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Huitransmissionlines New PDF
Huitransmissionlines New PDF
z
0
metal walls
dielectric spacing
3 AC Steady-State Analysis
3.1 Distributed parameter representation
Surface
resistivity of
the conductors
(See Text
Book No.3,
pp. 445-447)
Generator Load
∂i ( z , t )
v ( z , t ) − RΔzi ( z , t ) − LΔz − v ( z + Δz , t ) = 0
∂t
∂v( z + Δz , t )
i ( z , t ) − GΔzv( z + Δz , t ) − C Δz − i ( z + Δz , t ) = 0
∂t
By letting Δz→0, these lead to coupled equations:
∂v( z , t ) ∂i ( z , t )
− = Ri ( z , t ) + L
∂z ∂t
∂i ( z , t ) ∂v( z , t )
− = Gv( z , t ) + C
∂z ∂t
After decoupling,
2
d V ( z)
2
= γ 2
V (z)
dz
d 2 I ( z)
2
= γ 2
I (z)
dz
γ = α + jβ = ( R + jω L )( G + jωC )
γ is the complex propagation constant whose real part α is
the attenuation constant (Np/m) and whose imaginary
part β is the phase constant (rad/m). Generally, these
quantities are functions of ω.
Hon Tat Hui
10 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
V ( z) = V + ( z) + V − ( z)
Forward + −γ z − γz
Backward
travelling =V e 0 +V e 0 travelling
wave. + − wave.
I ( z) = I ( z) + I ( z)
= I 0+ e −γ z + I 0− eγ z
V0+ V0− R + jω L
=− − =
I0+
I0 γ
R + jωL γ R + jωL
Z0 = = =
γ G + jωC G + jωC
γ = α + jβ = (R + jωL)(G + jωC )
ω 1 1
u p = phase velocity = = =
β LC με
Z 0 = characteristic impedance
R + jωL
=
G + jωC
L
=
C
V (z ) = V e+ − jkz −
+V e jkz +
V − jkz V jkz −
0 0
I (z ) = 0
e − e 0
⎛ V −
⎞ Z0 Z0
+ − jkz
⎜
= V0 e ⎜1 + + e ⎟⎟ 0 2 jkz
⎝ V ⎠ V +
⎛ V −
2 jkz ⎞
0
= 0
e ⎜⎜1 − + e ⎟⎟
− jkz 0
= V + e − jkz (1 + Γ e2 jkz )
0 L
Z0 ⎝ V0 ⎠
=I e+ − jkz
0 (1 − Γ e ) L
2 jkz
V ( z ) V0+ ( z )
Z ( z) = = + = Z0
I (z ) I 0 (z )
ΓL = 0
Hon Tat Hui
18 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
z
ℓ
Γi z = -d Γ(ℓ) z=0
ℓ=d Z(ℓ) ℓ=0
source load
Note the two coordinate systems and their relation:
z = measuring from the left to the right
ℓ = measuring from the right to the left ℓ= -z
V e
0
+ jkA
0
− − jkA
+V e = V (A )
I 0+ e jkA + I 0− e − jkA = I (A )
V0+ + V0− = VL
VL
= ZL
V0+ V0− IL
− = IL
Z0 Z0
Solve these two equations, we have:
1
V0 = I L (Z L + Z 0 )
+
2
1
V0 = I L (Z L − Z 0 )
−
2
Hon Tat Hui
22 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
-
Putting the expressions for V0 and V0 into the equations
+
)
2
[
V A = I L Z L (e + e ) + Z 0 (e − e )
( 1 jkA − jkA jkA − jkA
]
= I L [Z L cos(kA ) + jZ 0 sin (kA )]
I (A ) =
1 IL
2 Z0
[
Z L (e jkA − e − jkA ) + Z 0 (e jkA + e − jkA ) ]
IL
= [Z 0 cos(kA ) + jZ L sin (kA )]
Z0
Hon Tat Hui
23 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
V (A ) Z L + jZ 0 tan (kA )
Z (A) = = Z0
I (A ) Z 0 + jZ L tan (kA )
2
1
− − jkA
V0 e = I (A )(Z (A ) − Z 0 )
2
Hon Tat Hui
25 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
1
I (A )[Z (A ) − Z 0 ]
Z (A ) − Z 0
Γ (A ) = 2 =
1
I (A )[Z (A ) + Z 0 ] Z (A ) + Z 0
2
Then,
1 + Γ (A )
Z (A ) = Z 0
1 − Γ (A )
Zi − Z 0
Γ (A = d ) = Γi = = Γ L e − j 2 kd
Zi + Z 0
Vg
Γi
Hon Tat Hui
27 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
Example 1
A 100-Ω transmission line is connected to a load consisted
of a 50-Ω resistor in series with a 10-pF capacitor.
(a) Find the reflection coefficient ГL at the load for a 100-
MHz signal.
(b) Find the impedance Zin at the input end of the
transmission line if its length is 0.125λ.
