Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Guided Notes

Objective 4.2.1 Analyze photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of how energy is stored,
released, and transferred within and between these systems.

Photosynthesis is what a cell does to capture the energy in ___sunlight__ and use it to make
food (___glucose___).
Almost all living things need _photosynthesis_ (directly or indirectly) in order to survive!

Photosynthesis takes place in the _chloroplasts_.

Chlorophyll_ in the chloroplast helps to convert sunlight into usable chemical energy!

__Chlorophyll_ is the green pigment (chemical in plants) REFLECTED

There are 2 phases in Photosynthesis:

1. _light_ – Sunlight hits the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast → water molecule (H2O) is
split and oxygen (O2) is released into the air. Electrons are excited and hold the energy needed
for phase 2.
2. _Dark_ – Calvin Cycle – In the stroma of the chloroplast, carbon dioxide (CO2) → glucose
(C6H12O6)

Photosynthesis is vital for the existence of life on earth. The_heterotrophs_ (who depend on others for
food and energy), either directly or indirectly, solely depend on the photosynthesizing _autotrophic_
organisms.

•ATP – Adenosine TriPhosphate

•ATP is a _nucleotide_ that contains a large amount of chemical energy stored in its high-energy
phosphate bonds. It releases energy when it is broken down, hydrolyzed, into ADP . The energy is used
for many metabolic processes. That’s why ATP is considered to be the universal energy currency for
metabolism!

•ATP is produced when _glucose_ (made through photosynthesis or ingested) is broken down during
_cellular respiration_ in the _mitochondria_.

•ATP is needed for _intracellular energy transport_ for various metabolic processes , _motility_, and
__cell division/reproduction, locate food, water, rid body of toxins__.

Cellular respiration
•Food molecules are broken down to make _energy_!

•Gases are exchanged: CO2 is _eleased_and O2 is _taken in_ and used!

•Cellular respiration is how organisms make the ENERGY (_ATP_) they need to survive!

•Aerobic Cellular Respiration takes place in the __mitochondria__.

•Cells that need to make more energy have more mitochondria (like _muscle cells_!)

•BOTH _plant_ and _animal_ cells have mitochondria. BOTH need to convert glucose into ENERGY!

Cellular Respiration has 3 phases:

1._gylcolysis_– anaerobic (no oxygen), takes place in the cytoplasm,
glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid, ___ ATP
2._citric acid cycle_ (Krebs cycle) – aerobic, takes place in the
mitochondria, pyruvic acid is broken down and CO2 is released, _2_ ATP
3._electron transport chain_– aerobic, takes place in the inner
membrane of the mitochondria, electron carriers pass electrons and
water is formed, 34_ ATP
Fermentation
•Anaerobic respiration (_without oxygen_)

•For organisms that can’t break down oxygen, they can still produce limited energy from their food.

•_Enzymes_ needed to break down the food (glucose) are found in the cytoplasm. _Glycolysis_ is still
the first step.

There are 2 Types of Fermentation:

1._Lactic Acid_ – muscle fatigue; also produced by bacteria (used to make cheese, buttermilk and
yogurt)

2.__Alcohol and CO2__ – produced by yeast (used in baking and brewing)

Comparing Fermentation to Cellular Respiration

Complete the following table:

Lactic Acid Glucose → _Glycolysis (pyruvic acid)_ → Lactic

Fermentation Acid + _2_ATP

Alcoholic Glucose → _Glycolysis (pyruvic acid)_ →CO2 +

Fermentation alcohol + _2_ATP

Cellular Respiration Glucose → _________ → CO2 + H2O + _____ATP

Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Complete the following table:

Characteristic Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

Function Energy capture Make Energy release Make
glucose ATP
Location Chloroplast Mitochondria(anaero
bic=cytoplasm)
Reactants Carbon dioxide and Glucose and oxygen
water
Products Glucose and oxygen Carbon dioxide and
water and ATP

What do you notice in your comparison?