THE PRONUNCIATION

of

Greek and Latin Proper Names

in

English

by

HENRY J. RICHMOND, A. B.

University of Michigan

Graduate School.

V
\ B R A f^y
or THE

UNIVERSITY

1905

GKORGE WAHR

PUBIJSHKR AND B0OKSKM.KK

ANN ARBOR, MICH.

 Copyright, 1905,

BY

Henry
J. Richmoni
 Mf\SN
CONTENTS,

PAGE

Roman Names 8

Greek Proper Names to be disting-uished from

the Latin 9

Steps in Determining- the Eng-l ish Pronunciation

of Greek and Latin Proper Names 10

Part I.

Onl}' the Nominative Case to be Pronounced

in Eng-lish 11

Part II. Accent:

i. Syllables 13

ii. Quantit}' 14

iii. Accent 16

a. Primar}' U)

b. Secondar}' 17

Part III. SN^llabication:

Rule i V)

Rule ii 19

Rule iii 20

Rule iv 20

Rule V 21

Exceptions '. 21

Mute and Liquid 25

Exceptions 25

Summary of Rules of Syllabication

Part IV. Pronunciation :

i. Open and Closed Syllables 28

ii. Sounds of Vowels 29

Rule i 29

Exceptions :
29

Rule ii 29

Exceptions 29

iii. Consonants 30

Patronymics 34

Ending's of Greek Proper Names 36

Endings of Latin Proper Names 38

Proper Adjectives 39

Exercises 39

Exercises Selected from the English sics

Clas-

42

Miscellaneous Exercises selected from gil's

Vir-

Aeneid 44

Names connected with Ancient Geography

and History.

Greece 50

Rome 54

List of words occurring in English classics 57

 PREFACE,

In 1902, a group of young people who, in their

last year of university study, were pursuing special
work with a view to teaching Latin, were required
to present papers discussing various phases of the
Gallic War. In these discussions, Caesar's favorite
lieutenant was called La-bi-^-nus, La-bi-d-nus, Lab-
i-^-nus, La-bi-d-nus, La-bi-#-nus and Lab-i-i-nus.
The question suggested itself then, must students

always come groping up through the high school,

on through the universit}^ and out to teach, putting
an interrogation point after every Latin or Greek

proper name? How familiar is that awkward pause

in the translation when a proper name is reached,

the student's bewildered look as he tries to forget

'
his so-called Roman method ', the timid hazarding
of something or other with a rising inflection, then

the pause for the customary correction of the

teacher.

Perhaps it would not matter so much what we

called these Greeks and Romans, if we had no

occasion to speak of them outside of the class room,

but everywhere in the English masterpieces these

classical names are met, and every cultured English-

speaking person often finds it necessar}^ to pronounce

them. This little book aims, then, to assist the

student of English literature as well as those who

6 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

are privileg-ed to translate the g-reat literary works

of the Greeks and Romans.

The method of using- the exercises will, of course,

vary with different teachers. Special emphasis

should be placed upon syllabication (Part*III).
The teacher should spell the word, taking- care not

to indicate the syllables. Each student should write

the word, mark the accents, then re-write, dividing

into syllables. The process should then be plained
ex-

and rules quoted for every step.

The arrangement of the exercises in Part III is

the result of experience in the class room. The

plan is to bring first before the student the rules

which are simplest and those which are without

exception. A large number of words selected from

Caesar, involving in syllabication only the rules

already introduced, follow as exercises. The more

difficult rules are given last. In pursuance of this

plan, brevity has perhaps been sacrificed and a

strictly logical arrangement which might have

been gained b}- subordination, has in certain places

been disregarded. If all the exercises are taken in

order, when the book is finished students will be

able to determine for themselves the pronunciation

of ever)^ proper name in Caesar, Cicero and Virgil.
Thanks are due to Professor Walter Denniscn

and to Professor George Hempl, of the Universit3^

of Michigan, for reviewing the manuscript and ing
mak-

many helpful suggestions, to Professor Albert

Pattengill who proposed the preparation of the

 PREFACE. 7

list of ending-s of Greek 33, and to

proper names, p.

other members of the faculty of the University of

Michigan for kindly criticism and encourag-ement.

H. J. R.

PoNTiAC, Mich.
 NAMES.

Kvery free-born Roman who lived duringf the

period to which the Latin classics belong", had at

least three names prcpno^nen, nonien and

"

cognomen.
Th.Q prcenoinen was the personal name given b}^ the

parents. The number of these given names was

limited, less than twent}^ being in use among the

patricians in classical times. The abbreviations of

these praenomina should be familiar to ever}^ Latin

student.

A Aulus Mam Mamercus

App Appius N Numerius

C. Gains P Publius

Cn Gnaeus Q Quintus
D Decimus Sex Sextus

K Kaeso Ser Servius

L Lucius Sp Spurius
M Marcus T Titus

M' Manius Ti Tiberius

The second name {nornen) was the family or

gens name like our modern surnames. The same

nomen was borne b}^ every member of a famil}^

The last name {cogno7nen) desigfnates the ticular
par-

branch of the g-ens to which a person be-

long-ed. Many of these names were orig-inally

descriptive of some personal characteristic. Thus

 NAMEvS. 9

the name Rufus (red) ma}^ have been (jiven at lirst

to a child that had red hair or a red face, but all

sig"nificance was soon lost and the names came to

mean no more than the names Brown, AVhite, (ireen

and Black mean to us.

Greek Proper Names to be Distinguished from tlie

Latin,

Certain Greek divinities and heroes arc identitied

with divinities and heroes of the Romans, but as the

m3'ths concerning these are often of totall}-different

origin and as the Roman conception of the ter
charac-

was quite different from that of the Greeks,

care should be taken to avoid confusion. In lating

trans-

Greek, one should not call

Zeus, Jupiter;
Poseidon, Neptune;
Ares, Mars;
Hermes, Mercury;
_

Hephaestus, Vulcan;

Dionysus, Bacchus;

Eros, Cupid;
Here, Juno;
Athene, Minerva;

Demeter, Ceres;
Persephone, Proserpina;
Artemis, Diana;

Aphrodite, Venus;

Heracles, Hercules;

Odysseus, Ulysses.
Steps in Determining the English Pronunciation of

Greek and Latin Proper Names.