Solutions
The following information is given
RL = 50Ω, CL = 10 −11 F, Z 0 = 100Ω, f = 100MHz = 108 Hz
The load impedance is
Z L = RL − j ωCL
1
= 50 − j = 50 − j159 (Ω)
2π × 10 × 10
8 −11
(b) d =0.125λ
Zin = Z ( A = 0.125λ )
Z L + jZ0 tan (π 4 )
= Z0
Z0 + jZ L tan (π 4 )
Z L + jZ0 Normalized zin = 0.1437-j 0.2555 Ω
= Z0
Z0 + jZ L
= 14.3717 - j 25.5544 (Ω)
= 29.32∠ − 60.65° (Ω)
See animation “Transmission Line Impedance Calculation”
= V0+ e jkA (1 + Γ L e − j 2 kA )
|ΓL|≤1
V ( A ) = V 1 + Γ Le
0
+ − j 2kA
j (θ L −2 k A )
= V 1+ Γ L e
0
+
Γ = Γ L e j (θ L −2kA )
= a complex number
= V 1+ Γ
0
+
Im 1+ Γ
θ =θL-2kℓ V (A )
1
0 Re
θ
1− Γ L Γ = Γ L e j (θ L − 2 kz ' )
AM Am A=0
1+ Γ L
V ( A ) is maximum when 1 + Γ = (1 + Γ L )
V ( A ) max ⇒ θ = θ L − 2k A = −2nπ
θ L λ nλ
⇒ AM = + , n = 0,1, 2,"
4π 2
Note:θL has to be specified in the range [ −π , π ) .
V ( A ) is minimum when 1 − Γ = (1 − Γ L )
V ( A ) min ⇒ θ = θ L − 2k A = − ( 2n + 1) π
θ L λ ( 2n + 1) λ
⇒ Am = + , n = 0,1, 2,"
4π 4
Note:θL has to be specified in the range [ −π , π ) .
Hon Tat Hui
33 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
As current is
I ( A ) = I 0+ 1 − Γ L e − j 2 k A
V0+
= 1− Γ
Z0
Current is maximum when voltage is minimum and
minimum when voltage is maximum.
θ L λ (2n + 1)λ
I (A ) max at A M = + , n = 0,1,2,", with θ L ≤ π
4π 4
θ L λ nλ
I (A ) min at A m = + , n = 0,1,2,", with θ L ≤ π
4π 2
Hon Tat Hui
34 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
S −1
ΓL =
S +1
|V(z)| |I(z)|
|V|max |I|max
|V|min |I|min
lmax lmax
load load
Hon Tat Hui
35 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
Special terminations
ΓL S ZL
0 1 ZL= Z0 (matched)
-1 ∞ ZL= 0 (short-circuited)
1 ∞ ZL= ∞ (open-circuited)
Ps = Re{Vg I i* }
1
2
Power dissipated in the source impedance Zg:
2
{ *
}
PZ g = Re VZ g I Z g = Re{Z g I i I i } = I i Re{Z g }
1 1
2
* 1 2
2
Hon Tat Hui
37 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
Ps = PZ g + Pi
Pi = PL
Example 2
A lossless transmission line with Z0 = 50 Ω and d =1.5 m
connects a voltage Vg source to a terminal load of ZL = (50 +
j50) Ω. If Vg = 60 V, operating frequency f = 100 MHz, and
Zg = 50 Ω, find the distance of the first voltage maximum ℓM
from the load. What is the power delivered to the load PL?
Assume the speed of the wave along the transmission line
equal to speed of light, c.
Zg Ii d
A
Vg ~ Zi Vi Z0 = 50 Ω ZL
A’
ℓ 0
Solutions
The following information is given:
Z 0 = 50Ω, d = 1.5 m,
Vg = 60 V, Z g = 50Ω, Z L = 50 + j50Ω,
f = 100MHz = 10 Hz
8
c
up = c ⇒ λ = 8 = 3 m
10
The reflection coefficient at the load is:
Z L − Z 0 50 + j50 − 50
ΓL = = = 0.2 + j 0.4 = 0.45e j1.11
Z L + Z 0 50 + j50 + 50
Hon Tat Hui
41 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
θ L λ nλ
Then, AM = + , when n = 0
4π 2
1.11λ
= = 0.09λ = 0.27 m (from the load)
4π
Z L + jZ 0 tan (kd )
Zi = Z 0
Z 0 + jZ L tan (kd )
⎛ 2π ⎞
50 + j50 + j50 tan ⎜ × 1. 5 ⎟
Zi = 50 ⎝ 3 ⎠ = 50 + j50Ω
⎛ 2π ⎞
50 + j (50 + j50 ) tan ⎜ × 1.5 ⎟
⎝ 3 ⎠
The current at the input to the transmission line is :
Vg 60
Ii = = = 0.48 − j 0.24 A
Z g + Zi 50 + 50 + j50
As the transmission line is lossless, power delivered to the
load PL is equal to the power input to the transmission line
Pi. Hence,
1 2 1
PL = Pi = I i Re{Z i } = × 0.288 × 50 = 7.2 W
2 2
Hon Tat Hui
43 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
(
V (A ) = V0+ e jkA + V0− e − jkA = V0+ e jkA 1 + Γ L e − j 2 kA )
V0+ jkA V0+ − jkA V0+ jkA
I (A ) =
Z0
e −
Z0
e =
Z0
e 1 − ΓLe − j 2 kA
( )
We still have one unknown V0+ in V(ℓ) and I(ℓ). We
need the knowledge of voltage source Vg to further
determine V0+.
