Siklus Asam Sitrat

Dr. Sri Suharti

Departemen Ilmu Nutrisi dan Teknologi Pakan
Fakultas Peternakan IPB
2015
 The Citric acid cycle

It is called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic and is the

“hub” of the metabolic system. It accounts for the
majority of carbohydrate, fatty acid and amino acid
oxidation. It also accounts for a majority of the
generation of these compounds and others as well.
Amphibolic - acts both catabolically and anabolically
3NAD+ + FAD + GDP + Pi + acetyl-CoA
3NADH + FADH + GTP + CoA + 2CO2
Discovered CAC in Pigeon Flight
Muscle
The citric acid cycle enzymes are found
in the matrix of the mitochondria

Substrates have to flow across the outer and inner

parts of the mitochondria
Cellular Respiration
• Process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2
• Provides more energy (ATP) from glucose than Glycolysis
• Also captures energy stored in lipids and amino acids
• Evolutionary origin: developed about 2.5 billion years ago
• Used by animals, plants, and many microorganisms
• Occurs in three major stages:
- acetyl CoA production
- acetyl CoA oxidation
- electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation (next
chapter)
Overall Picture
 Overall Picture

Acetyl-CoA production
The area blocked off all occurs in the
takes place in the mitochondria.
Mitochondrion. So, first
pyruvate has to get Acetyl-CoA enters the
transported from the CAC.
cytoplasm into the
mitochondrion.
In this Figure, only
Glycolysis is in the
Cytoplasm.
 Pyr DH is a Complex Enzyme

E1 = piruvat dehidrogenasi, E2= dihidrolipoil transasetilase, E3=dihidrolipoil dehidrogenasi

Ada 5 Koenzim :
Tiamin pirofosfat (TPP), Flavin adenin dinukleotida (FAD), Koenzim A (KoA), nikotinamida
adenin dinukleotida (NAD), Asam lipoad
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

Model TEM
 Why such a complex set of enzymes?

1. Enzymatic reactions rates are limited by diffusion, with shorter

distance between subunits a enzyme can almost direct the
substrate from one subunit (catalytic site) to another.
2. Channeling metabolic intermediates between successive enzymes
minimizes side reactions
3. The reactions of a multienzyme complex can be coordinately
controlled
The Krebs Cycle
 2-carbon acetyl CoA joins with a 4-carbon compound to form a 6-
carbon compound called Citric acid

 Citric acid (6C) is gradually converted back to the 4-carbon compound

-ready to start the cycle once more

 The carbons removed are released as CO2

-enzymes controlling this process called decarboxylases

 The hydrogens, which are removed, join with NAD to form NADH2
-enzymes controlling the release of hydrogen are called dehydrogenases
Citrate Synthase
Convention to write
incoming Acetyl on
Top
 Energetics of Glycolysis and CAC in
ATPs

EOC Problems 1 and 2: Balanced equations for Glycolysis

and CAC.
 Things to Know and Do Before Class

1. Pyruvate DH…all three parts and cofactors.

2. Chemistry of each step in Citric Acid Cycle.
3. Overall CAC thermodynamics (which steps are at Eq and
which are drivers.
4. Amphibolic nature of CAC and why fermenters need
almost all of CAC.
Thank you