There are four steps in determining- the ciation

pronun-

of a Latin* proper name:

(l) .
Determine the form of the nominative case,

(2). Desigfnate all accented vowels,

(3). Divide into syllables,

(4). Determine the sounds of vowels, according"

to the rules for English pronunciation.

*Greek proper names are often transliterated. They

are pronounced in the same manner as Latin proper names.
 R A
OF THE

UNIVERSITY

PART I. ^^^LiFOWH^
Only the Nominative Case to be Pronounced in

English,

In translating- from Latin into Eng-lish, we shall

often need to pronounce proper names which in the

Latin text are expressed in an oblique case. If the

word is one in common use in English and has thus

come to have an English form differing from its

original Latin nominative we shall have no culty.

diffi-

Such words are said to be Anglici^^ed. The

Latin name Po7npeius^ English Pompev, is an ample.

ex-

But if the word has not been Anglicized,

we must first determine the form of the nominative

case. Thus the dative or ablative endings -is will

at once suggest nominatives xxv-ior -ae, while these

same cases ending in -ibiis will be associated with

the -es nominatives of the third declension. It

should be borne in mind that the names of peoples,

tribes, and cities often have only the plural form.

Kxercisp:vS.

Write the nominative case of each proper name

in the following- passages. Have any of these words

been Ang-licised? Which ones are usually plural?

Cmn in Italiam frojiciscei'etur
Ccesar, Servium Gal-

ham cum legionc dtiodecima et piwte equitatus in

Nantuates^ Veragros^ Sedunosqtie misit^ qui a finibus

12 grp:ek and latin pkopek names.

AUohi'ogum et lacu Leiuanno et f limine Rhodano

ad summas Alpes pertinent. (Caesar B. G. Ill, i.)

Socios sihi ad idhelhmi Osismos^ Lexovios, Namnetes^

Amhiliatos^ Morinos^ Diahlintes, Menapios ascisauit;

an X
ilia ex
Britannia arcessiint (B. G. Ill, ix.) Quin-

tum Titurium Sahimmi legatum cum legionihtis trihiis

in Venellos^ Coriosolitas Lexoviosque 7nittit. (B. G.

Ill, xi.)
 PART IL ACCENT

I. SYI^LABLES.

Every word consists of one or more syllables.

The essential part of a syllable is a vowel sound

and some words consist of vowels only. Examples

of this are the proper names lo and Aea. To the

vowels in each syllable, one or more consonants

may be joined. These give form and individuality

to the S3^1iable. Thus a word may consist of eral
sev-

syllables in each of which the same vowel is

repeated and yet each syllable may sound very ferent

dif-

from the others on account of the consonants

which it contains. We have, for example such a

word in the proper name Ab-ra-da-tas. Here the

body of each syllable is the vowel ", but of the

syllables cib^ ra^ da and tas^ each has a marked

individualit3^
In the pronunciation of a word, the clear vowel

sounds are plainly heard one after another and

these seem to be joined, or rather separated, by the

less distinct consonants. According-ly, as there are

no silent vowels in Latin, every word consists of as

many syllables as it contains vowel sounds, that is

vowels or diphthong's.

Note. "
The Latin diphthongs are ae^ oe^ au^ eu^

ei. The last two are of rare occurrence.

14 GKKEK AND LATIN PKOPEK NAMKS.

The last syllable of a word is called the ultima

(Latin ultima^ supply syllaba)^the last s_vllable but

one is called the penult, (shortened from Latin

paene 'almost' and ultima), the second syllable

from the last is called the antepenult (Latin ante

'before' and pemilt) .

QUESTIONS.

Of what are words composed?

What must ever}^ S3'llable contain?
What is the function of a consonant in a ble?
sylla-

Does every SA^Uable contain a consonant?

Does every word contain consonants?

Why does the spoken word naturally seem to be

broken up into parts?

In spelling: Eng-lish words, are there vowels

used which are not pronounced?

Name five Eng-lish words which have silent

final vowels.

Are there silent vowels in Latin?

II. QUANTITY.

Syllables may be either long" or short. A ble

sylla-
is long if it contains a long vowel, thus the penult
is long in the word Eburovices, because the vowel /

in the penult is long". In this book, wherever sary

neces-

in determining the accent, long vowels will be

marked.

A syllableis long if it contains a diphthong'. The

word Lenaeus, has a long penult for this reason.
 ACCENT. 15

Lastly, syllableis long if it contains a

a short

voiv elfollowedby two consonants 7not a mute and a

liquid. The mutes are p, b, t, d, k, c, g^ q. The

liquids are /, r. A syllable containing- a short

vowel followed by a mute and a liquid, as, pl^ bl^

tr^ is not long", but these consonants must stand in
this order, mute 4- liquid. A syllable containing
a short vowel followed by a liquid and a mute, the

liquid standing- first, is long-. All syllables not

included above are short.

QUESTIONS.

How many syllables does each of the following-

words contain? Do not try to divide the words into

syllables.
Mediomatrici Adiatunnus
Triboces Praeconinus
Treveri Eburovices
Helvetii

In the following-words, (divided to indicate the

Eng-lish pronunciation) which syllables are long-?

Eb-u-ro-vi-ces No-vi-o-du-num
Tar-u-sa-tes Brat-us-pan-ti-um
Ga-rum-nl Bod-u-og--na-tus
Bi-g-er-ri-o-nes Cam-u-logf-e-nus
Au-run-cu-le-i-us Con-vic-to-lit-a-vis
La-bi-e-nus Co-ri-o-sol-i-tes

Note. "
The teacher should not require students
to pronounce these words at present. ^_^^,^rnr i,,, ,,

V fs^ or
16 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

III. ACCENT.

Accent is a particular stress or effort of voice

upon certain syllables of a word disting-uishing-

those S341ables by a g-reater clearness of ciation.
pronun-

Every word has at least one accent and

some have two, some three and some very long-

words have four; e. g-., the Latin verb cogito,the
noun the
cog'itdtio^ genitive case of the same noun

cogitdtionis^the dative plural of the same with

enclitic appended, cdgitdtidnihusqiie.As we always

use the form of the nominative case when cing-
pronoun-

Latin proper names in English, we shall find

few words long- enoug-h to require four accents.

