p;n] eGof] æxh'/ cab]lv d pbf/ eP/ bfg lbG5' . slxNo} nf]eL x'Gg .æ
cfkm\gf] 5f]/fsf] of] b[9 k|lt1f ;'g]/ zs|n] cfkm\gf] 5f]/fnfO{ lzio agfP /
wd{b]zgf lbP . To; kl5 pgL :ju{nf]sdf kmls{P . oxL ;To a'em]/ Oln;n]
pbf/ dgn] bfg lbP w]/} ;t\sd{ u/] . To;}sf] kmn:j?k pgsf] hGd klg
:ju{nf]sdf eof]] .
æa'em\of} leIf'x? xf] ÛÆ a'4n] eGg'eof] . df]unfgfn] sGh'; wgnfO{ bfgdf
kl/0ft ug'{ePsf] of] klxnf] rf]6L xf]Og . klxnf klg pgn] bfg u/]sf lyP .
Tof] a]nf Oln; wgL AolQm lyP, zs| df]unfgf lyP, cfgGb /fhf lyP / d
rfxL xhfd lyPF .
-;|f]t Mwww.accesstoinsight.org af6 ;fef/ _
of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff
• bfg kf/ldtfM bfg kf/ldtf g} of] syfsf] d'Vo lzIff xf] . xfdLx?n]
yf]kf yf]kf u/]/ bfg kf/ldtfsf] ;+sng ug'{k5{ . h;n] nf]enfO{
bfgdf kl/at{g u5{ p;sf] k'gh{Gd :ju{df x'G5 . k"j{hGddf h:tf]
sd{ u/]sf] 5 To;s} cfwf/df k'gh{Gd x'G5 . Oln;sf afn] w]/} bfg
ug'{eof] To;}n] pgL zs| eP/ hGdg' eof] . Oln;n] klg zs|sf]
85
 pkb]z kl5 levf/Lx?sf nflu 3/ agfP , levf/Lx?nfO{ bfg lbP .
t;y{ pgsf] klg :ju{df k'gh{Gd eof] .
• k|1f kf/ldtfM bf]>f] lzIff eg]sf] k|1f kf/ldtf xf] . zs|n] lzIff /
wd{b]zgf lbPkl5 Oln;fn] klg bfg wd{ ug{ yfn] . k|1f kf/ldtf
klg h?/L 5, . To;}n] xfdLn] :ju{df hGd kfpg k|1fsf] klg
cg'ej ug'{k5{ .
• ef}lts wgn] s;}nfO{ klg ;'v lbb}g . Oln;sf] wgn] g t pgnfO{
;'v lbof] g t c? s;}nfO{ . ha xfdL Tof] ef}lts wgnfO{
cfWoflTds wgdf kl/0ft u5f}{ clg dfq o;af6 k'0o k|fKt x'G5 .
• levf/Lsf nflu 3/ agfpg' pgLx?nfO{ bfg lbg' h:tf] k/f]ksf/L
sfo{af6 k'0o sdfpg' ;lsG5 . o;af6 xfd|f] k'gh{Gd :ju{df
x'G5 .

c? lzIff kf7s ju{n] kQf nufpg'x'g]5 .

86
 ckfGgfs hfts

ha a'4 h]tagdf laxf/ glhs}sf] ;'ef/lydf a:g'x'GYof] ToxL ghLs Pshgf

cgfylk08s gfdsf Aofhdf k};f nufgL ug{] wgL dflg; klg a:y] .
Pslbg cgfylk08s a'4nfO{ >4f ;'dg ck{g ug{ uPsf lyP .
cgfylk08s cfkm\gf gf]s/x?nfO{ km"nsf 7'N7'nf ef/L, ;'ulGwt w'kLx?,
3Lpm, t]n, dx, d/d;nf, sk8f / cGo kl/sf/x? af]sfP/ a'4nfO{ e]6g
uPsf lyP . cgfylk08sn] a'4k|lt xflbs >4f k|s6 u/] / pkxf/x?
eujfg a'4nfO{ ck{]/ cfb/k"j{s a;L/x]sf lyP . ToxLa]nfdf cgfylk08ssf
%)) ;fyLx? xftdf km"nsf u'Rrf lnP/ a'4nfO{ e]6g cfP hf] kl5 a'4
wd{sf pkb]zs eP . tL %)) hgf ;fyLx? Aofhdf k};f nufgL ug{]
wgf9\o AolQmsf 5]pmd} al;/x]sf lyP . a'4sf] cg'xf/ k"0fL{dfsf] h"g h:t}
rlDsnf] lyof] . pgsf] z/L/ klg Hofb} km"lt{nf] lyof] / ;f/f jftfj/0f g}
t]lhnf] x'g k'Uof]] . /ftf] 9'Ëf dfly a;]/ pgL gjhjfg l;+x em} uh]{sf] ;'lgg
yfNof] .
a'4sf lzIff / pkb]z ;'g]/ tL %)) AolQmx? cf—cfkm\gf] ax'd"No ;DklQ,
3/ u[x:yL 5f]8]/ a'4 wd{ / ;+3sf z/0fdf cfP . To;kl5 pgLx?
cgfylk08s;+u} lgoldt km"nsf u'R5fx? / cu/alQ, ;'ulGwt a:t'x? r9fO{
a'4sf lzIffx? ;'Gg] uy]{ . pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] k':tsfno klg bfg u/] .
;+3sf] k':tsfno / afrgfnodf cfrfo{x? /fv] / pkfzs pkflzsfX?n]
a'4 lbjz dgfP . a'4 ;dflw 5f]8]/ /fhufx kms{g;fy tL AolQmx? k'gM gofF
d"No dfGotf 5f]8L klxn]sf] laZjf;d} kmls{P .
ælziox? xf] Æ a'4n] eGg'eof] . clxn] ltdLx? tnsf] gs{ / dflysf] :ju{sf]
aLrdf 5f} . slxNo} g;lsg] ltdLx?sf zAbx?n] slxn] ltdLx?nfO{
bflxg]lt/ / slxn] b]a|]lt/ n}]hfGYof] . ltdLx? slxn] tn em5f{} / slxn] dfly
cfpF5f} . ltdLx? a'4eGbf tn / c? w]/} tnsf AolQmx? eGbf dfly 5f} .
s'g} lx;fa lstfa gug{' g} ;jf]{s[i6 s'/f xf] . h'g u'?åf/f lbOPsf] lzIff /
c? zLnx?sf] lx;fa lstfa x'g ;Sb}g .
87
To;kl5 a'4n] pgLx?nfO{ a'4, wd{ / ;+wsf z/0fdf cfpg clt{ lbg'eof] .
a'4n] cem eGg'eof] æsf]xL z/0fdf cfpg' ePg eg] k'gh{Gd lnP/ b'vM ef]Ug'
k5{ . a'4, wd{ / wDdsf] z/0f lnP/ Wofg u¥of} eg] $ cj:yf kf/ u/L
kl/lgjf{0f k|fKt ug{ ;S5f} . lat]sf] hGddf klg ltdLx? a'4, wd{ / ;+wsf
z/0fdf uPgf} . To;}n] ltdLx?n] clxn] of] b'Mv ef]uL/x]sf 5f} . clxn] klg
ltdLx? a'4, wd{ / ;+wsf z/0fdf cfPgf} eg] k'gM oIf eP/ hGdg] 5f},
h+unL x'g]5f,} cGTodf dg{] 5f} / ltdLx?n] k'gM b'v g} ef]Ug' kg{]5 . t/
h;n] ;To af]N5 / zLnx? Kfng u5{ pgLx? oxL h+unL cj:yfdf klg
;+d[4 / v'zL x'g]5f} .Æ
cgfylk08sn] cfkm\gf xftx? lgbf/sf] cufl8 /fv]/ a'4nfO{ 9f]u] / eujfg
a'4sf] k|z+;f u/] . ;fy} pgn] ljutsf syfx? egL lbg'xf];\ egL a'4nfO{
cg'/f]w klg u/] .
a'4n] eGg'eof] æc1fgtf x6fpg / b'vMdfly ljho k|fKt ug{ d bz
kf/ldtfx? / c? w]/} c;n sfo{x?sf] ;fwgf ub{5' . /fd|/L ;'g .Æ hj
>f]tfx?n] k"0f{ Wofg lbP/ a'4sf s'/f ;'g], pgLx?nfO{ o:tf] nfUof]] ls afbn
k5fl8af6 k"0f{rGb|sf] pbo eO/x]sf]5 . To;kl5 pgLx?n] k'gM hGdg' dg{'
k/]g .
w/} klxnf ha a|XdbQ jgf/;df /fHo ub{y] Tof] j]nfdf af]wL;Tj Pshgf
Jofkf/Lsf] kl/jf/df hGdg'ePsf] lyof] . Ps ljj]sL Aofkf/Lsf] ?kdf pgsf]
pbo eof] . ToxLj]nf ToxL zx/df csf{] Pp6f d"v{ Aofkf/Lsf] klg hGd eof]
. To;sf] s'g} al'4 ljj]s lyPg . Pslbg o:tf] 36gf 36\of] ls tL b'j}
Aofkf/Lx? agf/;sf dxFuf ;fdfgx? lnP/ Pp6} af6f] eP/ Ps} k6s lx8\b}
lyP . Tof] ljj]sL Aofkf/Ln] ;f]Rof] ls of] JolQm d;+u} uof] eg] / xhf/
3f]8fx? Ps}7fpFdf /flvof] eg] t ;8sdf w]/} ef/ kg{]5 . dflg;sf nflu
bfp/f / kfgL kfpg klg uffx|f] kg{]5 . To:t} uf]?x?nfO{ 3fF; kfpg klg
uffx|f] kg{]5 . pm cyjf d Pshgf klxn] hfg' k5{ .
csf]{ lbg tL b'a} Aofkf/L k|To]sn] %))÷%)) af]/f ;fdfg uf8fdf r9fP/
c? dxFuf ;fdfgx? klg ;fy}df /fv]/ Pp6} lbzf tkm{ Ps} k6s lx8] .
ljj]sL Jofkf/Ln] ljrf/ u¥of] ls of] w't{ o'jf Aofkf/L d;+u} lx8\of] eg] /
xhf/ uf8fx? Ps} 7fFpdf a:bf ;8sdf lx8\g ufx|f] x'G5 . dflg;sf] nflu
vfgf agfpg bfp/f kfgL kfpg klg s7Lg x'G5 . uf]?x?nfO{ 3fF; k'¥ofpg
klg uffx|f] x'G5 . To;}n] pm cyjf d Pshgf klxn] hfg'k5{ .
88
Af]wL;Tj Jofkf/Ln] eGg'eof] æx]g'{xf];\ xfdL b'a}hgf Ps} k6s ofqf ug{
;Sb}gf} . of klxn] tkfO hfg'xf];\ of d klxnf hfG5' . d klxnf uPF eg]
ltdL dnfO{ k5\ofpm .Æ Tof] d"v{Aofkf/Ln] ;f]Rof] ls d klxnf uPF eg] dnfO{
w]/} kmfObf x'G5 . uf8fsf rSsfsf sf/0f ;8s efl;Psf] x'b}g . d]/f
uf]?x?n] kof{Kt 3fF; rg{ kfpF5g\ . d]/f dflg;n] /f]hL /f]hL h+unL
hl8a'6Lx? KffpF5g\ . lkpg] kfgLsf] s'g} ;d:of x'b}g . of] eGbf klg d
klxnf uP eg] /fd|f /fd|f efF8f ;f6\g kfp5' . oL ;a} s'/fx? a'em]/ p;n]
klxnf hfg] lgZro u5{ cfkm" klxnf hfg] lg0f{o ;'gfp+5 .
æw}/} /fd|f], ldq s[kof tkfO{ klxnf g} hfg'xf];\ .Æ ljj]sL Aofkf/Ln] eg] .
æxj;\, d klxnf hfG5' x} . Æ w't{ Jofkf/Ln] eGof] .
To;kl5 p;n] uf8fdf uf]?x? gf¥of{] / ofqfdf lgl:sof] . s]xL ;do kl5 p
h+unsf] af6f]af6 aflx/ lgl:sof] . d?e"lddf kfgL kfOb}g eGg] a'em]/ p;+u
ePsf 7'N7'Nnf efF8fx?df kfgL e¥of] . To;kl5 ^) of]hgsf] d?e'ld kf/
ug{ lgl:sof] .
ofVofx?n] h+unaf6 lg:s]sf uf8Lsf nfjfn:s/ x]/L/x]sf] lyP . hj Tof]
d"v{ Aofkf/L d?e'ldsf] jLr efudf cfOk'Uof] ta ofVvfn] hfb' u/]/
b'O{j6f ;]tf ax/ uf]?x?n] tfg]sf] Pp6f nf]enfUbf] aUuLsf] pTklt u/] . Ps
bh{g 9fn / t/af/ lnPsf alnof ofVvf ;lxt ;j{zlQmjfg eujfg h:tf
aUuLdf pgL;+u} a;]/ ofqf ul//x]sf lyP . k|d'v ofVvfsf] 6fpsf] jl/k/L
;]tf] ;Ënf] kfgL / Tof] dfly lgnf sdnsf km"nx? km"ln/x]sf lyP . Tof] d"v{
Jofkf/Lsf ;fydf /x]sf JolQmx? tL km"nx? l6k]/ dfnf agfpg kfP x'GYof]
eg]/ t8\lk/x]sf lyP . uf]?sf v'§fx? / uf8fx? lxn} lxnf] ePsf lyP .
xfjf cufl8af6 alx/x]sf] lyof] . Tof] Jofkf/Lsf] uf8fx?sf] nfjf n:s/sf]
w'nf]af6 aRg pm nfjf n:s/sf] cufl8 a;]/ uO/x]sf] lyof] . ofVvfn]
cfkm\gf] aUuL Tof] Aofkf/Lsf] 5]pmdf Nofof] / gd|tfk"j{s clejfbg u¥of] .
Aofkf/Ln] klg ofVvfnfO{ cleafbg kmsf{O{ cfkm\gf] aUuL lsgf/fdf /f]s]/
uf8fnfO{ cufl8 hfg lbP / oVvf;+u aftlrt ug{ nfu] .
Aofkf/Ln] eGof] Ædxf]bo, xfdLx? agf/;af6 cfPsf xf} .Æ tkfO{sf ;a}
dflg;x? leh]sf 5g\ . lxn} lxnf] ePsf 5g\ . tkfO{sf] dfly sdnsf] km"n /
lnln km"nx? klg 5g\ . s] tkfO{ cfpbf af6fdf kfgL kl//x]sf] lyof] <

