Ch.

9 - Cellular Respiration/Fermentation
Study Guide
A. Introduction
1. All living things need energy for metabolism.
a. Plants produce glucose through photosynthesis; break
down glucose during cellular respiration to release
energy (ATP).
b. Animals, Fungi, and non-photosynthetic Protists must
consume food & break the food molecules/organic
molecules (GLUCOSE) down to release energy (ATP).
They too carry out the process of cellular respiration.
NOTE: Photosynthetic protists such as Euglena also
metabolize glucose by the process of cellular
respiration.
2. When food molecules (a.k.a. organic molecules/carbs,
proteins, lipids) are broken down energy is released &
stored in ATP (adenosine triphosphate).
3. Production of ATP occurs in the MITOCHONDRIA of the
eukaryotic cells.
REMEMBER: MITOCHONDRIA ARE THE
POWERHOUSE OF THE CELLS.
4. Animal, fungi, protists, and plant cells are all eukaryotic
cells (have a nucleus) & all have mitochondria; therefore
they ALL produce ATP.
5. How do they produce ATP? By the process of cellular
respiration which occurs in all eukaryotic cells.

B. Anatomy of the Mitochondria

 1. Outer & inner membranes are made of lipids & proteins;
has pores that allow substances to enter & leave the
mitochondria.
2. Inner membrane has folds called cristae which increase
surface area.
3. Fluid matrix refers to the fluid inside the mitochondria.
4. NOT SHOWN: Mitochondria also contain their own
ribosomes & DNA;
mitochondria are able to reproduce on their own.
REMEMBER:
mitochondria & chloroplasts are cousins to bacteria
because they all
have their own DNA, ribosomes & can reproduce on their
own (binary
fission).

C. Cellular Respiration occurs only if oxygen is present.

1. Have you ever stopped to think about how the foods you
consume on a daily basis are broken down to produce
energy? Not only do you eat food on a regular basis, but
you usually drink some type of water-based beverage
with your meal & you breathe in oxygen too.

2. All cells must do work to stay alive and maintain

homeostasis.
The energy needed for cell work comes from the bonds
of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Cells get their ATP by
 breaking organic molecules (carbohydrates, lipids,
& proteins), a process called cellular respiration.
Although many organic molecules can be broken down,
glucose, the main product of photosynthesis, is the
primary fuel molecule for the cells of living
organisms.

3. The energy stored in the foods organisms consume/eat is

released during the process of cellular respiration. Every
living organism, autotrophs and heterotroph,
must do cell respiration. In fact, the metabolic
pathways used in the process of cellular respiration are
the same in virtually all eukaryotic organisms, and many
prokaryotic organisms. Remember that organisms that
do photosynthesis or chemosynthesis (make their
own food molecules) are called autotrophs.
Heterotrophs obtain their food molecules by eating
other organisms. Animals, fungi, many protists and
many bacteria are heterotrophs. Plants, some
protists and some bacteria are autotrophs.

4. Eukaryotic organisms such as protists, fungi,

plants, and animals are
aerobic, meaning they need oxygen to survive. The
oxygen that you & I
breathe is needed during cellular respiration to break
down the organic
food molecules we eat and release energy that can be
stored in ATP.

5. Reactants of cellular respiration: glucose, oxygen,

water
Products of cellular respiration: carbon dioxide,
water, ATP (energy)

6. EQUATION FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION

 ENZYMES
glucose + 6 oxygen + 6 water 6 carbon dioxide + 12
water + 40 ATP/energy

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O ENZYMES

6 CO2 + 12 H2O
+ 40 ATP/energy

NOTE: What do you notice about this equation; why does it seem
familiar?
The equation for cellular respiration is the exact opposite of the equation for
photosynthesis. The products of photosynthesis become the reactants for cellular
respiration; the products of cellular respiration (carbon dioxide & water) become the
reactants for photosynthesis.

6 CO2 + 12 H2O sunlight/chlorophyll

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 +
6 H2O
sunlight/chlorophyll
6 carbon dioxide + 12 water glucose + 6 oxygen + 6
water

D. How Does Cellular Respiration Occur?

As with many metabolic processes, cell respiration has a
number of stages.

Glycolysis always occurs in the cytoplasm/cytosol of the

cell & produces
2 ATPs (Four molecules of ATP are produced during
glycolysis, but 2
molecules are consumed in activating the glucose.);
glycolysis is an
anaerobic process and does NOT need oxygen. All
living organisms go
through glycolysis; it is the most widespread
metabolic process on earth.
First prokaryotes on earth used glycolysis to produce
energy because early
atmosphere DID NOT contain oxygen.
The first stage of glucose metabolism, or cell respiration,
is a process
 called glycolysis, which splits a glucose molecule
into two molecules of
pyruvate (a.k.a. pyruvic acid), a 3-carbon molecule
(these 6 carbons were
originally in glucose).
If oxygen is available and the organism has the enzymes to do
aerobic respiration, the 2 pyruvate molecules (a.k.a. pyruvic acid)
will be broken down in the next stages of aerobic respiration:
Krebs Citric Acid Cycle and Electron Transport Chain.

Krebs Citric Acid Cycle & Electron Transport Chain occurs

in the mitochondria of the cell & produces 36 ATPs. Both the
Krebs Citric Acid Cycle & Electron Transport Chain are aerobic
processes and need oxygen in order to occur.

The 2 pyruvate molecules leave the cytoplasm and enter the

mitochondria. When they enter the mitochondria they are broken
down into 6 carbon dioxide molecules during the Krebs Citric
Acid Cycle. The Electron Transport Chain takes the hydrogen from
glucose and use their energy to form ATPs. The hydrogens then
combine with the oxygen you breathe to form water.