(a). PRIMARY ACCENT.

The primar}^ accent, as the accent nearest the

termination* of a word is called, always falls either

upon the penult or upon the antepenult. A long-

penult must be accented, but when the penult is

short the antepenult receives the accent; as, Ag-enor,

Arcadia.

If the quantity of the penult is not apparent,

that is, if the vowel of the syllable is followed b}^
only one consonant, or by a mute + liquid we shall

need to consult a lexicon to determine the quantit)^

*A trisyllable with a short penult has a secondary stress

upon the ultima, but this need not be taken into account as

it does not affect syllabication.

18 LATIN PROPKR
GKEKK AND NAMKS.

Admag-etobrig-a Apollo

Indutiomarus Considius

Eburovices Elusates

Camulog-enus Labienus

Boduognatus Nantuates

Catamantaloedis Moritasg-us

Conconnetodumtius Rhodanus

Nitiobroges Taximag-ulus

Org-etorix Tarusates

Ariovistus Octodurus
 PART III

Syllabication.

We shall learn in another paragraph that in

gfiving- the Kng^lish pronunciation, the sounds of

the vowels in a word depend upon the wa}'

in which

the vowels and consonants are g-rouped to form the

S3^11ables. It is important, then, that we learn how

to divide words into s)"llables correctl^^ The lowing"

fol-

rules should be mastered.

RULES.

Rule 1. Two vowels coming together and not

forming a diphthong should be separated; as,

T"i-on, I-o.

Remark." Proper names derived from Greek

third declension contracts in eus, (cv?) if not cised,

Angli-

should be pronounced as if ending in ilce

(English pronunciation). That is, the eu does not

spell two vowels but a diphthong which in English

is pronounced like English il.

Rule 2. Two consonants (except mute + liquid)

between two vowels must be separated; as, Ta;-

"^e/-/i, Au5-n, Cra5-5us, Bi-drax.

KXEKCISES.

Cop3' the following words, mark the accented

vowels, and divide the words into S3^11ables.

 20 GREKK AND I,AT1N PROPER NAMES.

Caution. " Do not tr}^ to divide a word into lables

syl-
until 3^ou have marked tbe accented vowels.

Rule 3. When three consonants stand between

two vowels, the first two are joined to the preceding-

vowel; as, Po/"?^-//-nus, A;r-/u-rus, Sa/"^-5/-cer-a-
nius.

Rule 4. A single consonant between two cented

unac-

vowels is joined to the following- vowel; as,

Eb-u-ro-vi-ces.
 SYLI^ABICATION. 21

Rule 5. A sing-le consonant is regularly joined

to an accented vowel whether it precedes or follows;
as, Az'aricum. In this word, both the v and the r*
should be joined to the accented a to form the penult,
ante-

A-z^ar-i-cum.

Ph^ th^ and ch in Latin are aspirated mutes and

should not be separated.

EXCEPTIONS.

(a). A sing-le consonant between the last two

vowels of a word is joined to the following vowel,

even though the penult is accented; as, Um-br^-//us.

Since (a) is without exception, students will find it

convenient to begin at the ultima to divide words

into sj^lables.
(b). A single consonant after an accented u is

joined to the following vowel; as, A-pu-/i-a.

(c). A single consonant after an accented a, e

or o and before two vov^els the first of which is ^, t

or jv, must be joined to the following vowel; as,

A-ri-o-vis-tus.

*The writing- of the consonant in the syllable with the

preceding- short vowel does not signify that the consonant

is a part of the stressed syllable. It is only a means of

showing that the vowel is short.

 EXERCISES.

Single Consonants.

Divide the following- words into syllables. serve

Ob-

that rules IV and V depend upon the accent.

First mark all accented vowels.

Aduatuca Caerosi

Aemilius Caleti

Agedincum Camulogfenus

Ambiliati Caninius

Ambivareti Cavarinus

Anartes Cenabum

Ancalites Cenimagni

Arecomici Cabillonum

Aristius Cadurci

Avaricum Cenomani

Baculus Cicero

Basilus Cing-etorix
Batavi Cocosates

Bellovaci Considius

Biturig-es Convictolitavis

Boduognatus Coriosolites

Bratuspantium Critog-natus
Cavarillus Usipetes
Caemani
23
24 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.
26 GKEEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Atrebates Latrobrigi

Bibracte Mediomatrici

Bibroci Petrocorii

Cantabri Quadratus

Ceutrones Atlas

Diablintes

Publius is divided thus, Piih-li-tis.

To what rule is it an exception?

To what rule is Pub-lic-i-us an exception?

The word At-las?

Learn from this how to divide these words.

 SUMMARY OF RULES OF SYLLABICATION,

1. Two vowels to be separated.

2. Two consonants between two vowels to be

separated.

3. Three consonants between two vowels to be

"^rouped two with the preceding- vowel and one with

the followingf.
4. One consonant between two vowels "

a. Between two unaccented vowels, to be joined

to the following" one.

b. To be joined to a following accented vowel.

c. To be joined to a preceding" accented vowel

except,"

(i) An accented ?/;

(ii) An accented a^ e or o when the consonant

is followed b}^ two vowels the first of which is e, i

or y\

(iii) After an accented penult.

5. A mute and a liquid not to be separated cept

ex-

when following an accented vowel not

a.
in the penult;

b. u\

c. "?, ^ or ^ as above (c. ii).

But remember At-las, Pub-li-us, Pub-lic-i-us.

 PART IV.

Pron uncia tion.

In the Eng-lish pronunciation, the quantity of a

vowel depends upon "

(a) the accent,

(b) position in an open or a closed S3^11able.

Note. " A vowel originally long" in Latin may not

have its long- sound when pronounced in English.

Original Latin quantit3^ has nothing to do with

English pronunciation save as it determines accent.