89
æs] eGg'ePsf] <Æ ofVvfn] eGof] . æoxfF eGbf cufl8 Pp6f 7"nf] xl/of] h+un
5 . Tof] eGbf cufl8 k|z:t kfgL kl//xG5 . ToxfF w]/} kf]v/L / tnfpmx?
5g\ hxfF sdnsf] km"n / lnlnsf km"nx? kfgLdf km"ln/x]sf 5g\ .Æ To;kl5
tL oVvfn] tL Aofkf/Lsf af/]df ;f]W5g\ . æoL uf]?uf8fdf s] s] Nofpg'ePsf]
5 <æ
tL Aofkf/Ln] uf]?uf8fdf ax'd"No ;fdfgx? ePsf] pQ/ lbP . æof]
uf]?uf8fdf olt ux|f} s] ;fdfg Nofpg'ePsf] 5 <Æ oVvfn] ;f]Wof] . æo;df
k'/} kfgL 5 .Æ Aofkf/Ln] eGof] . olt 6f9f ;Dd kfgL n}hfg tkfO{sf] ljj]sn]
lbG5 < ca kfgLsf] s'g} h?/t 5}g . lsgls cufl8 olt w]/} kfgL 5 . oL
ux|'uf kfgLsf ef8f lagf tkfO{x? xn'sf eP/ l56f] hfg ;Sg'x'G5 . oL
ef8fx? km'6fP/ kfgL km\ofSg ;Sg'x'G5 . Æxh'/sf] z'e lbg /xf];\ .Æ Tof]
ofVvfn] olt eg]/ cfkm\gf] aUuL kmsf{of] . æxfdL xfd|f] af6f] nfUg'k5{ . xfdL
w]/}a]/ ;Dd To;} /f]lsof}+ . ca cf cfkm\gf] af6f] nfUg'k5{ .Æ Tof] ofVvf
aUuLdf r9]/ uof] / s]xL ;do kl5 cfk\mgf] zx/sf] af6f] nfUof] /
cGt/Wofg eof] . Tof] Jofkf/L olt d"v{ lyof] ls p;n] oVvfsf] pkb]z
dfGof] . p;n] ;a} efF8fx? km'6fP/ kfgL km\ofSof] . Psnf]6f kfgL klg g/fv]/
;a} kfgL km\ofSof] . To;kl5 p;n] cfkm\gf dflg;nfO{ l56f] l56f] uf]?uf8f
xfFSg cfb]z lbof] . t/ af6f]df pgLx?n] Ps yf]kf kfgL klg kfPgg\ /
ltvf{n] 56k6fpg yfn] . ;"of{:t kl5 pgLx?n] uf8faf6 uf]?x? km'sfOlbP
/ uf]?x?nfO{ uf8Lsf] rSsfdf afFlwlbP . t/ afFlwPsf uf]?x?sf nflu lkpg]
kfgL lyPg . kfgL geP/ dflg;n] vfgf ksfpg ;s]gg\ . pgLx? To;}
afn'jfdf n8] / lgbfP . ha /ft k¥of] oVvfn] cfs|d0f u/] / ;a} dflg; /
hgfj/nfO{ df/] . ;a} df;' vfP . x8\8L dfq afFsL /fv]/ ltgLx?n] cfkm\gf]
af6f] ttfP . s+sfn x8\8L dfq otfptL 5l/Psf lyP . t/ %)) uf]?uf8fx?
rfxL To;} 5f]8]/ uP . Tof] nfjf n:s/sf] ljWj+zsf] sf/s tTj rfxL ToxL
d"v{ Jokf/L lyof] .
Tof] d"v{ Jofkf/L uPsf] % dlxgf kl5 af]lw;Tjn] cfkm\gf %)) uf]?uf8fx?
tof/ u/]/ ofqfdf lg:sg'eof] . ha pxfF Tof] e'ne'n}ofsf] lsgf/df k'Ug'eof]
. pxfFn] klg kfgLsf efF8fx? eg'{eof] . To;kl5 pxfFn] ;a} dflg;nfO{ e]nf
u/]/ eGg'eof] æPs c+h'nL kfgL klg d]/f] cfb]z lagf vr{ gug'{ .Æ of]
e'ne'n}ofsf] h+undf laiffn' la?jfx? x'G5g\ . dnfO{ g;f]wL s'g} klg
la?jfsf kft grkfpg', km"nx? g5'g', / kmnkm"n gvfg' . jxfFn] cfkm\gf
dflg;x?nfO{ ;ts{ u/fpg' eof] / Tof] nfjf n:s/nfO{ g]t[Tj k|bfg ug'{eof]
90
. ha pgLx? Tof] e'ne'n}ofsf] jLrdf k'u] klxnf h:t} ofVvfx? b]vf k/] .
af]lw;Tj Aofkf/Ln] ofVvfsf /ftf cfFvf b]lvxfn] / cfuGt's k|lt z+sf u/] .
ædnfO{ yfxf 5 of] d?e"lddf s'g} kfgL 5}g .Æ pxfFn] dgdg} ;f]Rg' eof] .
æof] cfuGt'ssf] s'g} 5fof 5}g . To;}n] of] kSsf klg ofVvf x'g'k5{ . o;n]
d"v{ Aofkf/LnfO{ em'SofPsf] x'g'k5{ . t/ of] ofVvfnfO{ d slt rnfv 5' eGg]
yfxf 5}g .Æ
pgn] oxfFaf6 efu eg]/ ofVvfnfO{ xKsfP . æxfdL Jofkf/L xf+} . sxfFaf6
kfgL cfO/x]5 < Tof] olsg gu/L kfgL kmfNb}gf} .Æ of] a'em] kl5 ofVvf s]xL
gaf]nL Toxfaf6 6fk s:of] . ofVvf efu]kl5 dflg;x?n] cfkm\gf g]t[Tjstf{
af]lw;TjnfO{ ;f]w] . xh'/ Û oL dflg;sf 6fpsfdf kfgL dfly sdnsf /
lnlnsf km"nx? 5g\ . pgLx?sf] skfn / sk8faf6 tktk kfgL r'xL/x]sf]
lyof] . pgLx?n] eg] ls cufl8 afSnf] h+un 5, ToxfF ;w} aif{f eO/xG5 .
To;}n] kfgL kmfn / xn'sf eP/ rfF8f] rfF8f] hfcf} .
af]wL;Tjn] cfkm\gf ;a} dflg;nfO{ cfb]z lbg'eof] ls ætkfO{x? dWw] s;}n]
cfhsf] 36gfaf/] ;'Gg'ePsf] 5 <Æ of] e'ne'n}ofdf s'g} tfn jf kf]v/L 5 <
æ5}g xh'/ .Æ ;a}n] Ps :j/df pQ/ lbP . of] kfgL lagfsf] d?e"dL xf] .
jxfFn] ;f]Wg'eof] .
aiff{sf] atf;n] slt 6f8f ;Dd lr;f] k'¥ofpF5 <
æPs of]hg;Dd dxf]bo .Æ
lah'nL rDs]sf] slt 6f8f ;Dd b]Vg ;lsG5 <
ærf/ b]lv kfFr sf]z;Dd . Æ
s;}n] lah'nL rDs]sf] b]Vg' ePsf] 5 t <
æ5}g xh'/ .Æ
r6\ofª k/]sf] cfjfh slt 6f9f;Dd ;'Gg ;lsG5 <
æb'O{b]lv rf/ of]hg;Dd .Æ
s;}n] r6\ofª k/]sf] cfjfh ;'Gg' ePsf] 5 <
æ5}g xh'/ .Æ

91
æltgLx? Dflg; xf]Ogg\ ofVvf x'g\ .Æ tL a'l4dfg Jofkf/Ln] eGg'eof] .
pgLx?n] cfzf u/]sf lyP ls xfdLn] kfgL kmN5f} clg xfdLx? sdhf]/ eP/
d"5f{ k5f}{ . pgLx? xfdLx?nfO{ lzsf/ ug{ rfxG5g\ . a'l4dfg Jofkf/Ln]
eGg'eof], Tof] o'jf Jofkf/L hf] xfdL eGbf cufl8 uPsf] lyof] pm d"v{ lyof] .
pgLx?sf uf]?uf8fx? ;fdfg nfb]/ ple/x]sf kfpg ;S5f} . xfdLx?n] tL
uf8fx? cfh b]Vg ;S5f} . ca yf]kf kfgL klg gkm\ofsL xfd|f
uf]?uf8fx?nfO{ hlt ;Sbf] rfF8f] xfFSg'xf];\ / cufl8 a9g'xf];\, a'l4dfg
Jofkf/Ln] eGg'eof] .
tL Jofkf/Ln] eljiojf0fL ug'{ePsf] h:t} cufl8 uPsf dflg;sf s+sfn xf8
vf]/ rf/}lt/ 5l/Psf lyP . pleO/x]sf %)) uf8fx? klg km]nf kf/] .
o;af6 ;fjwfg eP/ Jofkf/Ln] -af]wL;Tj_ cfkm\gf uf]?uf8fx?nfO{ rf/}lt/
3]/f xfn]/ /fVg nufpg' eof] . h;af6 uf]?uf8fx?sf] /]vb]v ug{ ;lhnf]
eof] . o;/L /fVbf a]n'sf vfgf agfpg klg ;lhnf] eof] . ha ;a}
hgfj/x? / dflg;x? cfkm\gf jf;:yfgdf ;'t] ta a'l4dfg Jofkf/L /
pgsf rf}lsbf/n] xftdf t/af/ lnP/ /fte/L rf}sLbf/L u/] . ha k"j{
lemld;] pHofnf] eof] / k"j{ kmf6\of] pgLx?n] cf cfkm\gf uf8fx?sf] kf6k"hf{
km]/]/ dd{t u/]/ uf8fx?nfO{ bx|f] agfP . pgLx? ;s'zn cfkm\gf] uGtJo
:yndf cfOk'u] / cfkm\gf ;fdfgx? -efF8f jt{g_ b'O{ tLg u'0ff a9L d"Nodf
;f6g kfP . pgL cfkm\gf] Pp6f ;fyL klg gu'dfOsg cfkm\gf] ufpFdf ;s'zn
kms{g ;kmn eP . of] syf oxL ;lsof] .
-;|f]t M www.accesstoinsight.org af6 ;fef/ _
of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff
• a'4sf] ;Gb]z 5 ls c1fgL JolQmx? hj ;do laT5 clg dfq oyfy{
s'/f a'em\b5g\ . t;y{ d"v{sf] lagfz x'G5 . af]lw;Tj ;To s'/f a'em]/
dfq lg0f{o lnGy] To;}n] kfgL kmfn]gg\ . ofVvf la:4 lg8/ eP/
a'l4dQfk"j{s cufl8 a9g' eof] . pgn] s'g} ;fly u'dfpg' k/]g . of]
syfaf6 ;To / jLo{ kf/ldtf ;+sng ug{ ;xof]u ldN5 .
• hf] ;To a'em\b5g\ pgLx? c? t s] ofVvfaf6 klg aRg ;kmn x'G5g\ .
;'/lIft tj/n] cfkm\gf] 3/ kms{g ;kmn x'G5g\ . h;n] ;Tosf]
/x:of]b\3f6g u5{ To;n] v'zL dfq gNofP/ csf]{ hGddf afXd0fsf]
sf]vdf hGd kfpF5g\ . pgLx? c/xGtsf] ?kdf cufl8 a95g\ .
92
• rf/ ;To ga'em\\g] dflg; k'gh{Gddf k5{ / k'g b08 ;hfo ef]Ug'k5{ .
a'4n] of] s'/f cfkm\gf %)) dflg;nfO{ eg] kl5 ltgLx?n] a'4 eujfgsf
lzio eO{ ci6fË dfu{ ckgfP/ w]/} nfe lnP .
• a'4n] cfkm\gf] k"j{hGdsf syf eg]/ cfkm\gf lziox?nfO{ lzIff k|bfg
ug'{eof] . Tof] d"v{ Jofkf/L b]jbQ lyof], pgsf tL %)) ;fyLx? g}
b]jbQdf cg'GofoL lyP . tL a'l4dfg Jofkf/L;+u ePsf %)) JolQmx?
rfxL a'4 eujfgsf lzio lyP / tL a'l4dfg Jofkf/L rfxL a'4
x'g'x'GYof] .
c? lzIff kf7s ju{n] kQf nufpg'x'g]5 .