NOTE: The 40 ATPs of energy released from a molecule of

glucose represents
40% of its stored energy; the other 60% of the energy
stored in glucose is
released as heat & helps you maintain a constant body
temperature.

E. Fermentation Cellular Respiration Without Oxygen

(Anaerobic Process)

1. Most living organisms must do aerobic cellular

respiration to stay alive and provide their cells with 40
ATPs of energy.
 2. When no oxygen is available (or is in short supply) for
aerobic cellular respiration, or if the organism doesnt
have the enzymes needed for cellular respiration,
eukaryotic organisms, and some (bacteria), will break
down glucose by the process of fermentation and
produce 2 ATPs of energy.

3. Like cellular respiration, fermentation begins with

the process of
glycolysis occurring in the cytoplasm of the cell.

4. Two fermentation pathways in eukaryotes:

a. Alcoholic Fermentation occurs in yeast cells (fungi)

& some
bacteria. Used in making
bread, beer, & wine.

glucose (6C) 2 pyruvate molecules (3C) 2 ethyl alcohol (2C)

+ 2CO2 + 2ATPs

NOTE: The carbon dioxide gas makes bread dough rise & puts the
holes in bread.
Baking the dough causes the alcohol to evaporate.

b. Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs in human/animal

muscle cells.

glucose (6C) 2 pyruvate molecules (3C) 2 lactic acid

molecules(3C) + 2ATPs
NOTE: Once the bodys metabolism slows down, oxygen becomes
available and lactic acid changes back to pyruvate (pyruvic acid),
allowing continued aerobic metabolism (respiration) and energy
(ATP) for the body.

F. How Are Photosynthesis & Cellular Respiration Related?

PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR
RESPIRATION

OCCURS IN THESE PLANTS & SOME PROTISTS, FUNGI,

ORGANISMS: PROTISTS PLANTS, ANIMALS
(EUKARYOTES) (ALL EUKARYOTIC
SOME CYANOBACTERIA CELLS)
(PROKARYOTES)

ORGANELLES IN CHLOROPLASTS MITOCHONDRIA

WHICH THESE (PLANTS)
PROCESSES
OCCUR

REACTANTS CARBON DIOXIDE & GLUCOSE, OXYGEN,

NEEDED: WATER (INORGANIC WATER
MOLECULES)

PRODUCTS GLUCOSE, OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE,

FORMED WATER WATER, ATP
(REMEMBER: ATP
STORES THE ENERGY
 RELEASED FROM THE
BREAKDOWN OF FOOD
MOLECULES)

OTHER ENERGY FROM ENZYMES

REQUIREMENTS SUNLIGHT, GREEN
PIGMENT
CHLOROPHYLL

HOW PRODUCTS GLUCOSE-USED IN CARBON DIOXIDE-

ARE USED BY CELLULAR ANIMALS EXHALE IT
LIVING THINGS RESPIRATION BY ALL INTO THE AIR &
LIVING THINGS PLANTS USE IT IN
OXYGEN-RELEASED PHOTOSYNTHESIS TO
INTO AIR & USED TO MAKE GLUCOSE
BREAK DOWN GLUCOSE WATER-USED TO
IN CELLULAR REHYDRATE CELLS OR
RESPIRATION RELEASED INTO
WATER-RELEASED INTO AIR/ENVIRONMENT
AIR & BECOMES PART ATP-STORES ENERGY
OF WATER CYCLE RELEASED FROM
BREAKING DOWN
GLUCOSE & OTHER
ORGANIC MOLECULES
(LIPIDS, PROTEINS,
OTHER
CARBOHYDRATES)
Energy arrives from the sun and is captured by green photosynthetic plants, and stored
in the chemical bonds of glucose. But non-photosynthetic organisms must obtain their
energy by the breakdown of these energy rich storage molecules in order to release the
energy for their use.
Photosynthesis stores this energy in glucose, glycolysis and cellular respiration
release energy. Within plant cells themselves these same processes happen in
chloroplasts and mitochondria.

Provides energy to autotrophs/

plants for PHOTOSYNTHESIS
(in CHLOROPLASTS)

CARBON DIOXIDE &

OXYGEN & GLUCOSE
WATER

Taken in by heterotrophs
(animals, fungi, protists)& plants
(autotrophs)
for CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Glycolysis & Cellular
Respiration
(in CYTOPLASM) (in MITOCHONDRIA)

4040
HEAT
(60% of the energy
40 in glucose is
released
ATPs as heat energy)
of
ENE Used by cells for METABOLISM
RGY (The 40 ATPs represent 40% of
f ffo
the energy stored in glucose)

SUMMARY OF REACTIONS IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION &

THE NUMBER OF ATPs THEY PRODUCE
 GLUCOSE
(in cytoplasm of cell)

GLYCOLYSIS
(anaerobic)
(in cytoplasm of cell) 4
ATPs produced (2 ATPs NET)
splits glucose into

2 PYRUVATE MOLECULES
(enter the fluid matrix of the mitochondria)

KREBS CITRIC ACID CYCLE

(aerobic)
(in fluid matrix of mitochondria) 2
ATPs & 6CO2 produced

Hydrogen from glucose are passed to the

ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
(aerobic)
(inner membrane of mitochondria) 34
ATPs & 12 H2O produced
Hydrogen from glucose combine
with oxygen we breathe to form water

________________________
A total of 40 ATPs of
energy for
cells
to carry out metabolic activities.