I. OPEN AND CLOSED SYI.LABLKS.

A syllable ending in a vowel is called an open

syllable. A S3^11able ending in a consonant is called

a closed syllable. In the following words which

sj^llables are open, which closed?

Labienus Sotiates

Ubii Taximagulus
Ceutrones Tectosages
Adiatunnus Metiosedum

Caleti Mercurius

Belgium Cenomani

Arethusa Cadurci

Ambivariti
 PRONUNCIATION. 29

II. SOUNDS OF VOWKLS.

The long and short sounds of English vowels

are given by the Century Dictionary as follows:

Rule 1. A vowel in a closed syllable has its

short English sound.

KXCKPTIONS.

(1). E in final es has its long English sound as

in Andes, Gates.

(2). When an accented S5dlable is closed by an

r followed b}^ another consonant not r, the vowel a

in such a syllable has the sound of a in farther,

e has the sound of e in confer, /has the sound of / in

Virgil, o has the sound of d? in Norway, u has the

sound of // in burly; e. g., Nar-bo, Mi-ner-va, Cir-ce,

Of-pheus, Tur-nus.

Rule 2. A vowel in an open syllable has its

long English sound, but when the syllable is cented

unac-

the sound is obscure.

EXCEPTIONS.

(1). ^4 in an unaccented open syllable has an

obscure ah sound as in America.

30 GREEK AND I^ATIN PROPER NAMES.

(2). /in an unaccented open syllable not initial

or final, has its short Bng-lish sound, /ending an

initial syllable before an accented S3ilable beg-in-

ning- with a consonant varies between / as in idea

and ?',
as in directory. I after an accented ", e^ o or y

and before a vowel is a semi-vowel with the sound

of Eng-lish y in yet; as, Pompeius, pronounced Poni-

pe-yus.

2^ has in all cases the same sound as/,* e.g.,

E-ri-phy-le (j =
?'),Kryx {y "
t).
Ae and oe have the same sound as e; e.g., dra
Phae-

{ae "
^), Daed-a-lus {ae "
e), Phoe-bus (oe "
e),
Oed-i-pus i^oe = e).
All has the sound of ati in cause; as, Aulus.

An unstressed is short; as, Augustus.

III. CONSONANTS.

In general, the consonants have the same sounds

as in English.
EXERCISES.

Cop)^ the following words marking the accented

vowels. Then divide into syllables and pronounce.

Acco Ambibarii

Adiatunnus Ambiliati

Aedui Ambiorix

Aemilius Ambivareti

Alesia Ancalites

Ambarri Andecomborius

Ambiani Andes
 PRONUNCIATION. 31

Note. "
Final es is pronounced like the Eng-lish
word ease.

Anartes Apollo
Antonius Aquitani

Note. "

// in ^//* and "-u is a consonant, the first

syllable of Aquitani is thus closed.

Aquitania Ariovistus

Arar Aristius

Arduenna Arpineius
Arverni Aurunculeius

Atrebates Avaricum

Atrius Axona

Note. "

X "ks, the first syllable of Axona is closed.

Basilus Cassivellaunus

Batavi Italia

Bibracte lulus

Bibrax laera

Britanni lasius

Brutus Idaeus

Gains Idalia

Noreia Idomeneus

Pedius Boduognatus
Pompeius Cabillonum

Catamantaloedis Caburus

^Qu and g-u are subject to the rules g-overning mute -|-
liquid (see p. 25).
32 GRKEK AND LATIN PROPKR NAMES.

Rule. " Before e (ae, oe), /and 3', c and ^ have the

so-called "soft sound" (like s and j). Ch always

has the sound of k.

Cing-etorix Gerg-ovia
Caesar Char3^bdis
Cherusci Germania
Chalcis Gutruatus
Chimaera Casticus
Caerosi Convictolitavis

Cantabri Coriosolites
Cimberius Cotta
Cimbri Crassus

Claudius Critog-natus
Cocosates Daci

Commius Diablintes

Conconnetodumnus Diviciacus

Condrusi Divico

Rule. "

C^ s and / immediately preceded b}^ an cent

ac-

and followed b}^ two vowels, the first of which

is I, (y ) have the sound of s/i,but t following- 5, / or x

keeps its pure sound, /in the accented syllable fore

be-

these consonants, has the short Eng"lish sound.

When / = s/i,the following- /'is silent, e. g. Venetia

is pronounced Ve-ne-sha not Ve-ne-shi-a.

Venetia Gobannitio

Sulpicius Vocontii

Cassius Vesontio

Antistius (ex) Lucius

 PATRONYMICS.

Certain Greek names called patronymics

proper

are frequently found in Latin poetry. A nymic

patro-
is a modification of a father's or ancestor's

name borne by a son or descendant. We should

translate these names 'son of 'daughter of, nouncing-

pro-

the nominative case form of the noun

from which the patronymic is derived. (For the

forms of patronymics see a Latin Hale

g-rammar.

and Buck 207, 3; Bennett 148, 6; Allen and Green-

oug-h 164, b; Harkness 342).

Which of the follov^^ing words have been Ang-li-

cized? Decide upon a translation for the nymics
patro-
*

Antonius Philippus
Athenae Britannia

Octavianus Matrona

Orpheus Narbo

Padus Massilia

Sabis Thebae

Sequana Atrides

Vulcanus Catilina

Aeacides Cecropides

Aeg-3^ptus Theseus

*See a vocabulary to Virg-il. Students who have not

read Virg-il may omit patronymics.

 ENDINGS OF GREEK PROPER NAMES,

Many Greek proper names are compounds of

familiar Greek words. One part of the name may

be the name of a g-od as Zeus, Apollo, the other

part, a word implying- the favor of the god or some

attribute. Thus the name Apollodorus is made up

of the two words Apollo, and -dorus connected with

Swpov Vift,' hence 'gift of Apollo'. Diodorus

shows the same ending with the word Aid?, the

genitive case of the noun Zci;s. Ag-ain, a Greek

proper name may be composed of an adjective, as

'good' (dya^os) or 'beautifur(KaAds) and a noun telling-

in what respect the person named is good or. tiful
beau-

as, Agathobulus, 'good in counsel' (^ovXtj)^ Cal-

libios, 'beautiful in life' (^""5). And so many others

which the pupil will be interested to search out.