93
 ;/Lefjlgh hftsM ;/Lefsf
Jofkf/Lx?

of] syf eujfg a'4n] ;jfyLdf leIf'x?nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ eGg' ePsf] lyof] .
olb ltdLn] ltd|f] g/fd|f Jojxf/nfO{ cflw af6f]df 5f]8\of} eg] ltdL
kl/lgjf{0fsf] af6f] nfUg ;S5f} . a'4n] eGg'eof] . ltdLn] ef}lts ;+;f/ dfq
x]¥of} eg] ;]/Lefn] ;'gsf] a6'sf] u'dfP/ nfdf] ;do ;Dd b'v kfP h;/L g}
b'Mv kfpg' x'g]5 . a'4n] w]/} aif{ cufl8 of] syf eGg' ePsf] lyof] .
kfFr ;o aif{ cufl8 af]wL;Tj Pp6f OdfGbf/ Jokf/Lsf] ?kdf ;]/Lef gfdsf]
/fHodf hlGdg' ePsf] lyof] . jxfF slxn] PSn} / slxn] csf]{ Jofkf/L;+u
ldn]/ km]G;L ;fdfg a]Rg hfg'x'GYof] . Tof] ;fyL Hofb} nf]eL lyof] . Tof] nf[eL
Jofkf/L klg p:t} ;fdfgsf sf/f]af/ ub{Yof] .
Pslbg b'a}hgf t]nfax gbL kf/ u/]/ Jofkf/ ug{ cGwfk'/f b]zsf] Pp6f
pbodfg zx/df k'u] . b'a} aLr Jofkf/df k|ltikwf{ gug{sf nflu b'a}n]
zx/nfO{ efua08f u/]sf lyP / cfcfkm\gf If]qdf u|fxssf 9f]sf 9f]sf;Dd
uP/ pgLx? cfkm\gf ;fdfgx? a]Rby] . ToxL zx/df Pshgf /fdzfSn]
gfdsf ld:qL klg a:y] .=w]/} aif{ cufl8 ha pgL u/Lj lyP Tof]a]nf pgsf]
efUon] sfd u/]g . pgsf kl/jf/sf ;a} k'?if ;b:ox?sf] d[To' eof] . afFRg]
dWo] Pshgf xh'/cfdf / pgsL Pp6L gfltgL dfq lyOg\ . pgLx? Hofnf
dhb'/L u/]/ cfkm\gf] hLljsf rnfpFy] .
Pslbg ck/fGx Pp6f nf]eL ;fOsn Jofkf/L cfkm\gf] ;fdfg las|L ub{} zx/
kl/s|df ug{} lznlznfdf tL xh'/cfdfsf 3/df k'u]/ æuxgf las|Ldf 5Æ,
æuxgf las|Ldf 5Æ eGb} s/fpF5 . ha Tof] gfltgL s]6Ln] Tof] cfjfh ;'G5],
tj p;n] xh'/cfdf;+u cfkm"nfO{ klg Pp6f uxgf lsgL lbg cfu|x u5]{ .Æ

94
xh'/cfdfn] eGg'eof] æxfdL u/Lj 5f} gfgL . xfdL;+u Ps k};f klg 5}g .
xfdL;+u uxgf;+u ;fF6\g] ;fdfg klg 5}g eg] s] n] Tof] uxgf lsgLlbg' / .Æ
s]6Ln] cfsf:dft k'/fgf] a6'sf] ;Demg k'uL / eG5] . æxh'/cfdf of] xg'{xf];
t, xfdL;+u of] k'/fgf] a6'sf] 5, o;sf] s'g} pkof]u x'g ;Sb}g t;y{ of];+u
uxgf ;f6f} x} .æ Tof] gfltgLn] b]vfPsf] Tof] k'/fgf] a6'sf] Tof] 3/sf lbj+ut
3/d'nL xh'/afn] hf]8]sf lyP hf] cfkm}df Ps Jofkf/L lyP . pgL cfkm\gf]
vfgf ToxL a6'sfdf /fv]/ vfGy] . pgsf] d[To'kl5 Tof] a6'sf] k'/fgf efF8f /
s/fO{x? /fvLPsf] 7fFpdf kmflnPsf] lyof] . xh'/cfdfn] Tof] a6'sf] la;L{
;s]sL lyOg\\ . nfdf] ;do;Dd grnfO{ /fv]sf]n] Tof] a6'sfdf pufn hd]/
sfnf] ePsf] lyof] . tL b'a} dlxnfnfO{ Tof] ;'gsf] a6'sf] xf] eGg] kQ} lyPg .
xh'/cfdfn] tL Jofkf/LnfO{ af]nfP/ a:g cg'/f]w ug'{eof] . pgn] a6'sf] Tof]]
Jofkf/LnfO{ b]vfP/ ;f]Wg'eof] æo;n] s] cfpF5 afa'< s'g} uxgfsf] dfnf
cfpF5 <Æ Tof] ;fOsnjfnf Jofkf/Ln] l/;fP/ Tof] a6'sf] xftdf lnP/ 3'dfof]
. o;sf] d"Nodf z+sf u¥of] . a6'sf] k5fl8 l;of] sf]/]/ x]bf{ p;n] yfxf kfof]
ls of] ;'gsf] a6'sf] xf] . s]xLa]/ Tof] Jofkf/Ln] ;f]r ljrf/ u¥of] .
Tolta]nf;Dd p;sf] dgdf nf]e knfO;s]sf] lyof] . cGTodf p;n] s]xL
lrh klg glbO{ Tof] a6'sf] l;Q}df lng] ljrf/ u¥of] . l/;fPsf] clego u/]/
eGof] ælsg of] sfd gnfUg] a6'sf] NofP/ b]vfPsf] < o;nfO{ Ps k};f klg
kb{}g .Æ p;n] a6'sf]nfO{ k/ k'Ug] u/L km\ofs]/ p7\of] / ;fdfg af]s]/] cfkm\gf]
af6f] nfUof] . tL Jofkf/Lx? aLr o:tf] ;+emf}tf ag]sf] lyof] ls Ps hgfn]
Tof] ulNn 3'd]/ uPkl5 csf{] k'gM Tof] ulNndf uP/ ;fdfg ;fF6]/ cfpg'
kYof{] . To;}n] Tof] csf{] Jofkf/L klg æuxgf las|Ldf 5g\, uxgf las|Ldf 5g\Æ
eGb} s/fpb} ToxL 3/df k'Uof] .
csf]{ Jofkf/L cfPsf] b]v]/ tL s]6Ln] k'gM uxgf lslglbg pgsL
xh'/cfdfnfO{ cg'/f]w ul/g\ . tL a'9L xh'/cfdfn] Jofkf/LnfO{ eGg'eof] æafa',
xfdL;+u Pp6f k'/fgf] a6'sf] 5 . cl3 cfPsf] Jofkf/Ln] sfd gnfUg] eg]/
pQm a6'sf] km\ofs]/ kmlGsP/ uof] . xfdL;+u lbg] c? s] g} 5 / <Æ
bf];|f] Jofkf/Ln] a"9Lcfdf;+u eGof] æTof] Jofkf/L rfxL z}tfg lyof] a'9Lcfdf .
x]bf{ / o;sf] cfjfh ;'Gbf of] w]/} /fd|f] a6'sf] xf] . d of] a6'sf] lng ;S5' .Æ
æTo;f] eP leq cfp g t <æ a'9Lcfdfn] eGg'eof] . ha Tof] ;fOsnjfnf
Jofkf/L 3/leq k:of] . a'9Lcfdfn] p;nfO{ lk/f cf]5\ofO{ lbg'eof] / nhfpb}
a6'sf] p;sf xftdf /fvL lbg' eof] . p;n] t'?Gt of] ;'gsf] a6'sf] eg]/
95
lrgL xfNof] . p;n] eGof] æof] a6'sfsf] d"No Psnfv rfFbLsf 6's|f j/fj/ 5
. t/ xh'/cfdf d ;+u Tolt 6's|f 5}g .Æ p;sf s'/f ;'g]/ a'9Lcfdf klg
5Ss kg'{eof] / eGg'eof] æcsf]{ ;fOsnjfnfn] t s]xL l5g cufl8 cfP/ Ps
sf}8Lsf] klg efp 5}g eGof] lg t . pm t l/;fP/ a6'sf] eF'Odf kmfn]/ lx8\of]
.Æ of] d"Nojfg t lyPg xf]nf, t/ tkfO{sf] efUon] xf]nf of] ;'gdf kl/0ft
eof] . s[kof of] a6'sf] lng'xf];\ / xfdLnfO{ s]xL lrh lbg'xf];\ . h;af6 xfdL
v'zL x'g]5f} . Tof] ;fOsnjfnf Jofkf/L;+u %)) dfq rfFbLsf 6's|f lyP / c?
%)) rfFbLsf 6's|f a/fa/sf] ;fOsndf ;fdfg lyof] . To;}n] p ;+u ePsf]
;a} lrh tL dlxnfnfO{ lbof] . tL Jofkf/Ln] pgsf] t/fh', emf]nf / cf7j6f
rfFbLsf 6's|f cfkm";+u /fvL c? ;a} k};f / ;fdfg tL a'9LcfdfnfO{ lbP/
Ps csf{df wGojfb ;fF6f;fF6 u/] . tL Jofkf/Ln] afFsL /x]sf rfFbLsf 6's|f
dfemLnfO{ lbP/ 8'Ëfdf a;L gbL t/]/ kf/L k'u] . o;af6 ;a}hgf v'zL eP .
s]xLa]/d} Tof] klxn] cfPsf] w't{ Jofkf/L 3'dlkm/ u/]/ k'gM ToxL w/df g} ku]/
/ p;n] eGof] æof] tkfO{n] dfUg' ePsf] uxgf;+u d of] a6'sf] ;fF6\g ;S5' .
v} a6'sf] Nofpg'xf];\ t Û eOuof] d s]xL lrh lbpnf .æ p;sf o:tf s'/f
;'g]/ a'9Lcfdfn] Tof] w't{ Jofkf/LnfO{ 7u eGb} emlD6Og\ . pgn] elgg\
æltdLn] xfd|f] a6'sfnfO{ Ps sf}8Ldf -cfwf k};fdf_ klg ghfg] eg]sf] xfOg
< xfd|f] efUo bflxg] eof] . ltdL kl5 Pshgf OdfGbf/ Jofkf/L oxfF
cfpg'eof] / eGg'eof] o;sf] d"No Ps xhf/ rfFbLsf 6's|f a/fa/ 5 . pgn]
xfdLnfO{ Ps xhf/ rfFbLsf 6's|f lbP/ a6'sf] lnP/ hfg'eof] . ltdL w]/} l9nf
eof} .Æ
Tof] w't{ ;fOsn Jofkf/L a'9Lcfdfsf] s'/f ;'g]/ w]/} b'lvt eof] / eGof[] .
æp;n] dnfO{ 8s}t u¥of] Û p;n] dnfO{ 8s}t u¥of] Û p;n] d}n] lng nfu]sf]
Ps xhf/ rfFbLsf 6's|f a/fa/sf] a6'sf] lnP/ uof] .Æ pQm Jofkf/Ln]
cfkm"nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;s]g / kfun eof] . p;+u ePsf ;a} k};f / ;fdfg
e'F{Odf km\ofs]/ nufPsf] n'uf RofTof] clg t/fh'sf] 8l08 klg efFRof] .
To;kl5 csf{] Jofkf/LnfO{ ;dfpg bu'b}{ gbLlt/ uof] . p gbLsf] lsgf/df
k'Ubf gf}sf gbLsf] jLrdf k'lu;s]sf] lyof] . p;n] gf}sf rnfpg] dfemLnfO{
lrRofP/ eGof] ærfF8} gf}sf lnP/ cfOh .Æ t/ gf}sfdf r9]sf OdfGbf/
Jofkf/Ln] gf}sfsf] z'Ns cfkm"n] lt/L;s]sf] x'Fbf cufl8 n}hfg / l56f] gbL
tfg{ eg] . Tof] b'MvL Jofkf/L eg] gbLsf] cf]Nnf] lsgf/df pleP/ kNnf]
lsgf/df a6'sf lnP/ hfb} u/]sf] cfkm\gf] k|ltåGbLnfO{ x]/]sf] x¥of} u¥of] . pm
leq s|f]wsf] cUgL blGsof] . leqleq} csf]{ Jofkf/Lk|lt å]if a9\b} uof] / x[bo
96
tftf] eP/ cfof] . tnfpmsf] l8n km'6] h;/L g} p;sf] d'6' km'6\of] . p;sf]
d'vaf6 /utsf kmN;f kmfN;f cfpg yfNof] . p csf{] Jofkf/Ln] ;'gsf] a6'sf]
nUof] eGg] 8fxfn] hxfFsf] ToxL 9Nof] . tL OdfGbf/ Jofkf/L rfxL ;]l/ef
kmls{P/ cfP/ k/f]ksf/L ;+:yfdf /fd|f sfo{ / ;Tsd{ u/]/ cfkm\gf] afFsL
hLjg ljtfP .
ha eujfg a'4n] of] syf ;dfKt ug'{eof] . pxfF cfkm}n] cfkm"nfO{ OdfGbf/
Jofkf/L / b]jbQnfO{ Tof] nf]eL w't{ Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf klxrfg u/fpg' eof] .
w't{tfs} sf/0f b]jbQn] w]/} hGd;Dd b'v kfO/x] .
-;|f]t Mwww.accesstoinsight.org af6 ;fef/ _
of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff
• OdfGbf/ Jofkf/Ln] zLnsf] kfng u/], ;w}+ ;To af]n], slxNo} lx+;f u/]gg\
t;y{ To;}n] pgsf] ;w} ljho eof] . nf]eL w't{ Jofkf/Ln] em'6f] af]Nof]
w't{tf / lx+;fk"j{s a6'sf] kmfNof], c?nfO{ 7Ug vf]Hof] . To;}sf/0f p;sf]
k/fho eof] / d'6' km'6]/ dg'{k¥of] .
• hf] csf{sf] wgdf nf]e / å]if u5{ pgLx?sf] d[To' nf]eL w't{ Jofkf/Lsf]
h:t} x'G5 . To;}n] nf]e / å]if ug'{ x'b}g.
• h;n] OdfGbf/Lk"j{s sfd u5{ To;n] o; hGddf dfq v'zL gNofP/
csf]{ hGddf klg ;Tsd{df g} tNnLg x'G5. To;}n] h:tf] dlt p:t} ult
eg]e}m+ OdfGbf/ Jofkf/L csf]{ hGddf a'4 eP/ hlGdP eg] w't{
Jofkf/Lsf rfFxL b]jbQ eP/ hlGdP .
• xh'/cfdf / gfltgL agLa'tf] u/]/ ePklg OdfGbf/Lk"j{s hLjg lgjf{x
u/L/xg'ePsf] x'gfn] Tof] nf]eL w't{ Jofkf/Ln] 7Ug ;s]g . OdfGbf/
dflg;nfO{ s;}n] 7Ug ;lsb}g .
• k"j{hGdsf] s'sd{sf sf/0f b]jbQn] w]/} hGd;Dd b'v kfP eg] OdfGbf/
Jofkf/Ln] rfFxL csf{] hGddf a'4Tj k|fKt u/] .
c? lzIff kf7sju{n] kQf nufpg'x'g]5 .