Hon Tat Hui
44 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
Vg Z 0 e − jkd
V (A ) =
(Z (
+ Z0 )1 − Γ g ΓLe − j 2 kd
) (
e jkA 1 + Γ L e − j 2 kA )
g
Vg e − jkd
I (A ) =
(Z (
+ Z0 )1 − Γ g ΓLe − j 2 kd
) (
e jkA 1 − Γ L e − j 2 kA )
g
Example 3
A 1.05-GHz generator circuit with a series impedance Zg = 10Ω
and voltage source given by:
vg (t ) = 10 sin (ωt + 30°) (V )
is connected to a load ZL = (100 + j50) through a 50-Ω, 67-cm-
long lossless transmission line. The phase velocity of the line is
0.7c, where c is the velocity of light in a vacuum. Find the
instantaneous voltage and current v(ℓ,t) and i(ℓ,t) on the line and
the average power delivered to the load.
Zg Ii d
A
vg Zi Vi Z0 = 50 Ω ZL
A’
ℓ 0
Hon Tat Hui
47 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
0.67
d = 67cm = = 3.35λ
0.2
source reflection coefficient Γ g
Z g − Z0 10 − 50 2
= = =−
Z g + Z 0 10 + 50 3
Vg e − jkd
I (A ) = e jkA (1 − Γ L e − j 2 kA )
(Z g + Z 0 )(1 − Γ g Γ L e − j 2 kd
)
[
= 0.20e j 2.77 e jkA − 0.45e − j (kA −0.46 ) ]
Therefore instantaneous forms are:
v (A, t ) = Re{V (A )e jωt }
[
= Re{10.18e j 2.77 e jkA + 0.45e − j (kA −0.46 ) e jωt } ]
= 10.18 cos(ωt + kA + 2.77 ) + 4.58 cos(ωt − kA + 3.23)
i (A, t ) = Re{I (A )e jωt }
[
= Re{0.20e j 2.77 e jkA − 0.45e − j (kA −0.46 ) e jωt } ]
= 0.20 cos(ωt + kA + 2.77 ) − 0.09 cos(ωt − kA + 3.23)
Hon Tat Hui
50 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
Z L + jZ 0 tan (kd )
Zi = Z0
Z 0 + jZ L tan (kd )
⎛ 2π
(100 + j50) + j50 tan⎜ × 3.35λ ⎞⎟
⎝ λ ⎠
= 50
⎛ 2π ⎞
50 + j (100 + j 50 ) tan⎜ × 3.35λ ⎟
⎝ λ ⎠
= 21.9 + j17.4 Ω
Vg 10e − jπ / 3
Ii = = = 0.28e − j1.55
Z g + Z i 10 + 21.9 + j17.4
= Re{Vi I i* }
1
2
= Re{I i Z i I i* }
1
2
1 2
= I i Re{Z i }
2
1
= 0.282 Re{21.9 + j17.4}
2
= 0.86 Watt
Z 0 + jZ 0 tan (kA ) ⎫
Z (A ) = Z 0 = Z0 ⎪
Z 0 + jZ 0 tan (kA ) ⎪
⎬for any length A of the line
Z (A ) − Z 0
Γ (A ) = = 0 ⎪
Note ℓ =-z Z (A ) + Z 0 ⎪⎭
z
0 z
-1
ℓ 0
Normalized current magnitude
1
Z0 Z0
z
-1
Zin Normalized impedance (Zin/Z0)
z
Note:
Normalized voltage = voltage/max. |voltage| -1
Normalized current = current/max. |current|
= Z 02
sc oc
= [ jZ 0 tan (kA )] [− jZ 0 cot (kA )]
Normalized impedance (=cot(kz))
Z in Z in
= − tan 2 (kA )
Z0 ZL
Zin
Z0 ZL
Zin
Hon Tat Hui
57 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
Example 4
The open-circuit and short-circuit impedances measured at
the input terminals of a lossless transmission line of length
1.5 m (which is less than a quarter wavelength) are −j54.6 Ω
and j103 Ω, respectively.
(a) Find Z0 and k of the line.
(b) Without changing the operating frequency, find the
input impedance of a short-circuited line that is twice
the given length.
(c) How long should the short-circuited line be in order
for it to appear as an open circuit at the input
terminals?
Hon Tat Hui
58 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011
Solution
The given quantities are
Z inoc = − j54.6 Ω
Z insc = j103 Ω
A = 1.5m
(a) Z 0 = Z inoc Z insc = 75 Ω
1 −1
k = tan − Z insc Z inoc = 0.628 rad m
A
2π
λ= = 10m
k
(b) For a line twice as long, ℓ = 3 m and k ℓ =1.884 rad,
Z insc = jZ 0 tan kA = − j 232 Ω
Hon Tat Hui
59 Transmission Lines – Basic Theories
NUS/ECE EE2011