But the importance of this to us in pronouncing-

proper names lies in the fact that the same word is

used as an ending- in a very largfe number of pounds.

com-

And so, by learning- the quantity of the

penults of a few of the most common endings, we

shall be able to pronounce a large number of

very

words without the help of a lexicon. The ing

follow-

are some of the most important ending-s.

KNDINGS WITH LONG PENULTS.

-anor {-avoip connected with av"J/o,

man) Cleanor,
Nicanor.
 ENDINGS OF PKOPEK NAMES. 37

-bulus (^ovXtJ,counsel) Thrasybulus, Critobulus.

-demus (S^/^os,
people) Nicodemus, Aristodemus.

-dorus (Swpov, g-iff)Apollodorus, Theodorus.

-laus (A-dos,people) Menelaus, Archelaus.

-medes (a*^^?,cunning-) Ganymedes, Archimedes.

"!!-^o^{'^'-K'n,
victory)
-

Andronicus, Thessalonica.
"tiica )

-timus {rifxri^
honor) Philotimus, Theotimus.

ENDINGS WITH SHORT PENUI.TS.

-agforas (dyopa, assembly) Anaxagoras, Pythag-oras.

-bius (yStb?,
life) Macrobius, Zenobius.
-crates (Kparos,might) Socrates, Hippocrates.
-critus (k/ditos,
chosen^ Democritus, Theocritus.

-dicus (S"-W,right) Prodicus, Demodicus.

-dotus (y'^oro"i^
given) Herodotus, Diodotus.

-genes (ycVos,race^ descent) Hermog-enes, Diogenes.

-lochus {^oxo'i,ambush) Thrasylochus, Nausilochus.

-machus (/^ax^?,
battle) Nicomachus, Telemachus.

-menes (/xeVos,
force) Theramenes. Hippomenes.
-nous {v6o"i^
inind) Alcinous, Antinous.

-phanes ((^atvw) root

("t"avY}"; "^a, light) Aristophanes,
Diophanes.
-philus dear)
("AiA.os, Theophilus, Demophilus.
-polis (Tr6XL"s,
city) Amphipolis, Acropolis.
-s thanes (o-^eVos,
strength) Antisthenes, thenes.
Demos-

-stratus (o-rparos,army) Pisistratus, Callistratus.

-xenus (^"Vo?,guest-friend) Proxenus, Polyxenus.

38 GRKBK AND I.ATIN PROPER NAMES.

Endings of Latin Proper Names,

It is difficult to classif}^ Latin names with

proper

reg-ard to the quantit}^ of the penult. The ing-

follow-

will be found helpful:

1. Many Latin proper names are

formed from

names
of places by addition of -a.7ius or -Imis; as,

AfricanuSy Latinus,

2. Many Latin end in -ulus,

proper names haps
per-

a
diminutive ending-; as, Lentiihis^ Regulus.

These should be carefully distinguished from Greek

names ending in -bulus (see 37), for in the Latin

p.

ending- the penult is short.

3. A vast number of Latin names

end in
proper

-ius. The penult is invariabl}^ short. These are

for the most part old Roman famih^ Octa-

names; as,

vius, Fabricius; though a

few are frcenomina; as,

Servius^ Lucius.
 PROPER ADJECTIVES,

Adjectives derived from proper names are much

more numerous in Latin than in Kng^lish. For this

reason, care should be taken to avoid clumsy lations.

trans-

Only proper adjectives that are in common

use in English should be used in translating- Latin.

The Eng-lish possessive case or the objective case

with ^y will often be found the equivalent of the

Latin proper adjective. Thus, we may translate

Atticus^ Attic or Athenian; Rojnanus^ Roman; Bri-

tminiciis^ British; Hiberiis^ Spanish but Hectoreus^

Hectors or of Hector; Nereius, of Nereus.

KXKRCISKS.

Name the proper adjectives in the following-

selections. Translate.

Aquitania a Garumnajiuniine ad Pyrenaeos monies

fertinet. B. G. I, i.

Boios^ qui trans Rhemi7yi incoluerant et in agrtirn

Noricii7n transierant ....

socios sibi adscisciint,

B. G. I, V.

Cuius legationis Divico iyrinceps fuit^ qui hello

Cassiano dux Helvetiorufn fuerat. B. G. I, xiii.

Puhlius Sextius Baculus quern Ne)i'ico

j)roelio cofnpluribus confectum vulneribus diximus.

B. G. m, V.
40 GRKKK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Germanico hello confedo^ multis de causis Ccesai\

statuit sibi Rhenttm esse transeundum. B. G. IV, xvi.

Hoc deus in nymipha Peneide fixityat illo

Laesit Apollineas traiecta per ossa ineduUas.

Ovid, Metam. I, 473.

Nulla mora est; adeunt pariter Cefhisidas tindas.

Ovid, Metam. I, 369.

Semhia turn frimum longis Cerealia sulcis

Ohruta stmt. Ovid, Metam. I, 123.

Quo simul acclivo Clymeneia limite proles

Ventt Ovid, Metam. II, 19.

Molle Cupidineis nee inexpugnahile telis

Cor mthi, qiiodque levis causa moveret^ erat.

Ovid, T. IV, X, 65-66.

Ergo qua licuit genitor cunctatus ad altos

Deducit iuvenem^ Volcania munera^ currus.

Ovid, Metam. II, 105-106.

Quae pater ut summa vidit Saturnius arce^

Ingemit Ovid, Metam. I, 163.-

Dumque feras sequitur^ dum saltus eligit aptos

Nexilibusque plagis silvas Eiynianthidas ambit ^

Incidit in matrem Ovid, Metam. II, 498-500.

Victa labore fugae, spectans Peneidas undas,

''Fer^patef^'' inquit^ ''opem!^
Ovid, Metam. I, 544.

Venit et ad ripas^ ubi ludere saepe solehat^

Inachidas. Ovid, Metam. I, 639.
42 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

The following- selections from the Eng-lish ics

class-

may be found useful as exercises. The accent

is readil}^ determined from the scansion.*

Is it not strang-e, Canidius,

That from Tarentum and Brundusium

He could so quickly cut the Ionian sea; ?