97
 dtfset hftsM ?g] / xfF:g]]
af]sf]]

Pslbg a'4 h]tfjgdf al;/xg' ePsf] lyof] . ToxLa]nf s]xL leIf'x?n]

pxfFnfO{ ;f]Wg'eof] . æs] af]sf, afv|f, e]8f / c? hgfj/x?nfO{ lkt[x?sf]
gfddf ef]u lbFbf lkt[x?n] kfp5g\ <æ a'4n] eGg'eof] æcxF kfpb}gg\ .Æ
s;}sf] klg hLjg lnP/ slxNo} klg enf] x'Fb}g . s]jn d/]sf JolQmsf]
gfddf ef]u lbPsf] lsg gxf];\ . o;n] s;}sf] enfO{ x'g ;Sb}g . o;}
;Gbe{df eujfg a'4n] of] syf ;'gfpg' ePsf] xf] .
w]/} aif{ cufl8 ha /fhf a|XdbQ lhtfjgdf /fHo ub{y], ToxLa]nf Pshgf
a|fXd0fn] cfkm\gf lbj+ut lkt[sf] nflu Pp6f af]sf]nfO{ ef]u lbg / cfkm\gf
lzionfO{ eg] æd]/f lziox? xf], of] af]sf]nfO{ gbLdf n}hfcf}, o;nfO{ /fd|/L
g'xfOb]cf] / sfOofn] sf]/]/ lrl6Ss kf/]/ Nofcf] . o;sf] 3f6Ldf Pp6f dfnf
klg nufOb]cf] . s]xL cGg klg vfg b]cf] . clg oxfF lnP/ cfcf] . x'G5 xh'/
eg]/ tL lziox?n] Tof] af]sf]nfO{ vf]nfdf lnP/ uP .

98
ha pgLx?n] Tof] af]sf]nfO{ gbLlt/ n}hfb} lyP . Tof] af]sf] c:jefljs ?kn]
Kof6f6f Kof6f6f u/]/ xfF:g yfNof] . To;sf] s]xLa]/ kl5 g} Tof] af]sfn] 7"nf]
:j/n] acfcf== u/]/ ?g yfNof] .
tL gjo'js lziox? Tof] af]sfsf] Jojxf/ b]v]/ tLg 5Ss k/] . gjo'js
lziox?n] af]sfnfO{ ;f]w] . æltdL lsg cfsf:dft o;/L xfF;]sf ]< To;kl5
km]/L lsg Tolt hf]8n] /f]Psf] <æ æof] k|Zg ltdLx?n] ltd|f cfkm\gf u'?nfO{
;f]w .Æ af]sfn] eGof] .
tL lziox?n] Tof] af]sfnfO{ xtf/ xtf/ u/]/ g'xfP/ u'? sxfF lnP/ uP /
ePsf] ;a}s'/f cfkm\gf u'?nfO{ ;'gfP . of] ;'g]/ u'?n] Tof] af]sfnfO{ ;f]w]
æltdL lsg To;/L xfF;]sf] / To;/L hf]8n] /f]Psf] .Æ Psl5g kl5 Tof] af]sfn]
eGg ;'? u¥of] . æd klg ltdL h:t} j]b k9fpg] u'? lyPF . d}n] klg ltdLn]
h:t} Pp6f af]sfnfO{ d/]sf cfkmGtsf gfddf ef]u lbPsf] lyPF . Tof] Pp6f
dfq af]sf] df/]sfn] d]/f] 6fpsf] $(( k6s sf6L ;lsPsf] 5 . d xFf;]F,
lsgls hgfj/sf] ?kdf of] g} d]/f] of] clGtd alnbfg x'g]5 . cfhaf6 d}n]
of] b'vMaf6 d'lQm kfpg]5' . csf{]lt/ d /f]P lsgls dnfO{ df/]/ ltdLn] klg
ltd|f] 6fpsf] %)) k6s s6fpg uO/x]sf 5f} . of] d]/f] ltdL k|ltsf] bof
lyof] . To;}n] d /f]PF .Æ
æ7Ls 5 af]sf, d ltdLnfO{ dflb{g\ . Æ
æa|fXd0f ÛÆ cfZro dfGb} afv|fn] eGof] .
æltdLn] df/] klg gdf/] klg d cfh d[To'af6 pDsg ;lSbg .Æ
æltdL lrGtf gu/ .Æ af]sfnfO{ cfZj:t kfb}{ afXd0fn] eg] æd ltdLnfO{
s8f ;'/Iff lbP/ /fV5' .æ
æ ltdLn] d]/f] s'/f a'em]gf} . Æ af]sfn] eGof]
ltd|f] ;'/Iffsf] zlQm sdhf]/ 5 / d]/f] s'sd{ w]/} zlQmzfnL 5, To;}n]
ltdLn] ;'/Iff lbg ;Sb}gf} .
a|fXd0fn] Tof] af]sfsf] 8f]/L km'sfP/ 5f]l8lbof] / lziox?nfO{ eGof] æo;nfO{
xfgL x'g] s'g} 7fpFlt/ gn}hfg" / s;}nfO{ klg of] af]sfnfO{ xfgL ug{ glbg'
egL cfb]z lbP .æ lziox?n] klg cfkm\gf u'?sf] cfb]z kfng u/] /
af]sfnfO{ arfP .

99
ha Tof] af]sf] 8f]/Laf6 5f]l8of] / d'Qm eof] Tof] 3fF;dfly rg{ yfNof] .
Psl5g kl5 p 7f8f] 3fF6L nufP/ kf]y|fsf] kft vfg nfu]sf] dfq s] lyof]
5]pmd} /x]sf] 7"nf] r§fgdf ah| k¥of], Tof] r§fgaf6 Pp6f wfl/nf] 9'Ëfsf] 6's|f
pl5l§P/ cfO{ Tof] af]sfsf] 3fF6L sfl6of] . Tof] af]sf] t'?Gt} d¥of] . d/]sf]
af]sfsf] jl/k/L w]/} dflg;x? e]nf eP/ cfZro{rlst e} Tof] 36gfsf]
af/]df s'/f ug{ yfn] .
a[If b]jtfn] Tof] af]sf lsg]sf] ;dob]lv p;sf] gf6sLo d[To' ;Ddsf ;a}
36gfx? cjnf]sg ul//x]sf] lyof] . Tof]a]nf d a[If b]jtf lyPF eGb} a'4n]
cfkm\gf k"j{ hGdsf syfnfO{ oxL ;dfKt ug{'eof]
-;|f]t Mwww.accesstoinsight.org af6 ;fef/ _

of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff

• of] syfaf6 of] lzIff lng ;lsG5 ls h;n] csf{sf] hLjg lnG5, p;sf]
klg csf{n] hLjg lnG5 . lx+;fn] lx+;f g} NofpF5 .
• h;n] kfk u5{ p;n] b08 kfpF5, . Tof] eg]sf] kfkLn] k'gh{Gd kfp+5 /
b'v ef]Ug'k5{ eg]sf] xf] . kz'sf] xTof slxNo} klg ug'{ x'b}g\, u¥of] eg]
cfkm\gf] klg To;/L g} xTof x'G5 . kz'x?k|lt bofjfg aGg'k5{ .
• af]sfn] k|1f dfkm{t a|fXd0fnfO{ arfof] . af]sfnfO{ cfkm" d5{' eGg] yfxf
lyof] r6\ofªaf6 d/] klg a|fXd0fn] anL lbP/ df/] klg dg{' g} lyof] .
olb af]sfn] cfkm' aln dfkm{t d/]sf] eP tL] a|fXd0fn] %)) k6s dg{'
kYof]{ . af]sfn] cfkm" dg{] a]nfdf klg k|1f dfkm{t a|fXd0fnfO{ arfof] .
• cGwljZjf;df nfUg' x'b}g . cGwljZjf;s} sf/0f Tof] j]b k9g] afXd0fn]
af]sf] eP/ hGdg' k¥of] / %)) k6s cfkm\gf] 3fF6L s6fpg' k¥of] .
zf:qLo 1fg eGbf cg'ejl;4 1fg pkof]uL x'G5 .
• Pp6f b'vMbfoL s'/f s] xf] eg] h;n] s'sd{ u5{ p;n] k'gM hGdg' k5{ /
b'v ef]u ug{'k5{ . sd{sf] lgod g} o:t} x'G5 . tL a[If b]jtfn] ;a}
;|f]tfx?nfO{ gs{sf] af/]df atfP/ 8/ ;[hgf ug'{eof] . tL JolQmx? olt
8/fP ls pgLx?n] kz'sf] anL jf ef]u lbg] rngnfO{ k"0f{?kdf 5f]l8lbP
. To;kl5 tL b]jtfn] /fd|f sfo{ ÷;'sd{ ug{ wd{b]zgf lbg'eof] . cGTodf
100
 tL b]jtf klg d/]/ uP / pgs} sd{ cg';f/sf] kmn k|fKt u/] . w]/} k':tf
kl5 ;Dd pgn] tL b]jtfsf pkb]zx? OdfGbf/Lk"j{s kfngf ub{} uP .
pgLx?n] cfkm\gf] hLjg g} c;n sd{df nufP . To;}sf/0f w]/}hgfn]
:ju{df k'gh{Gd kfP .
• a|fXd0fn] af]sfnfO{ k|bfg u/]sf] ;'/Iffsf] zlQm sdhf]/ lyof] t/ af]sfsf]
s'sd{ w]/} zlQmzfnL lyof], To;}n] a|fXd0fn] af]sfnfO{ ;'/Iff lbg ;s]gg\
.
• pkb]z l;wf 5 æh:tf] dlt p:t} ultæ k|fKt x'G5 .
c? lzIff kf7s au{n] kQf nufpg'x'g]5 .

101
s'xsf hftsM ;'g eGbf d"Nojfg v/

a'4n] of] syf h]tagdf tL leIf'nfO{ a'emfpg eGg' ePsf] lyof]] h;n] c?
leIf'x?nfO{ w]/} b'vM lbPsf] lyof] .
w]/} aif{ cufl8 agf/;df a|XdbQ gfd u/]sf /fhf /fHo ub{y] . Pp6f
n§}n§f ePsf] nfdf] h6f kfn]sf] ;Gof;L klg Tof] ufpFsf] glhs}sf] h+undf
a:by] . ToxfFsf hldGbf/n] pgsf] nflu h+undf Pp6f cf>d agfOlbPsf
lyP / pgn] Tof] ;Gof;LnfO{ ;w} cfkm\gf] 3/df af]nfP/ dL7f] dL7f] ef]hg
u/fpFy] .
Tof] hldGbf/nfO{ 8Ffsfsf] Hofb} 7"nf] 8/ lyof] . 8Ffsfaf6 s;/L wg hf]ufpg]
eGg] pgnfO{ 7"nf] lrGtf x'GYof] . To;}n] pgn] cfkm\gf] wg s;}n] yfxf
gkfpg] 7fpFdf n'sfpg] lgwf] u/] . pgL Tof] nfdf] h6f kfn]sf] ;Gof;LnfO{ g}
;Gof;sf] ps[i6 gd'gf dfGby] . pgn] ;'gsf !)) j6f 6's|f NofP/ Tof]
;Gof;Lsf] cf>d glhs hdLgdl'g ufl8lbP . clg tL ;Gof;LnfO{ cfkm\gf]
uf8wgsf] x]/rfx ug{ cg'/f]w u/] .
;Gof;Ln] eg] æxh'/ dnfO{ s]xL klg eGg'kb{]g . d}n] of] ;+;f/af6} ;Gof;
lnO{ ;s]sf]5' . xh'/ xfdL ;Gof;Ln] c?;+u s] 5 < To;sf] jf:tf ub{}gf} .Æ
æcxf] Û Tof] t ;|fx} /fd|f] s'/f .Æ hldGbf/n] eGof] . ;Gof;Ldfly k"0f{ ljZjf;
lnP/ hldGbf/ 3/ kms{] .
ha Tof] hldGbf/ cf>daf6 6f9f k'Uof] / b]lvg 5f8\of] . ;Gof;Lsf] dgdf
kfk knfof] / pgn] ljrf/ kl/jt{g u/] . oxfF hLjge/ k'Ug] wg 5 . efUon]
lbPsf] ;+klQ To;} lsg 5f]8\g' eGb} s]xL lbg kl5 tL ;Gof;Ln] ;'g uf8]sf]
7fp+df vg]/ ;'g lems] / vfN8f] k'/LlbP . of] s'/f s;}n] yfxf gkfpg\ egL
Tof] vfN8f]dfly af6f] agfO{lbP . csf{] lbg ;Gof;L hldGbf/ sxfF uof] /
eGof] æxh'/, d nfdf] ;dob]lv xh'/sf] ;]jf u/]/ al;/x]sf] 5' . Pp6f
;Gof;L eP/ klg olt nfdf] ;do ;Dd Pp6} 7fFpdf a:bf d ;+f;fl/s

