BIOKIMIA

PEWARISAN SIFAT

By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 SEL DAN KROMOSOM

INTI

kromosom

PLASMA

gen

mitokondria
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 TUGAS SAUDARA ADALAH

SETIAP INDIVIDU

Gambar Sel Hewan

yang terdiri atas Dikumpulkan
organel-organel sel minggu depan
berikut fungsi saat Responsi/Prakt.
masing-masing organel
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 SIFAT-SIFAT KROMOSOM

untaian

Bagian molekul raksasa

mengandung gen
DNA

unit pewarisan sifat

Mengandung
INFORMASI GENETIK By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Sentromer merupakan bagian sentral kromosom

By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Jenis Kromosom Metasentrik
berdasarkan Sub-metasentrik
posisi Sentromer Akrosentrik
Telesentrik

By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Jumlah Kromosom

Ternak tergolong Jumlah Kromosom

1 spesies SAMA

Misal:
SAPI

Jumlah Kromosom
60 buah
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Jumlah Kromosom pada Spesies Lain (Diploid=2n)
Species # Species #
Common fruit fly 8 Guinea Pig 64
Dove 16 Garden snail 54
Earthworm 36 Tibetan fox 36
Domestic cat 38 Domestic pig 38
Lab mouse 40 Lab rat 42
Rabbit 44 Syrian 44
hamster
Hare 46 Human 46
Gorillas, Chimpanzees 48 Domestic 54
sheep
Elephants 56 Cow 60
Donkey 62 Horse 64
Dog 78 Kingfisher 13
2
Goldfish 100- Silkworm 56
104
Kromosom dalam Sel Tubuh

BERPASANGAN
sesuai dgn Kromosom Homolog
bentuk, panjang,
letak sentromer

By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Kariotip Manusia (Pria)
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Sel DIPLOID (2 n) sel yg mengandung
kromosom yg berpasangan

Sel HAPLOID (1 n) Sel kelamin (gamet)

By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 bentuk alternatif gen
ALEL pada lokus yg sama
pada kromosom yg homolog

lokus

tempat gen pada kromosom

Contoh:

gen tertentu alelnya

dpt menyebabkan dpt menyebabkan
SAPI bertanduk SAPI
tidak bertanduk
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 KIMIA GEN DAN KROMOSOM

STRUKTUR DNA (Deoxyribinocleic acid)

GEN disusun oleh substansi DNA

terdiri atas 2 untai panjang terpilin

DNA membentuk double helix
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 Setiap dua untai DNA disusun oleh:

ribuan unit NUKLEOTIDA

Basa nitrogen
Setiap Nukleotida disusun oleh: Gula deoksiribosa
Asam fosfat

Ikatan kimia
AntarNukleotida dihubungkan oleh: antara GULA
dan FOSFAT

Ikatan lemah
Kedua untai DNA dihubungkan: HIDROGEN
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Pasangan timin-adenin; sitosin –guanin dan ikatan hidrogen
 Empat macam BASA NITROGEN

Adenin (A); Timin (T); Sitosin (C) dan Guanin (G)

Basa PURIN tda: A dan G Basa PIRIMIDIN tda: C dan T

Basa PURIN selalu berpasangan dgn Basa PIRIMIDIN

C berpasangan dgn G

A berpasangan dgn T
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Bases come

By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
C berpasangan dgn G A berpasangan dgn T
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Pada saat PEMBELAHAN SEL

Kromosom menggandakan diri

Tahap pertama: pilinan untasan DNA

diluruskan

Pemisahan untai DNA

(DUPLIKASI GEN)

Setiap untaian hasilkan

Untaian baru
(REPLIKASI)

By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Pada saat PEMBELAHAN SEL

kromosom memendek

DNA dalam bentuk spiral

Memendek rapat

By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 SINTESIS PROTEIN

Informasi genetik dari DNA

menuju protein melalui
2 proses

TRANSKRIPSI
(pembentukan RNA)

TRANSLASI
(penerjemahan/sintesis
protein) By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 bawa informasi dari DNA
RNA (ribonucleic acid) ke ribosom
(tempat sintesis protein)
di SITOPLASMA

dibuat dari: Adenin (A)

gula ribosa; Sitosin (C)
asam fosfat; Guanin (G)
4 basa nitrogen Urasil (U)