Shak. Ant. and Cleo. Ill, 7.

'"'Who now are levying-

The king's of earth for war: he has assembled "

Bocchus, the king" of Libya; Archelaus

Of Cappadocia; Philadelphos, king-

Of Paphlagonia; the Thracian king-, Adallas;
King- Malchus of Arabia; King: of Pont;
Herod of Jewry; Mithridates, king-
Of Comag-ene; Polemon of Amyntas
Shak. Ant. and Cleo. Ill, 6.

This is Trebonius.

He is welcome hither.

This, Decius Brutus.

He is welcome too.

This, Casca; this, Cinna; and this

Metellus Cimber.

Shak. Jul. C. II, i.

*Note that poets often use Ang-licized forms and forms

shortened for sake of the metre. To such the rules do not

See Tennyson's Princess II, 69, 'Palmyrene,' ton's

Mil-
apply.
Comus, 135, 'Hecat.'
 PROPER ADJECTIVES. 43

My mother Circe with the Sirens three,

Amidst the flower3^-kirtled Naiades

Culling: their potent herbs and baleful drugs.

Who, as the3^ sung-,

would take the prisoned soul

And lap it in Bb^siuni: Scylla wept,

And chid her barking- waves into attention.

And fell Charj-bdis murmured soft applause.

Milton, Conius.

In name of great Oceanus;

By the earth shaking Neptune's mace.

And Tethys' grave majestic pace.

By hoary Nereus' wrinkled look.

And the Carpathian wizard's hook,

By scaly Triton's winding shell,

And old soothsa5dng Glaucus' spell.

By Leucothea's lovel}^ hands,

And her son that rules the strands.

By Thetis' tinsel-slippered feet.

And the songs

of sirens sweet.

By dead Parthenope's dear tomb.

And fair Ivigea's golden comb.

Wherewith she sits on diamond rocks.

Sleeking her soft alluring locks.

Milton, Comus.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES,

Selected Iroai Virgil's Aeneid,

 (
VNlVERSfTYJ
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 45
46 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES, 47
48 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.
 NAMES CONNECTED WITH ANCIENT RAPHY
GEOG-

AND HISTORY.

Greece.

The following- lists have been prepared for the

use of classes in histor}^ The arrangement of the

words is intended to preserve their proper tion.

associa-

Geographical

PeIvOPONNKSUS Arg-olis

Achaia 30, 2* Arg-os

Elis 27, 4, c, iii Nauplia 30

Alpheus 27, 1; 16, a Tiryns 30

Peneus 16, a Hermione 13

Cyllene Epidaurus 30

Oh^mpia 30 Mycenae 30

Messenia 27, 4, c, ii Corinthia

Pylos Acrocorinthus

Sphacteria 27, 4, c, ii Sicyonia 32, 2

Messene Sicyon 32, 2

Laconia 27, 4, c, ii Arcadia 27, 4, c, ii

Taenarus 30 Mantinea

Sparta Tegea 32, 1; 21, 5, c

Eurotas Meg-alopolis

*The references are intended to help over hard places.

They indicate and rules in this book.

pag-es
 GREECE. 51

Meg-aris Thessalia 27, 4, c, ii

Megfara (Thessaly)
Attica Peneus

Pentelicus Pindus

Hymettus Pelion 27, 4, c, ii

Sunium 27, 4, c, i Olympus

Cephissus Thermopylae
Acropolis Pharsalus

Parthenon Larissa

Piraeus 30 lolchos 13

Boeotia 32, 2 Tempe 13

Helicon Epirus
Cithaeron 30 Dodona

Leuctra 25 Macedonia

Plataeae 30 Pydna
Orchomenus 32, 1 Chalcidice 32. 1

Aulis 30 01)mthus
Phocis Potidaea 30

Parnassus Cyclades
Delphi Paros 27, 4, c, iii

Elatea Naxos

Locris Delos 27, 4, c, iii

Amphissa C3"nthus
Naupactus 30 Aeg"ina
Doris 27, 4, c, iii Salamis

Oeta 30 Kuboea 30

Aetolia 27, 4, c, ii Chalcis 32, 1

Cal3"don Lesbos

Acarnania 27, 4, c, ii Mytilene 13

Actium 32, 2 Methvmna

52 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Chios 32, 1 Cephallenia 27, 4, c, ii

Samos 27, 4, c, iii Ithaca

Cythera 32, 1 Leucas

Zacynthus 32, 1 Corcyra 32, 1

Historical

Hellenes 31, 1 Mycale

Lycurgus Cimon 32, 1
Draco

Solon Pericles 31, 1

Areopag-us 21, 5, c Aeschylus 30

Pisistratus Sophocles 31, 1

Croesus 30 Euripides 31, 1
Clisthenes 31, 1 Aristophanes 37

Herodotus 37

Mardonius 21, 5, c Thucydides 32, 1

Aristides 31, 1 Phidias

Themistocles 31, 1 Ictinus

Miltiades 31, 1 Socrates 37

Marathon Zeno
Xerxes 49 Epidamnus
Darius Actium 32, 2
Leonidas Plataeae

Thermopylae Potidaea

Artemisium 32, 2 Cleon

Salamis Nicias 32, 2

Eurybiades 31, 1 Mytilene 13

Pausanias 21, 5, c Brasidas

Plataeae Amphipolis
 HISTORICAL. 53

Thuc3^dides Plato

Mantinea

Sparta Coronea

Alcibiades 31, 1
Sicilia Epaminondas
Sellnus Leuctra

Gylippus 32, 1 Cynocephalae

Decelea 32, 1 Mantinea

Miletus Agesilaus* 37

Samos

Cyzicus Philif
Conon Amphipolis
Callicratidas Pydna
Arg-inusae 32, 1 Potidaea 30

Lysander Philippi
Aegfospotami Demosthenes 31, 1
Aeschines

Thrasybulus 37 Olynthus
Phyle Philocrates 31, 1
Critias 32, 2 Amphissa
Elatea

Xenophon 49 Chaeronea

Socrates 37

*fl" in Greek ending^ -laiis (p. 37) is not a diphthong-.