102
h:tf] ePsf] 5' h'g d h:tf] ;Gof;LnfO{ ;'xfpg] s/f xf]Og . ca d oxfF
a:g ;lSbg . d]/f] oxfFaf6 lx8g] ;do cfof] .Æ
wgL hldGbf/n] tL ;Gof;LnfO{ ToxL a:g cg'/f]w u/] t/ pgsf] s]xL nfu]g
. tL ;Gof;Ln] cfkm\gf] lg0f{o abn]gg\ .
cGTodf hldGbf/n] eg] æxh'/ hfg'x'G5 eg] hfg'xf];\ . xh'/nfO{ z'esfdgf .Æ
ljbf ug{] dg gx'Fbf gx'b} klg tL hldGbf/n] tL ;Gof;LnfO{ ufpFsf] kNnf]
5]pm;Dd k'¥ofP/ 3/ kmsL{P . w]/} a]/sf] ofqf kl5 lt ;Gof;L rfKn';L ug{
k'gM lt wgL hldGbf/sf] 3/d} kmls{P . pgsf] n§f k/]sf] skfndf Pp6f
v/sf] TofGb|f] 6fFl;P/ uPsf] /x]5 . Tof] lkmtf{ ug{ egL pgL t'?Gt ufpFdf
cfP .
æs] sf/0fn] xh'/ km]/L of] ufpFdf cfpg'eof] <Æ ;Gof;LnfO{ b]v]/ tLg 5Ss
kb}{ hldGbf/n] eg] .
;Gof;Ln] eGof] æxh'/sf] 5fgfsf] v/sf] TofGb|f] d]/f] skfndf 6fFl;P/ cfP5 .
xfdLh:tf ;Gof;Ln] s;}sf] s]xL lrh klg l;Q}df lng' ck/fw xf] . To;}n]
xh'/sf] v/sf] TofGb|f] lkmtf{ ug{ cfPsf] xF' .
hldGbf/n] eg] æxh'/ Tof] km\ofsL lbg'xf];\ / cfkm\gf] af6f] nfUg'xf];\ .Æ
hldGbf/n] dgdg} ;f]r] / ;Gof;L;+u w]/} k|efljt eP . æTof] ;Gof;L olt
OdfGbf/ /x]5 ls p;n] csf{sf] Pp6f v/sf] TofGb|f] klg lnP/ uPg . o:tf]
dflg; t lj/n} kfOG5 .Æ. hldGbf/n] ;Gof;LnfO{ k'gM xflb{stf;fy labf
u/] . ToxLa]nf af]wL;Tjn] Jofkf/Lsf] ?kdf k'gh{Gd lng' ePsf] lyof] . ToxL
ufpFdf pQm Jofkf/L Jofkf/ ug{ hfGy] . Tof] ;Gof;L / hldGbf/sf]
jftf{nfksf] b[Zo b]v]/ pgL /f]lsP . Tof] ;+Gof;Ln] eg]sf] ;a}s'/f pgn] ;fIfL
h:t} agL lgofnL/x]sf lyP . pgsf] dgdf z+sf pTkGg eof] . kSs} klg Tof]
;Gof;Ln] hldGbf/sf] s'g} s'/f ufoa kf/]sf] x'g;S5 . pgn] hldGbf/nfO{
;f]w] ætkfO{n] of] ;Gof;LnfO{ s]xL s'/f /]vb]v ug{ 5f8g' ePsf] lyof] ls <Æ
æxf] xh'/ ÛÆ clns nhfP/ hldGbf/n] pQ/ lbP . . æ;o 6's|f ;'gsf]
x]/rfx ug{ nufPsf] lyP .Æ hldGbf/n] eGg'eof] . ætkfO{ t'?Gt uP/ x]g'{xf];\
t Tof] ;'/lIft 5 ls 5}g\<Æ tL Jofkf/Ln] hldGbf/nfO{ ;'emfj lbP .
hldGbf/n] ;'gsf 6's|f uf8]sf] 7fpFdf uO{ vf]tnL x]bf{;'gsf ;a} 6's|fx?
ufoa ePsf lyP .

103
tL hldGbf/ x:ofª km:ofª ub{} Jofkf/L sxfF cfP/ ?g nfu] . æToxfF s]xL
klg 5}g<.Æ Jofkf/Ln] k|Zg u/] / km]/L eg] ækSs} klg Tof] n§fjfnf
;Gof;Ln] g} rf]/]sf] x'g ;S5 , To;nfO{ ;dftf}+ .æ b'a}hgf bu'/]/ uO{ Tof]
;Gof;LnfO{ ;dft] . pgLx?n] Tof] ;Gof;LnfO ;'gsf 6's|f sxfF /fv]sf] 5;\
egL ;f]w] . p;n] dnfO{ yfxf 5}g egL hjfkm lbof] . ha;Dd ;'g /fv]sf]
7fpF p;n] atfPg ta;Dd b'a}hgfn] To;nfO{ lk6] . cGTodf, pgLx?n]
;'gsf 6's|f km]nf kf/] . ;'gsf 6's|f km]nf kf/] kl5 tL ;Gof;LnfO{ eg]
æh;/L Pp6f v/sf] TofGb|fn] ltd|f] r]tgfdf k|efa kf¥of] To;/L g} ;'gn]
lsg kfg{ ;s]g< n, cfkm\gf] af/]df cfkm} ljrf/ k'¥ofpm . ;Gof;Lsf]
cfj/0fdf cjb]lv o:tf] 7uL / rf]/L slxNo} gug{' .Æha tL Jofkf/Lsf] b]xfGt
eof] pgn] cfkm\gf] sd{ cg';f/sf] kmn k|fKt u/] .
cGTodf a'4n] of] syf ;DkGg ub}{ eGg'eof] æof] leIf' klxnf h:t} clxn]
klg g/fd|f lqmofsnfkx? ul//x]sf] 5 .Æ To;kl5 a'4n] k"j{hGdsf s'/f
;'gfp+b} eGg'eof]] .æ of] leIf' klxnf hGdsf] ToxL ;Gof;L lyof] / d rfxL
ToxL a'4Ldfg Jofkf/L lyPF .
-;|f]t Mwww.accesstoinsight.orgaf6 ;fef/ _
of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff
• of] syfsf] s]Gb|Lo lzIff eg]sf] zLn kf/ldtfsf] ;+u|x ug'{ g} xf] .
7u ;Gof;Ln] ;'g rf]/L u¥of] / b08 kfof] . 7u]sf] s'/f s;} u/]/
n'sfpg / krfpg ;lsb}g . 7u ;Gof;L a'l4dfg Jofkf/Laf6
lu/km\tf/ eof] . s'6fO vfg;Dd vfof] / ;'gsf 6's|f klg lkmtf{
ug'{k¥of] . o;y{ s;}n] slxNo} klg rf]/L ug'{x'Gg . zLn kf/ldtfsf]
kfng ug'{k5{ .
• k"j{hGddf h:tf] sd{ u/]sf] 5 To;s} cfwf/df k'gh{Gd x'G5 .
a'l4dfg c;n Jofkf/L eujfg a'4 eP/ hGdg'eof] eg] Tof] 7u
;Gof;L rfxL 7u leIf' eP/ hlGdof] .

104
• ef}lts ;Dkltn] slxNo} klg ;'v lbb}g . hldGbf/nfO{ klxn] 8fFsfn]
cfkm\gf] ;'g n'6]/ nfG5 ls eGg] 8/ lyof], kl5 rf]/n] nfG5 ls eGg]
8/ lyof] . o;/L pm ;w} 8/ g} 8/df /x\of] .
• 7u JolQmn] OdfGbf/Ltfsf] axfgf agfpF5g\ . 6fpsfdf 6fFl;Psf]
v/sf] TofGb|f] lkmtf{ lbg cfpg' eg]sf] OdfGbf/Ltfsf] axfgf dfq
lyof] . h;/L Pp6f v/sf] TofGb|fn] p;sf]] r]tgfdf k|efj kf¥of]
To;/L g} ;'gn] lsg kfg{ ;s]g < lsgls p;+u ;'gsf] nf]e / df]x
lyof] .
• lrj/ nufP/ dfq lrQ ;kmf x'b}g . ;Gof;L jf leIf' eP/ ;a}
OdfGbf/ x'b}gg\ . Ps b'O{ 7u leIf' klg x'G5g\ . leIf' eP/ klg lrQ
;kmf ug'{k5{ .
• of] syfdf a'4n] rft'o{ / jLo{tf k/ldtfsf] k|bz{g ug'{ ePsf] 5 .
of] eGbf c? lzIff kf7s ju{n] kQf nufpg'x'g]5 .

105
 s'De hfts

h'ga]nf a'4 h]tagsf] ;jflydf al;/xg'ePsf] lyof] . ToxLa]nf Pshgf

c1fgL wgL a'4wdf{nDaLn] cfkm\gf] zx/sf] dxf]T;j dgfpg %)) dlxnfnfO{
lgDtf lbPsf lyP . ToxLa]nf lazfvf klg a'4nfO{ e]6\g cfpg'ePsf] lyof] .
Tof] lkpg] kj{ lyof] . æt/ xh'/ d rfxL lkplbg .Æ ljzfvfn] pQ/ lbP .
dlxnfn] pQ/ lbOg' æ7Ls} 5 . a'4sf nflu vfg]s'/fx? tof/ ug'{xf];\ . of]
kj{ xfdLn] xfF;Lv';L dgfpg' k5{ .æ
csf{] ljxfg ljzfvfn] a'4s]f nflu cfkm\gf] 3/df rf/ lsl;dsf vfgfx?
tof/ u/] . csf]{ lbg lbp;f] pgL a'4sf lzIff ;'Gg / pgnfO{ ;'ulGwt
km"nx? / w'kx? r9fpg h]tjg uPsf lyP . Tof] a]nf c? dlxnfx? Dlb/f
lkP/ n7\7 ePsf lyP . pgLx? klg ljzfvf ;++u} ;fy nfu]/ a'4nfO{ e]6\g
uO/x]sf lyP . laxf/sf] åf/df k'Ubf klg pgLx? lkO/x]sf lyP . ljzfvfn]
xndf k|a]z u/]/ eujfg a'4nfO{ em's]/ >4fk"j{s clejfbg u/] / a'4sf]
5]pmdf uP/ zfGtk"j{s a;] . pgsf ;fy nfu]/ cfPsf kfFr ;o dlxnfx?
t dflnSgLx? lyP . t/ crDd tL dlxnfx? sxL st} klg b]lvPgg\ . a'4sf]
cufl8 klg b]lvPgg\ . s]xLa]/ k5fl8 tL dWo]sf sf]xL rfFxL gfrL/x]sf lyP,
sf]xL rfFxL ufO/x]sf lyP . sf]xL rfFxL dlb/fn] dft]/ j/k/ 3'dL/x]sf lyP /
sf]xL rfFxL Pscfk;df emu8f u/L/x]sf lyP .
pgLx?nfO{ t'?Gt} k|]/0ff hufpgsf nflu a'4n] cfkm\gf cfFvLe'O{af6 sfnf]
lgnf] k|sfz lgsfNg' eof] . s]xL l5gdf g} ToxfF k"/} cFWof/f] eof] . tL
dlxnfx? d[To'b]lv 8/fP/ t'?Gt} enfbdL h:tf eP . To;kl5 a'4 cfkm"
a;]sf] 7fpFaf6 cGt/Wofg x'g'eof] / dfp06 d]?sf] 6fk'df uP/ b]vfkg{' eof]
. pxfFsf cfFvLe'O{dfly u'h'N6f] k/]sf] s]zaf6 xhf/f} rGb| / ;"o{x? pbfP
106
h:t} u/L k|sfz lgl:sP/ ;a} :yfgx? clt g} pHofnf ePsf lyP . pxfFn]
;f]Wg'eof] . æs] tkfO{x? clxn] klg cGwsf/af6 3]/LO/xg' ePsf]5 <
tkfO{x? lsg pHofnf] k|sfz vf]Hg'x'Gg <æ
a'4sf s'/f ;'g]/ pgLx?sf] 3}6fdf 3fd nfUof] . To;kl5 tL kfFr ;o
dlxnfx?sf] cfFvf v'n] / em;+u eP/ 1fg k|fKt ug{] tkm{ nfu]
To;kl5 a'4 Toxfaf6 kmls{P/ k|jrg sIfdf k|j]z ug'{eof] . ljzfvfn] k'gM
Ps k6s em's]/ a'4nfO{ clejfbg ug'{eof] / ;f]Wg'eof] . æ/S;Ln] dflg;sf]
rfnrng lauf5{ / nfhdbf{] agfpF5 . xh'/ of] /S;L vfg] k|yf slxn] b]lv
z'?eof] <Æ ljzfvfsf] oxL k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgsf nflu g} a'4n] of] k'/fgf] syf
;'gfpg' ePsf] xf] .
w]/} aif{ cufl8 agf/;df a|XdbQ gfdsf /fhf /fHo ub{y] . ToxLa]nf
sfzLdf Pp6f ;'/f gfdsf] lzsf/L klg a:by] . pgL lxdfnodf v]n x]g{
cfkm\gf] 3/af6 lgl:sP . pgL lxdfnolt/ hfFbf af6f]df Pp6f h+un lyof] /
Tof] h+undf Pp6f crDdsf] ?v lyof] h;sf xfFufx? Dflg; hlt g} cUnf
lyP . tL xfFufx? cfk;df hf]8LP/ Pp6f ufF7f] ag]sf] lyof] ToxfFaf6 c?
tLgj6f xfFufx? km}lnP/ uPsf lyP . hf]l8Psf xfFuf b]lv sf08 ;Dd Pp6f
7'nf] wf]b|f] lyof] . To;df w]/} kfgL c6\g ;SYof] . ha kfgL kYof]{ Tof] 7'nf]
wf]b|f] leq kfgLn] el/GYof] . Tof] wf]b|f] k/]sf] ?vsf] 5]pm5fpdf Pp6f cldnf]
cf?av8fsf] ?v lyof] Tof] cf?av8fsf] ?vdf dl/rsf] nx/f] klg r9]sf]
lyof] / drf{sf] nx/f] klg lyof] . cf?av8fsf kmnx? em/]/ ToxL ?vsf]
wf]b|f] leq k:by] . dl/rsf bfgf kfs] kl5 ToxL ?vsf] wf]b|f] leq k:by] .
drf{sf kftx? Klg v;]/ ToxL wf]b|f]df kb{y] . To;}sf 5]pmdf h+unL wfgsf
ufFhx? klg lyP . ;'ufn] wfgsf afnfx? r'8\Yof] / ?vsf] xfFufdf a;]/
vfGYof] . wfgsf afnfaf6 s]xL wfgsf u]8fx? Klg ToxL wf]b|f] k/]sf] ?vdf
v:by] . 3fdsf] tfksf sf/0f tL kfgLdf /x]sf wfgsf u]8fx?, cf?av8fsf
bfgfx? /ut h:t} /ftf eO{ s'x'Gy] / hfF8 aGYof] .