By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 tugas saudara

cari struktur kimia

URASIL
bedakan dengan timin

By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 PROSES TRANSKRIPSI:
memproduksi m RNA dari DNA

RNA duta/messenger RNA (mRNA)

diproduksi oleh DNA dalam inti

bawa kode-kode genetik

untuk pembentukan protein
di ribosom (di sitoplasma)

Dalam bentuk tiap kodon

Asam amino
KODON tda 3 basa
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 Kode Genetik

Amino Acid Abb. SLC mRNA codons

GCA GCC GCG
Alanine Ala A
GCU
AGA AGG CGA
Arginine Arg R
CGC CGG CGU
Asparagine Asn N AAC AAU
Aspartic acid Asp D GAC GAU
Cysteine Cys C UGC UGU
Glutamic acid Glu E GAA GAG
Glutamine Gln Q CAA CAG
GGA GGC GGG
Glycine Gly G
GGU
Histidine His H CAC CAU
Isoleucine Ile I AUA AUC AUU
 Kode Genetik

CUA CUC CUG CUU

Leucine Leu L
UUA UUG
Lysine Lys K AAA AAG
Methionine*
AUG signals "start" of
translation when it occurs at
Met M AUG
the beginning of a gene.

Phenylalanine Phe F UUC UUU

Proline Pro P CCA CCC CCG CCU

AGC AGU UCA UCC

Serine Ser S
UCG UCU

Threonine Thr T ACA ACC ACG ACU

 Kode Genetik

Tryptophan Trp W UGG

Tyrosine Tyr Y UAC UAU

GUA GUC GUG
Valine Val V
GUU

Stop codons UAA UAG UGA

Kode untuk pembentukan

SLC (Single Letter
protein (tda rangkaian
Code)
Asam Amino)

Misal: human glucagon is:

HSQGTFTSDYSKYLDSRRAQDFVQWLMNT
 PROSES TRANSLASI

RNA antar/transfer RNA (tRNA)

terdapat dalam SITOPLASMA

Mengidentifikasi Asam Amino

(AA)
dalam bentuk ANTI KODON

membawa AA ke RIBOSOM
untuk dibuatkan proteinnya
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Transkripsi, Translasi dan Sintesis Protein
 PENGONTROLAN FENOTIP
OLEH ENZIM

Fungsi gen:

Berduplikasi
(melipatgandakan diri)

menyimpan informasi
pembentukan protein

penentu/pengatur
Pembentukan protein By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 Semua PROTEIN dalam
hewan

diatur produksinya
Oleh
gen-gen (genotip) hewan tsb

Bagaimana dgn enzim

dan hormon?

tda molekul-molekul diatur oleh

protein gen-gen
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 MOLEKUL PROTEIN

Diikat dengan
Rangkaian panjang yg tda Ikatan peptida
Asam-asam amino (peptide linkage)

Terdapat ribuan macam protein

Ditentukan sifatnya oleh:

Jumlah dan macam Membentuk rangkaian
URUTAN Asam Amino POLIPEPTIDA
(20 macam AA)
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 Teori Satu Gen satu Enzim
(one gene one enzyme)

menjelaskan tugas/cara gen-gen

berfungsi dalam mengatur
seluruh proses biologi

setiap enzim dibentuk melalui

pembentukan molekul protein tertentu

Teori Satu Gen satu Protein

(one gene one protein) By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
Setiap zat yang dibentuk
Dalam tubuh
DIATUR oleh GEN

baik sifat Kualitatif

maupun
kuantitatif

By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 ENZIM

berfungsi sbg
katalis reaksi-reaksi kimia

agar sel berfungsi

Setiap enzim tda protein

Sintesis protein dikontrol By Rini H Mulyono

oleh gen Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University
 Pengontrolan fenotip oleh enzim

Misal:
Penyakit PKU (phenylketonuria)
pada manusia penyebab
CACAT MENTAL

Kegagalan metabolisme
FENILALANIN ke dalam bentuk
asam amino lain: TIROSIN

karena tidak
ada gen yg mensintesis enzim
tuk mengubah Phe ke Tyr
By Rini H Mulyono
Department of Animal Production and Technology, Faculty of
Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University