54 GKEEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Abbreviated names should be pronounced in full.

Romulus Carthage
Numa Pompilius (Carthag-o)
Tullus Hostilius Messana

Ancus Marcius A grig-en turn 32,

Tarquinius Priscus C. Duilius

Servius Tullius M3^1ae

Tarquinius Superbus Ecnomus
Patiormus

L. Junius Brutus Hasdrubal

L. Tarquinius Collalinus Hamilcar 15

App. Claudius 8

Sp. Maelius 21, 5, c Hannibal

C. Servilius Ahala C. Plaminius

Iv. Quinctius Cincinnatus Trasimenus

21 Q. Fabius Maximus

Veii 30, 2 Cunctator

C. Licinius 8 C. Terentius Varro 32, 2

T. Manlius Torquatus Cannae

P. Decius Mus 32, 2 Capua

M\ Curius Dentatus 8 M. Claudius Marcellus

Nola

Tarentum P. Cornelius Scipio Afri-

P3-rrhus'^ canus Major

Epirus Zania
C. Fabricius 32, 2

^rh = Gr. p. The // is silent in the Eng-lish ciation.

pronun-
 =
KOMK. 5

T. Quinctius Flamininus Teutnnes 31, 1

Cynocephalae Marius

Aquae Sextiae 30

Perseus Vercellae

L. Aemilius Paullus

l^ydna C. Servilius Glaucia 32, 2

Iv. Appuleius Saturninus

P. Cornelius Scipio Aem- 30, 2
ilianus Africanus Minor

Carthag-o {Carthage^ Mithridates 31, 1

L. Mummius Sulla

Corinth Marius 21, 5, c

Cn. Octavius 8

Numantia L. Cornelius Cinna 32, 1

Scipio Aemilianus Nu- Q. Sertorius 21, 5, c

manticus

Spartacus
Ti. Sempronius Gracchus M. Licinius Crassus

32, 1

P. Scipio Nasica Tigfranes

C. Sempronius Gracchus L. Lucullus

M. Livius Drusus M'. Acilius Glabrio 25, 2

M. Fulvius Cn. Pompeius {Povipey)
11

Jugfurtha
C. Marius 21, 5, c L. Serg^ius Catillna {Ca-

L. Cornelius Sulla 21, 5, c tilitie)11

M. Tullius Cicero

Cimbri 32, 1 P. Clodius 21, 5, c

56 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.
58 GREEK AND LATIN PROPER NAMES.

Latona Apollo
Hermes Thyrsis 29, 1, (2)
Maeander Hecate 13

Proculus Acheron 32, 1

Berenice Ul5^sses

Milton's Comas Milton's Lycidas

Daphne Damaetas 30

Helena Orpheus 19, 1, Rem.

Erebus Hebrus 25

Meliboeus 30 Amaryllis
Amphitrite 13 Neaera 30

Anchises 31, 1 Phoebus 30

Dr3^ades Arethuse

Mercury* Mincius 32, 2

Jove* Hippotades
Hesperus Panope 13

Adonis 21, 5, a Alpheus 16, a

Comus

Bacchus 32, 1 Milton's II Penseroso

Phoebus 30 Morpheus 13

Iris Memnon

Circe 13 Cynthia
Narcissus Hermes 31, 1
Naiades 30, 2 Plato

Scylla Pelops
Chary bdis Musaeus

Hebe Pluto

*See note p. 42.

 ENGLISH CLASSICS. 59

Milton 's U Allegro Thy rsis

Cerberus 32, 1 Thestylis

Euphrosyne Hymen

Bacchus Orpheus

Aurora Pluto

Hebe Eurydice 13

Corydon
 INDEX.