107
udL{ dlxgfdf ltvf{Psf r/fx?sf ayfg Tof] kfgL vfg p8]/ hfGy] .
crDdsf] s'/f t s] lyof] eg] Tof] kfgL lkpg] lalQs} r/fx? dflQGy] .
afËf]l6Ëf] p8]/ dfly hfg rfxGy] t/ dflQP/ ?vsf] km]bdf g} emb{y] .
Ps}l5g ;'t] kl5 k'gM tfhf eP/ p8]/ 6f9f6f9f ;Dd /dfP/ hfGy] . To:t}
9]8' afFb/ / c? ?v r9\g] h+unL kz'x? klg ToxfFsf] kfgL lkpgf;fy
dflQGy] / Psl5g ;'t]kl5 k'gM tfhf eP/ p7\y] / /dfP/ hfGy] .
lzsf/Ln] tL 36gfx? b]v]/ 5Ss k¥of] . æTof] wf]b|f] k/]sf] vf]s|f] ?vdf To:tf]
s] lrh 5 < Tof] kSs} klg laif rfxL xfO{g . obL laif ePsf] eP tL 9]8'
afFb/ / r/fx? d/L ;Sy] .Æ p;n] klg 8/fpb} Tof] wf]b|fdf /x]sf] yf]/} kfgL
lkof] / pm klg r/f / 9]8' afFb/ h:t} dflQof] . Tof] kfgL;+u} p;nfO{ df;'
vfg] OR5f knfof] . p;n] cfuf] afNof] . cr]t ePsf sflnh / n'Or]nfO{
e'Tnfof] / Tof] cfufdfly /fv]/ ;]s'jf agfof] . p;n] Ps xftn] Tof] kfgL
lkof] / csf]{ xftn] xtf/ xtf/ u/]/ d'vdf df;' xfNof] .
ha pm Tof] kfgL lkpb} / df;' vfFb} lyof], p;n] a?0f gfdsf] ;Gof;LnfO{
;lDemof] . tL a?0f ;Gof;L ToxfFaf6 glhs} a:by] . lzsf/Ln] larf/ u¥of]
ls d]/f] cljisf/sf] s]xL lx:;f tL a?0f ClifnfO{ klg lbpmF . tL lzsf/Ln]
afF;sf] 9'ª\u|Ldf hfF8 e/] . clnslt ;]s'jf kftdf a]/] . clg pgL kftn]
5fgf 5fPsf] ;Gof;Lsf] cf>dlt/ nfu] . pgL a?0f ;Gof;LsxfF k'u]/ Tof]
hfF8 / ;]s'jf pkxf/ lbP . tL b'a} hgfn] hfF8 / ;]s'jf dhfn] vfP . tL
;Gof;L / a?0f Clifn] Tof] dlb/fnfO{ afF;sf 7'N7'nf 9'ª\u|fdf vGofP .
9'ª\u|fx?nfO{ ;Gt'lnt tj/n] vk{gdf /fv] clg sfFwdf /fv]/ sfzL;Dd NofP
. pgLx?n] l;dfgfdf k'Ugf;fy dlb/f agfpg] dflg;x? cfPsf] va/ ToxfFsf
/fhfsxfF k7fP . pgLx?nfO{ /fhfaf6 af]nfj6 eof] . pgLx?n] Tof] dlb/fsf
9'ª\u|fx? /fhfnfO{ k|bfg u/] . /fhfn] b'O{ tLg a6'sf hfF8 vfPkl5 dflQP .
tL /fhfnfO{ Tof] hfF8 cf}lw dL7f] nfUof] / s]xL lbgdf g} Ps yf]kf klg afFsL
g/fvL Tof] ;a} dlb/f vfO{ l;WofP . . pgnfO{ dlb/f lgs} dg k¥of] .
To;kl5 dlb/f agfpg] dflg;sf] vf]hL u/] . To:tf] @ hgf dflg; e]6]/
/fhfsxfF xflh/ u/fOof] .
108
æltdL dlb/f agfpg] dflg; xf} <Æ /fhfn] ;f]w] .
æxh'/Æ tL b'O{n] pQ/ lbP .
ædlb/f sxfF kfOG5Æ /fhfn] ;f]Wg'eof] .
ælxdfnodfÆ tL b'O{n] pQ/ lbP .
æhfcf] km]/L efF8f]df e/]/ Nofcf]Æ /fhfn] cfb]z lbP .
;'/f / a?0f k'gM h+undf uP . t/ ljrf/ u/] 6f9fsf] h+unaf6 Tof] dlb/f
Nofpg s7Lg 5 . To;}n] pgLx?n] Tof] wf]b|f] ?vleq s] s] lrhx? lyP
To;sf] ;'rL tof/ kf/] / To; cg';f/ ;a} ;/;fdfg hDdf u/] . To;kl5
pgLx? cfkm}n] zx/df dlb/f pTkfbg z'? u/] . zx/sf ;a} gful/sx?n]
dlb/f lkpg z'? u/] . dlb/f lkpg yfn]kl5 gful/sx?n] cf cfkm\gf] sfd
lal;{P / sfd gu/] kl5 pgLx? u/Lj eP . s]xL lbg kl5 Tof] zx/
e"tx?sf] zx/ h:t} eof] .
sfzLdf dlb/f pTkfbg ePkl5 tL b'O{ dlb/f agfpg] dflg;n] cfkm\gf]
Jofkf/nfO{ agf/;df lnP/ uP . ToxfFsf /fhfnfO{ va/ k7fP . /fhfn] klg
tL b'O{nfO{ af]nfpg'eof] / pgLx?nfO{ ;xfotf k|bfg ug{'eof] . ToxfFsf
dflg;df klg dlb/f lkpg] cfbt a:of] . dflg; dlb/f lkP/ Jofkf/ ug{ g}
lal;{P . sfzLsf] h:t} agf/;sf] klg Jofkf/ rf}k6 eof] . To;kl5 ;'/f /
a?0f ;s]tf uP . To; zx/df klg dlb/f vfg] afgL nufP/ pgLx?
;jfyLlt/ nfu] .
Tof] a]]nfdf ;jfyLdf ;j{ldq gfd u/]sf /fhf lyP . tL b'a}nfO{ /fhfn]
:jfut u/]/ eg] ætkfO{x?nfO{ s] ;xfotf rflxof] <Æ /fhfn] ltgnfO{ 7"nf]
kl/df0fdf dlb/f pTkfbg ug{ rflxg] ;/;dfg / cGg / dlb/f /fVg] %))
7'nf 7'nf efF8fsf] e]nf ug{ cg'/f]w u/] . To;kl5 tL efF8fdf dlb/f agfpg
cGg, kmnkm"n / drf{ /fv] / d';fn] Tof] dlb/f gvfcf];\ eg]/ x/]s efF8fdf
Ps Psj6f lj/fnf] afFw]/ /fv] .

109
ha Tof] cGg / kmnkm"n s'lxP/ cldnf] b'u{Gw cfpg yfNof] . sRrf dlb/f
pDn]/ cfof] / kf]lvof] . la/fnfx?n] Tof] kf]lvPsf] dlb/f rf6]/ vfP . tL
la/fnf Ps}l5gdf dfltP/ bf}l8P/ Ps 5]pmdf uP/ ;'t] . d';fx? cfP/
la/fnfsf sfg, gfs, / k'R5/x? ;'F3] . dflg;x?n] ;f]r] ls tL la/fnf dlb/f
vfP/ d/] . Tof] b]v]/ /fhfsf dflg;x? :tAw eP . Tof] ;a} ljj/0f pgLx?n]
/fhfdf hfx]/ u/] .
ækSs} klg oL dflg;n] laif agfPsf] x'g'k5{ .Æ /fhfn] lgZro u/] . /fhfn]
pgLx?sf] 6fpsf] sf6\g] cfb]z lbP . ha ;'/f / a?0fnfO{ dfl/of] pgLx?sf]
clGtd jfSo lyof], æxh'/ of] ljif xfO{g of] dlb/f xf] of] Hofb} dL7f] /
:jflbnf] 5 .Æ
tL Jofkf/LnfO{ d[To'b08 lbPkl5 /fhfn] tL dlb/f /flvPsf efF8fx? km'6fpg]
cfb]z lbP . ToxLa]nf dlb/fsf] c;/ sd x'b} uof] / lj:tf/} la/fnfx? v'zL
eO{ /dfOnf] u/]/ v]Ng yfn] . rf}lsbf/n] Tof] ;a} s'/f /fhfnfO{ ;'gfP . æolb
of] ljif ePsf] eP tL la/fnfx? dg{] lyP . of] kSs} klg Hofb} dL7f] /
:jflbnf] vfg]s'/f x'g'k5{ . nf} xfdL klg vfcf}+ .æ
/fhfn] zx/nfO{ ;lhzhfp ug{ nufP / /fhk6flËgLdf Pp6f d08k tof/
ug{ nufP . Tof] l;+xf;gsf] dfly 7"nf] ;]tf] 5ftf /fVg nufP / Tof]
5ftfd'lg cfkm\gf] s';L{ /fVg nufP . ToxfF dGqLu0f klg e]nf ePsf lyP .
/fhf cfkm\gf dGqLaf6 3]l/P/ a;]sf lyP . dlb/fsf 3}nfx? / lkpgsf nflu
lunf;x? /flvPsf lyP .
ToxL a]nf b]jtfsf /fhf zs|n] Tof] ;a} bZo x]/]/ al;/x]sf lyP . æs;n]
st{Jok"j{s cfcfkm\gf af cfdfsf] ;]jf ul/x]sf 5g\ < ss;n] cfkm\gf dgn],
argn] / sd{n] cfkm\gf sfo{ ul//x]sf 5g\ <Æ ha b]jtfsf /fhfn] d08kdf
lkpgsf nflu /flvPsf] dlb/f b]v] . pgn] ;f]r] olb ;j{ldq /fhfn] of] lkP
eg] ;j{gf; x'G5 . pgn] lgZro u/] ls ;j{ldq /fhfn] of] lkpg' x'b}g.
of] ;a b]v]/ zs|n] aXdfsf] ?k wf/0f ug'{eof] / Pp6f xftdf dlb/fn]
el/Psf] 3}nf lnP/ /fhfsf] cufl8 b]vfkg'{ eof] . ædf};'km of] dlb/f ePsf]
efF8f] lsgL alS;of];\ Û xh'/ of] dlb/f ePsf] efF8f] lsgL alS;of];\ ÛÆ ha
110
;j{ldqn] zs|nfO{ b]v] pgn] ;f]w], æa|fXd0f, xh'/ sf] x'g'x'G5 < sxfFaf6
kfNg'ePsf] xf] / of] s] sf] ef8f] xf] <Æ
zs|n] eGg'eof] æ;'Gg'xf]; xh'/æ. æof] efF8fdf gf}gL 3Lpm 5}g . v'bf] klg 5}g,
dx klg 5}g, xh'/ of] ef8f] leq t cglulGt v/fa rfn rngx? 5g\ .
h;n] of] lkpF5, Tof] AolQm d"v{ x'G5 . p;n] cfkm" dflysf] lgoGq0f u'dfpF5
. of] lkP kl5 Tof] AolQm kmf]x/ gfnL leq v:5 . o;sf] k|efj o:tf] 5 ls
dflg;n] ;2]] ePsf] a]nf slxNo} gvfPsf] s'/f klg of] lkPkl5 vfg yfN5 .
xh'/ nf} ca lsGg'xf];\, of] ;:tf] bfddf lalqmdf 5 . of] Hofb} v/fa
dlb/fsf] efF8f] xf] .Æ
of] efF8f leqsf] k]o kbfy{n] ;[hgzLn / gjLg ljrf/nfO{ /f]Sb5 . of] /fIf;L
:jefjsf] x'G5 / pm zq'x?sf] nflu xfF;f]sf] kfq aGb5 . o;n] wd{;efdf
d"v{tfk"j{s ufpg] / grfpg] ub{5 . s[kof of] rdTsf/L dlb/f lsGg'xf];\,
o;n] of}g ;DalGw 5f8f s'/f ug{ nufpF5 .
of] ef8fsf] dlb/f lkPdf s'g} laifoa:t'df Wofg s]lGb|t x'g lbb}g .;a} r]tgf
u'dfpF5 . Psbd} nhfn' AolQm klg gfË} nfh gdfgL zx/sf] jl/k/L 3'Dg
yfN5 . yfs]kl5 p hxL txL ;'Tg ;S5 . sxfF vt/f 5 < sxFf kmf]x/ 5 <
sxfF ;kmf 5 < p;nfO{ s'g} k|afx x'b}g . of] g} dlb/fsf] rl/q xf] . æxh'/
of] lslgalS;of];\ . of] ;:tf] bfddf lalqmdf 5 . of] Hofb} v/fa dlb/fsf]
efF8f] xf] .Æ
h;n] of] lkpF5, p;n] lkpg] lalQs} cfkm\gf] z/L/dfly lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sb}g .
dft]/ leNn' e} xlNnP/ pleg klg ;Sb}g . y/y/ sfD5 . csf{n] rnfPsf]
s7k'tnL em} plk|mG5 / xlNnG5 . tn dfly ul//xG5 . xh'/ Û of] efF8f]
lslgalS;of];\ . of] ef8f] k'/} dlb/fn] el/Psf] 5 .
h;n] of] efF8f]af6 dlb/f lkpF5, p;n] s'g} vt/f df]Ng' kb{}g. lsgls p
cr]tdf x'G5 . p;n] cfkm\gf] la5\of}gfdf dg'{ kb{]g . p;n] :ofnsf] ayfgdf
uP/ 7Ss/ vfG5 / af6f]sf] gfnLdf hd]sf] kfgLdf 8'a]/ d5{ . of] lkpg'
eof] eg] Ps ;'sf klg k};f ;fydf x'Fb}g . of] eGbf b'ef{Uo c? s]xL x'b}g .
hh;n]] of] dlb/f lkpF5g\ Tof] dflg; ;8sd} ;'T5g\ . Tof] JolQm 5fb]/
111
uGwk'/L x'G5 / p;nfO{ s's'/n] rf6L/x]sf] x'G5 . of] lkP kl5 dlxnf o;/L
dfltG5] ls d]/L cfdf eg]/ ?vnfO{ c+sdfn u5{] . cfkm\gf] >Ldfg\nfO{ ufnL
u5{] . p o:t/L cGwL x'G5] ls cfkm\gf] Pp6} aRrfnfO{ klg emfk6 nufpF5] /
s'6lk6 u5{] . xh'/ of] efF8f]leq o:tf] a:t' 5 . s'g} dflg;n] of] efF8f]af6
;f/]/ dlb/fkfg u/] kl5 of] ;+;f/ g} p;sf] x'G5 . To;kl5 p;n] s;}nfO{
6]b}{g / cfb/ ub{}g . of] efF8f] lsGg'xf];\ . of] efF8f]e/L tLg kfg] /S;L 5 .
of] dlb/fdf nt a;]kl5 pRrsf]6Lsf] kl/jf/sf] klg wg;DklQ u'dfpF5 .
xh'/ of] efF8f] lsGg'xf];\ . of] ;:tf] d"Nodf las|Ldf 5 . of] efF8f]leq o:tf]
t/n kbfy{ 5 h'g lkPkl5 JolQmn] lha|f] / v'6\6f dfly lgoGq0f u'dfpF5 .
k'/fgf b]jtfx? ;d]t z+sf:kb b]lvP / dlb/fkfg u/]/ g} :ju{ u'dfpg k'u] .
of] efF8f lsGg'xf];\ . of] efF8f] lsGg'xf];\ / of] dlb/fsf] :jfb lng'xf];\ .
of] dfbs kbfy{ lkP kl5 dflg;n] cfgGbk"j{s em'6f s'/fx? ub{5 . dgfxL
u/]sf] lqmofsnfkx? /dfOnf] dfgL u5{ . unt ;fx;n] vt/flt/ n}hfG5 .
;fyLx? zq' aGg ;S5g\ . h;n] of] lkpF5 p;n] sfddf af:tf ub{]g . p;n]
cfkm"nfO{ glg:sg] u/L gs{df ws]nL /x]sf] x'G5 . xh'/, s[kof dlb/f
lkpg'xf];\ . d]/f] dlb/fsf] efF8f] lsGg'xf];\ .
h;n] of] dlb/f lkpF5, p;sf] dgdf kfkL larf/ cfpF5 . kfkL arg cfpF5
/ kfkL sd{ ug{ k'Ub5 . p;n] /fd|f]nfO{ klg g/fd|f] b]V5 / g/fd|f] s'/fnfO{
klg /fd|f] b]Vb5 . of] lkPkl5 Hofb} enfbdL dflg;n] klg ceb| Jojxf/ ug{
k'Ub5 . Hofb} a'l4dfg JolQm klg d"v{tfk"j{s asas ub{5 . xh'/ of] lk|o
t/n kbfy{ lkpg'xf];\ / o;df nt a;fpg'xf];\ . tkfO{df o;n] g/fd|f
Jojxf/ h:tf] ls em'6f] af]Ng], a:t'sf] b'?kof]u ug{] kmf]x/L s'/f af]Ng] /
lgb{oL agfpF5 .
o;nfO{ lgoldt lkpg' eof] eg] o;n] dflg;nfO{ sfnfGt/df sfGnfdf
l;+un] xfGg] uf]? h:tf] agfpF5 . hf] cfkm} l;+u efFr]/ af/Lsf kf6fdf
n8L/x]sf] x'G5 . dlb/fsf] laiffn' zlQm;+u s;}n] klg d'sflanf ug{ ;Sb}g .
s[kof d]/f] dlb/fsf] efF8f] lsGg'xf];\ .

112
5f]6s/Ldf eGbf of] lkpg' eof] eg] ;a} ljj]s u'Dg]5 . o;n] nfhdbf{]
agfpF5 . zLndf lvof k5{ . tkfO{sf] OHht / ;'af;df lvof k5{ . o;n]
dgnfO{ ckljq agfpF5 . dgdf afbn nfU5 . olb xh'/n] of] dft nfUg]
t/n kbfy{ lkpg'eof] eg] xh'/nfO{ klg o:t} agfpF5 . s[kof d]/f] dlb/fsf]
efF8f] lsGg'xf];\ .
ha /fhfn] of] s'/f ;'g] pgn] dlb/fkfgn] Nofpg] b'vx? /fd|/L a'em] . w]/}
/dfOnf] ug'{ klg vt/fk"0f{ sfd xf] . pgn] zs| k|lt s[t1tf JoQm u/] .
æa|XdfÆ pgn] PSsf;L lrRofP / zs|lt/ kms]{/ eg] . æxh'/n] dnfO{ d]/f
af cfdf eGbf klg /fd|/L x]/rfx ug{'eof] . xh'/sf tL pTs[i6 zAbx?k|lt
s[t1 5' . xh'/ d]/f] 7"nf] lzIfs x'g'x'G5 . xh'/nfO{ d /f]h]/ kfFr ufpFx?
lbG5' . o:t} ;';f/] dlxnfx?, Ps;o ufO{x?, bzj6f /yx?, / pGgt hftsf
3f]8fx? k|bfg ub{5' .
t]tL; sf]6L b]jtfsf k|d'v zs|n] pQ/ lbg'eof] . pxfFn] cfkm\gf] kl/ro
lbg'eof] / eGg'eof] . ædnfO{ s'g} s'/f rflxb}g . tkfO{ cfkm\gf ufpF,
gf]s/x?, ufO{a:t' cfkm} /fVg'xf];\ . :jflbnf / dL7f vfg]s'/fx? cfkm}
vfg'xf];\ / cfglGbt x'g'xf];\ . h'g d}n] xh'/nfO{ l;sfPsf] 5', To;} cg';f/
sfo{x? ug'{ eof] eg] tkfO{ l;sfot d'Qm x'g'x'g]5 / csf{] hGd k'gM :ju{df
x'g]5 .
o;f] eg]/ zs| :ju{df kmls{g'eof] . /fhf ;j{ldqn] dlb/faf6 6f8f /xg]
k|lt1f ug'{eof] . tL dlb/fsf efF8fx? km'6fpg] cfb]z lbg'eof] . To;lbgb]lv
pgn] wd{b]zgf lbg yfNg'eof] . bfg lbg yfNg'eof] . cfkm\gf] hLjg /fd|/L
ljtfpg'eof] / pgsf] csf{] hGd :ju{d} eof] .
a'4n] of] syfnfO{ o;/L cGTo ug'{eof] ls æTof] a]nfdf cfgGb /fhf lyP / d
rfFxL zs| lyPF .Æ
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113
 of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff
• zLn kf/ldtf g} of] syfsf] d'Vo lzIff xf] . dlb/f lkof] eg] zLndf
lvof k5{ . OHht / ;'af;df lvof k5{ . dg ckljq x'G5 .
dlb/fkfg u/]kl5 em'6f] s'/f af]N5 . To;}n] dlb/fkfg ug'{ x'b}g.
o;n] ;j{gf; u/fpF5 . dlb/fkfgn] zLn, 1fg, Wofg, bfg, ;a} gi6
x'G5 . /fhfn] dfq geP/ k|hfn] klg zLnx? Kfng ug'{k5{ .
• bf]>f] lzIff eg]sf] k|1f kf/ldtf xf] . /fhfnfO{ zs|n] lzIff /
wd{b]zgf lbPkl5 pgn] klg cfkm\gf k|hfx?nfO{ wd{b]zgf lbg'eof],
k|1f k|fKtLsf] nflu Wofg ug{ / bfg lbg yfNg'eof] .
• b[9 k|lt1f kf/ldtf of] syfsf] t]>f] lzIff xf] . /fhf ;j{ldqn]
dlb/fsf] g/fd|f c;/ a'em]kl5 dlb/fkfg gug{] b[9 k|lt1f ug'{eof] .
• k"j{hGddf h:tf] sd{ u/]sf] 5 To;s} cfwf/df k'gh{Gd x'G5 . /fhf
;j{ldqn] c;n sd{ ug'{eof] dlb/fkfg ug'{ePg . zs|n] l;sfP
cg';f/ pxfFn] c;n sd{ ug'{eof] . To;}n] pxfFsf] csf]{ hGd :ju{df
x'guof] . csf{]tkm{ ;'/f / a?0fn] s'sd{ u/]sfn] pgLx?n] d[To'b08
kfP / gs{df k'gh{Gd eof] .
c? lzIff kf7sju{n] kQf nufpg'x'g]5 .