Abbreviation, 8 Cn., abbreviation, 8

a, sounds of, 29 D., abbreviation, 8

a, e or o, 20, 25, 27 Demeter, 9

Accent, 14, 16, 17 Decimus, abbreviation of 8

,

Adjectives, proper, 39 Diana, 9

ae, diphthong-, 13, 30 Dionysus, 9

Aeneid, selections from, 41 Diphthong's, Latin, 13

Anglicized, proper names, 11 Divinities, 9

Antepenult, 14 6% 29

Aphrodite, 9 e before r, 29

Appius, abbreviation of, 8 ei, 13

Ares, 9 Endings of Greek proper

Artemis, 9 names, 36

Aspirated mutes, 21 English classics, 42, 57

Athene, 9 Eros, 9

ail, diphthong^, 13, 30 es, proper names ending in,

Aulus, abbreviation of, 8 29, 31

Bacchus, 9 eu, 13

C, abbreviation, 8 ens, proper names ending

c like s, 32 in, 19

c like sh, 32 Exercises, 11, 14, 15, 17, 19, 21,

11, 39 22, 25, 30, 34, 39, 42, 45, 50

Caesar,
Case endings, 11 ;?-likey, 32

Century Dictionary, 29 Gains, abbreviation of, 8

Ceres, 9 Geographical names, 50

ch like k, 32 gens name, 8

Closed syllables, 28 Gnaeus, abbreviation of, 8

Cognomen 8 Greek divinities, 9

,

Consonants, 30 proper names, 10, 36

to be separated in cation,
syllabi- historical and geographical

19, 27 names, 50

use of, in syllables, 13 Hephaestus, 9

Hercules, 9 Nominative case, 11

Here, 9 Numerius, abbreviation of, 8

Hermes, 9 o before r, 29

Heroes, 9 Oblique case, 11

History classes, exercises Objective case with of, 39

for, 50 Odysseus, 9

/, 29, 30 oe, 13, 30

/, silent, 32 Ovid Metam., 40

semi- vowel, 30 Open syllable, 28, 30

short before c, s, and /, 32 P., abbreviation, 8

Juno, 9 Patricians, proper names in

Jupiter, 9 use among-, 8

K., abbreviation, 8 Patronymics, 34

Kaeso, abbreviation of, 8 Penult, 14

Latin names, ending-s of, 38 ending-s with long-, 36

Liquids, 15 with short, 37

Long- vowels, 14 Persephone, 9

Lucius, abbreviation of, 8 phth, initial, 33

M., abbreviation, 8 Poseidon, 9

"
M'. 8 Possessive case, 39

"
Mam., 8 Praenomen, 8

Mamercus, abbreviation of, 8 Primary accent, 16

"
Manius, "8 Pronunciation, 28

"
Marcus, "8 steps in determining-, 10

Mars, 9 Proper adjectives, 39

Mercury, 9 Proserpina, 9

Meter, 17 Ps, initial, 2"Z

Milton, exercises from, 43 Publius, 26, 27

Minerva, 9, 29 Publicius, 26, 27

Mn, initial, 33 Q., abbreviation, 8

Mutes, 15 qu, 31

Names of peoples, plural, 11 Quantity, 14

connected with ancient tory

his- in Latin, 28

and g-eography, 50 Quintus, 8

N., abbreviation, 8 Roman us, 39

Neptune, 9 Rules for syllabication, 19

Nonien. 8 for pronunciation, 28

5 like sh, 32 Ti., abbreviation, 8

Secondary accent, 17 Tiberius, abbreviation of, 8

"
Semi-vowel, 30 Titus, 8

Ser, abbreviation, 8 7"", initial, 33

"
Servius, of, 8 before 20, 29
u r,

"
Sex., of, 8 Ultima, 14

"
Sextus, of, 8 Accent, upon, 16

Shakespeare, selections from, Ulysses, 9

42 Uncombinable consonants, 33

Silent vowels, 13, 37 Venus, 9

Sp., abbreviation, 8 Virg-il's Aeneid, 41

Sptirius,
"
of, 8 exercises selected from, 44

Summary of rules of cation,

syllabi- Vowels, use of, in syllables,

27 13

Syllabication, rules for, 19 to be separated in cation,

syllabi-

Syllables, nature of, 13 19, 27

number of, in word, 13 quantity of, 28

long-, short, 14 sounds of, 29

quantity of, 14 Vulcan, 9

T., abbreviation, 8 X = ks, 31

t like sh, 32 X, initial, 49

Tennyson, 42, 57 y = i, 29, 30 [

Three consonants, 20 Zeus, 9

^
or THE

UNIVERSITY
Of
.
 SOME BOOKS
PUBIvISHKD BY

GEO. WAHR

PUBT.ISHRR AND BOOKSEIylvEK TO THE UNIVERSITY OF IGAN,

MICH-

ANN ARBOR.

BOWBN, "
A Teachers' Course in Physical Training, By Wilbur

P. Bowen, Director of Physical Training-, Michig-an

State Normal Colleg-e. A brief study of the mental
funda-

principles of g-ymnastic training, desig-ned for

Teachers of the Public Schools. 183 pag-es. 43 tions.

illustra-

Cloth, $1.00.

D'OOGE. "

Helps to the Study ol Classical Mythology! for the Lower

Grades and Secondary Schools. By B. Iv. D'Oog^e, Professor

in the Michigan State Normal College. 12 mo. 180

pag-es. Cloth, 45 cents.

FLORER,-'A Guide for the Study of RiehVs Burg Neideck with

Questions for Grammar Review. By Warren Washburn

Florer, University of Michigan. Pamphlet. 88 pages.

30 cents.

FLORER." Biblical Selections. With word list. By Warren

Washburn Florer, University of Michigan. 88 pages.

Cloth, 40 cents.

FLORER. " Questions on Thomas's German Grammar, with Esseno

tials of Grammar in German. By Warren Washburn Florer,

University of Michigan. Pamphlet. 62 pages. 20 cents.

FLORER. A Guide for the Study of Heyse's L'Arrabbiata. With

Questions for Grammar Review. By Warren W. Florer,

University of Michigan. Pamphlet. 20 pages. 20 cents.

FLORER." Heyse's L'Arrabbiata. With word list and questions

for conversation and grammar review. By Warren

Washburn Florer, University of Michigan. 80 pages.

Cloth, 35 cents.
FLORER,"A Guide lor the Study oi Goethe's Egmont. By ren
War-

Washburn Florer. Pamphlet. 30 cents.

HILDNER, " Citaten Ouartett zu Storm's Immensee. By Jonathan

Hildner, University of Michig"an. German tional

Conversa-

Cards. Boxed, 50 cents.

HILDNER-DIEKHOFF." Storm's Immensee, Edited by athan

Jon-

Hildner and Tobias Diekhoif, University of Mich-

ig-an. With complete Vocabulary. 112 pag-es. Cloth,

35 cents.

HILDNER-DIEKHOFF."Leitfragen zu Storm's Immensee, By

# Jonathan Hildner and Tobias Diekhoff, University of

Michig"an. Pamphlet. 16 pag"es. 15 cents.

HILDNER' DIEKHOFF." Freytag die JournaUsten, With notes

and questions. By Jonathan Hildner and Tobias hoff,

Diek-

University of Michig-an. 174 pages. Cloth, 60 cents.

MONTGOMERY-SMITH "

Laboratory Manual of Elementary

Chemistry. New second edition. By Jabez Montg-omer\',
Ph.D., Professor of Natural Science, Ann Arbor Hig-h
School, and Roy B. Smith, Professor in Colgate sity.
Univer-

12 mo. 410 pagres. Cloth, $1.25.

FATTENGILL." Rules for the Pronunciation of Greek and Latin

Proper Names. By A. H. Patteng-ill,Professor in the

University of Michig-an. Pamphlet. 5 cents.

PUTNAM," A Historical Sketch of the Development of Primary

and Secondary Public Education in Michigan. By Daniel

Putnam of the State Normal Colleg-e. 12 mo. 300 pag-es.

$1.00.

WOLF-FLORER."A Guide for the Study of Goethe's Hermann

and Dorothea. By Ernst Wolf, E- Saginaw High School,

and Warren Washburn Elorer, University of Michigan.
Pamphlet. 82 pages. 30 cents.

Of
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARt

30m-l,'15
 U.C.BERKELEY LIBRARIES

CDMb^flflDSM