114
 AfFfb/ / uf]xL

gbLsf] lsgf/sf] Pp6f 7"nf] ?vdf Pp6f PSn] AfFfb/ a:tYof] . tn gbLdf
rfFxL w]/} uf]xLx? a:ty] . Pp6f uf]xLn] Tof] afFb/sf lqmofsnfkx? nfdf]
;do b]lv x]/L/x]sf] lyof] . Tof] uf]xLn] cfkm\gf] 5f]/fnfO{ eGof] æd]/f] nflu
Pp6f afFb/ NofO b]pg . d afFb/sf] d'6' vfg rfxG5' .Æ ;fgf] uf]xLn] eGof]
æcfdf d s;/L afFb/ ;dfpg ;S5' / < d hldgdf hfg ;lSbg / afFb/
kfgLdf cfpb}g .Æ cfdfn] eGg'eof] æltd|f] al'4nfO{ k|of]u u/, ltdLn] h'lQm
lgsfNg ;S5f} .Æ To;kl5 Tof] ;fgf] uf]xLn] w]/} a]/;Dd ;f]r]sf] ;f]r]s} u¥of]
. p;n] dgdg} eGof], d Tof] afFb/nfO{ s'g} h'lQmn] oxfF Nofpg ;S5' . afFb/
a;]sf] ?v gbLsf] Pp6f lsgf/df lyof] eg] csf{] 6fk'df n6/Dd kfs]sf
kmnx? lyP . afFb/ gbL tg{ ;Sb}gYof] . d Tof] gbL t/]/ afFb/ ePsf] 7"nf]
?vdf k'Ug ;S5' . To;kl5 Tof] ;fgf] uf]xL Tof] gbL t/]/ kf/Lk6\6L 6fk'df
k'Ug] OR5f u¥of]] hxfF n6/Dd kfs]sf kmnx? lyP . To;kl5 Tof] uf]xL afFb/
ePsf] ?vsf] tn gbLdf cfof] . ToxfF k'u]/ Tof] ufxLn] afFb/nfO{ eGof] æP
afFb/ bfO{, Tof] kf/Lsf] 6fk'df ltdL / d ;+u} hfpF g < ToxfF slt dL7f
kfs]sf kmnx? 5g\ .æ afFb/n] eGof] æd olt 7"nf] gbL tg{ ;lSbg . dnfO{
kf}l8g cfpb}g . æltdLnfO{ gcfP/ s] ef] t dnfO{ cfpF5 lg < d ltdLnfO{
d]/f] a'O r9fP/ gbL kf/ u/fO{ lbpFnf lgÆ uf]xLn] eGof] . afFb/ nf]eL lyof] .
To;}n] p;n] tL kfs]sf kmn vfg] OR5f u¥of] . pm uf]xLsf] lk7\o"}df a'O{
r9\of] . nf} hfpmF g tæ uf]xLn] eGof] . æltdLn] dnfO{ /fd|/L af]s x} . cxf Û
slt cfgGb ÛÆ afFb/n] eGof] . æltdLnfO{ s:tf] nfUof] lg <æ uf]xLn] n}hfb}
ubf{ eGof] . ha uf]xLn] kfgLd'lg n}hfg yfNof] ta p;n] lrRofP/ eGof]
stf nu]sf] < p;nfO{ yfxf lyPg kfgL leq uP/ s] ug{] . ha uf]xL cln
dfly cfof] . afFb/n] ;f]Wof] æuf]xL, dnfO{ lsg kfgLd'lg nu]sf] <æ æd
ltdLnfO{ kfgLd'lg nu]/ df5{' .Æ uf]xLn] eGof] . d]/L cfdf afFb/sf] d'6' sn]hf]
vfg rfxfg'x'G5 . To;}n] d ltdLnfO{ d]/L cfdf ePsf] :Yffgdf n}hfG5' .
æltd|L cfdfn] d]/f] d'6' sn]hf] rfx]sf] eGg] s'/f klxn] lsg geg]sf]<Æ afFb/n]
eGof] . ædnfO{ Tof] yfxf ePsf] eP d]/f] d'6' sn]hf] ;+u} lnP/ cfpy]F lg .
115
Tof] d}n] ?vd} 5f8]/ cfPsf] 5' . afb/sf] s'/f ;'g]/ d"v{ uf]xLn] eGof] . æxf] /
< ltdLn] ltd|f] d'6' Tof] ?vdf /fv]/ cfPsf 5f} <æ afFb/n]] eGof] . æltdL
d]/f] d'6' lng rxfG5f} eg] Tof] lngnfO{ ?vd} hfg'k5{ . t/ ltdL of] 6fk'sf]
glhs 5f}, hxfF dL7f dL7f kfs]sf kmnkm"nx? kfOG5g\ . s[kof dnfO{ klxnf
Tof] 6fk'df n}hfpg ;fyL .æ afFb/n] uf]xLnfO{ eGof] .
gfO{, uf]xLn] afb/sf] cg'/f]wnfO{ OGsf/ ub}{ eGof] . æd ltdLnfO{ l;w} Tof]
?vdf lnP/ hfG5' hxfF ltdLn] ltd|f] d'6' /fv]sf 5f} . To;kl5 Tof] kfs]sf
kmnkm"n ePsf] 6fk'df n}hfpFnf . klxnf ?vaf6 d'6' lnP/ dnfO{ b]pm,
To;kl5 dfq d ltdLnfO{ Tof] kmnkm"n ePsf] 6fk'df n}hfpFnf .æ afFb/n]
eGof] æ7Ls} 5æ. uf]xLn] afFb/nfO{ gbLsf] lsgf/df k'¥ofpg nfu]sf] s] lyof]
afFb/ uf]xLsf] lk7\o"af6 pk|m]/ gbLsf] lsgf/df cfof] / t'?Gt} ?vdf r9\of] .
;a}eGbf dflysf] xfFufdf a;]/ afFb/n] tn gbLdf ePsf] uf]xLnfO{ eGof] æd]/f]
d'6' dfly 5, ltdL rfxfG5f} eg] lng dfly cfpm .Æ
efu b'O{
Tof] afFb/ 8/n] efu]/ csf{] ?vdf uP/ a:g yfNof] . zflGtk"j{s afFRgsf
nflu Tof] afFb/ uf]xL ePsf] 7fpFaf6 6f9f /xg rfxGYof] . Tof] gbLsf] aLrdf
kmnkm"n au}rf ePsf] Pp6f csf{] 6fk' lyof] . gbL / 6fk'sf] jLrdf Pp6f
7"nf] 9'Fuf gbLaf6 lgs} dfly p7]sf] lyof] . Tof] afFb/ Tof] 9F'Ëf ePsf] 7fpFdf
kmfn xfg]/ cfpFYof] / kmnkm"n ePsf] 6fk'df hfGYof] . Pslbg Tof] afFb/
9'Ëfdf kmfn xfg]/ kmnkm"n ePsf] 6fk'df hfFb} u/]sf] b[Zo uf]xLn] b]Vof] .
Uff]xLn] ljrf/ u¥of] ls lbge/L Tof] afFb/ 6fk'df /xG5 j]n'sf oxL af6f]af6
kms{G5 ToxLa]nf d To;nfO{ oxL ;dfT5' . Tof] ljrf/ u/]/ lbge/L Tof]
uf]xL afFb/ slxn] kms{G5 eg]/ gbLdf kf}l8P/ afFb/sf] af6f] x]/L/xGYof] eg]
/ftL ePkl5 Tof] uf]xL gbLaf6 lgl:sP/ Tof] 7"nf] 9F'Ëfdf ;'t]/ afFb/sf] af6f]
x]/L/xGYof] . Pslbg hj /ft kg{ yfNof] afFb/ 6fk'af6 cfkm\gf] af;:yfg
kms{g] s|ddf gbLsf] lsgf/df cfof] / 6Ss /f]lsof] .
AffFb/n] 9'Fuflt/ Psl5g x]/]/ ;f]Rof] ls of] 9'Fuf cl3kl5eGbf cfh lsg cUnf]
ePsf] 5 < of] 9'Fuf o:tf] cUnf] slxNo} lyPg . oxfF s] cfP/ a;]sf] 5 <
kSs} klg of] 9F'Ëfdf uf]xL ;'lt/x]sf] x'g'k5{ . clg pm gbLsf] lsgf/lt/ uP/
eGg yfNof] æP 9'ËfÆ . æP 9'ËfÆ eg]/ tLg rf]6L s/fof] . p;n] eGof] æ9'Ëf
;fyL cfh /ftL ltdL lsg af]Nb}gf} <æ

116
cf]xf] Û of] 9F'Ëfn] t afFb/;+u s'/f ubf]{ /x]5 eg]/ d"v{ uf]xLn] ;f]Rof] .
o;k6s rfxL d}n] pQ/ lbg'k5{ . d"v{ uf]xLn] ljrf/ u¥of] . To;n] p;n]
pQ/ lbof] Æxh'/ afFb/ s] eof] <æ afFb/n] xfF;]/ eGof] Æ P ltdL kf] /x]5f} .Æ
æ xh'/ d Æ uf]xLn] eGof] . d ltdLnfO{ klv{/x]sf ]5' . d ltdLnfO{ vfG5' .Æ
æcf]xf] Û of] k6s rfFxL ltdLn] dnfO{ kSsf ;dfTof} .æ afFb/n] eGof] . æ3/
hfg] csf]{ s'g} af6f] 5}g . To;}n] ltdL cfkm\gf] d'v afpm t d xfd kmfn]/
ltd|f] d'vdf k:5' .æ afFb/nfO{ yfxf lyof] ha uf]xLn] d'v afFp5 p;sf cfFvf
aGb x'G5g\ . hj uf]xL] Roft]/ d'v afFp5 ToxLj]nf afFb/ uf]xLsf] 6fpsf]df
pk|m]/ ToxfFaf6 l;w} gbLsf] kNnf] lsgf/df xfdkmfN5 / l56f]l56f] ?v r95
. ha afFb/n] dnfO{ em'Sofof] eg]/ uf]xLn] a'em\5 Tof] j]nf afFb/ t ?vdfly
k'uL;s]sf] x'G5 . uf]xLn] eG5 æafFb/ ltdL t ;fx|} 56\6' /x]5f} . ltdLnfO{ 8/
nfUb}g ca d ltdLnfO{ Psn} 5f8\5' . wGoafb Û uf]xL, d rfFxL ltdLnfO{
klxn] h:t} x]/L/xG5' . afFb/n] eGof] .
-;|f]t Mwww.accesstoinsight.org af6 ;fef/ _
of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff
• jLo{tf / rft'o{M afFb/ rnfv dfq lyPg, p;+u jLo{ kf/ldtf klg
lyof], To;}n] p;n] uf]xLsf] 6fpsfdf] 6]sL pk|mLP/ gbL kf/L k'u]/
cfkm\gf] Hofg hf]ufof] . of] syfsf] d'Vo lzIff eg]sf] jLo{tf /
rft'o{ g} xf] .
• nf]e / å]if ug'{ x'b}gM of] syfsf] csf{] lzIff eg]sf] nf]e / å]if ug'{
x'b}g eGg] g} xf . uf]xLdf csf{sf] d'6' sn]hf] vfg] nf]e lyof] clg
c?nfO{ xfgL k'¥ofpg] OR5f lyof] . Tof] nf]e / å]ifn] c?nfO{ xfgL
k'¥ofpg ;s]g . cfkm} 6flS;P/ a:g' k¥of] . afFb/df klg kf/L
au}rfsf dL7f kmn vfg] -nf]e_ /fu lyof] To;}n] p;n] klg w]/}
hf]lvd df]Ng' k¥of] . h:tf] sd{ u¥of] To:t} kmn k|fKt x'G5 .
• /fu / å]ifn] xfgL k'¥ofpF5M uf]xLsL cfdfnfO{ afFb/sf] d'6' sn]hf]
vfg] /fu lyof] . To;}af6 afFb/ dfg{] of]hgf aGof] . To;}n] /fu
;+u;+u} å]if klg cfpF5 . t;y{ /fu lng'x'Gg .
c? lzIff kf7s ju{n] kQf nufpg'x'g]5 .
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s5'jfn] s;/L cfkm\gf] Hofg hf]ufof] <

Ps hgf /fhfn] gj clw/fhs'df/x?sf nflu cfkm\gf] b/jf/sf] sDkfp08leq

g} tnfpm agfPsf lyP . tL clw/fhs'df/x? ToxfF kf}8L v]Ny], gf}sf rnfpy]
/ ¥ofkm\l6ª ub{y] . Pslbg /fhfn] tnfpmdf df5f xfNgsf nflu Pp6f
dflg;nfO{ cx|fP .
tL df5f x]g{sf nflu clw/fhs'df/x? bu'/]/ cfpFy] . ca t df5f ;+u;+u}
Pp6f s5'jf klg /flvPsf] lyof] . df5f b]v]/ clw/fhs'df/x? v'\zL x'Gy] t/
pgLx?n] o; cl3 s5'jf rfxL b]v]sf lyPgg\ . To;}n] pgLx? Tof] s5'jf
b]v]/ 8/fpy] . pgLx?nfO{ Tof] s5'jf /fIf; h:tf] nfUbYof] . pgLx? ?b}
s/fpb} cfkm\gf a'afsxfF uP/ eGy] æTof] tnfpsf] lsgf/df Pp6f /fIf; 5 .Æ
/fhfn] pgsf dflg;x? af]nfP/ Tof] /fIf;nfO{ ;dft]/ /fhb/af/df Nofpg]
cfb]z lbP . hj dflg;x?n] Tof] s5'jfnfO{ ;dft]/ NofP clw/fhs'df/x?
?b} s/fpb} efUg yfn] . /fhf cfkm\gf 5f]/fx?nfO{ w]/} dfof ub{y] . t;y{
h;n] Tof] s5'jf ;dft]/ NofPsf] lyof] To;}nfO{ g} s5'jf dfg{] cfb]z lbP .
pgLx?n] /fhfnfO{ eg] æo;nfO{ s;/L dfg'{ <æ Pp6fn] eGof] æo;nfO{
kL7f]df n6k6\ofP/ dfg'{ k5{ .æ o;} u/]/ Ps kl5 csf{]n] eGb} uP . o;}
s|ddf Pshgf kfgL b]lv 8/fpg] a'9f dflg;n] eg] æo;nfO{ tnfpmdf
km\ofls b]cf] . hxf Tof] r§fgdfly aUb} gbL ;Dd k'U5 . To;kl5 t of] w]/}
b'v kfP/ d/LxfN5 .æ
Tof] a"9fsf] s'/f ;'g]/ s5'jfn] 6fpsf] xNnfpF5 . æxh'/ d}n] o:tf] s] u/]sf]5'
/ dnfO{ o:tf] 8/nfUbf] ;hfo lbg'x'G5 < cufl8sf of]hgf g} a? 7Ls 5g\ .
xh'/ dnfO{ Tof] tnfpmd} km\oflslbg'x'G5 t Û o:tf] s|'/tfk"0f{ zAb gaf]Ng'xf];
.æ s5'jfn] eg]sf] ;a} s'/fx? ;'lg;s]kl5 /fhfn] pgsf dflg;nfO{ Tof]
s5'jfnfO{ tnfpmdf km\oflsb]cf] eg]/ cfb]z lbP .
s5'jfn] xf:b} ;f]Rof] ca t of] tnfpm x'b} cfkm" Tof] gbLdf k'Ug ;S5' hxfF
d]/f] k'/fgf] 3/ 5 . 7Ls 5 . tL AolQmnfO{ yfxf 5}g ls d kfgLdf slt
;'/lIft 5' .
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-;|f]tM www.accesstoinsight.org af6 ;fef/ _
of] syfaf6 k|fKt lzIff
• d"v{ / rnfvM d"v{ /fhfn] s5'jfnfO{ tnfpmdf km\oflsb]cf] eg]/
cfb]z lbP . s5'jfnfO{ kfgLdf kmfNbf b08 x'G5 ls k'/:sf/ eGg]
s'/f d"v{ /fhf / a"9f a|fXd0fnfO{ s] yfxf < ptf s5'jf rfxL
rnfv lyof] . p;n] kfgLdf km\oflsg]] b08af6 dgdg} v'zL eof]
t/ aflx/ k|s6 u/]g .
• /fu / å]if ug'{ x'GgM bf]>f] lzIff eg]sf] s;}k|lt klg /fu / å]if ug'{
x'b}g eGg] g} xf] . /fhfsf] /fhs'df/k|lt w]/} dfof lyof] To;}n] pgdf
s5'jf k|lt å]if pTkGg eof] . /fhs'df/x?sf] dfof s} sf/0f
lg/ck/fwL s5'jfnfO{ dfg{] cfb]z lbP . Jb]ifn] csf{sf] xfgL ug{
;Sb}g . /fhfsf] å]ifn] s5'jfnfO{ xfgL ug{ ;s]g .
• t]>f] lzIff eg]sf] ?k x]g'{x'Gg, u'0f x]g'{k5{ eGg] g} xf] . df5f /fd|f] /
s5'jf g/fd|f] eGg' ?k dfq xf] .
c? lzIff kf7sju{n] kQf nufpg'x'g]5 .

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