A Part PDF

Study of Town- Ujjain | 2019
________________________________________________________________________
INTRODUCTION
As planning is the continuous process and without any pre planning, the city starts
developing in a very haphazard manner and in a very irregular pattern. There is a
need to have pre thinking of how to develop a city and in which direction it will grow
so that it can boost the economy and living standards of the people residing over there
in a city. For providing quality and healthy life to the people, the planning of the
infrastructure facilities and services need to be planned and incorporated in the master
plan to be prepared. For the same, the students of Masters in Urban and Infrastructure
Planning (2nd semester) are supposed to undertake an exercise “GUU/GIU:560-
Study of Town” as part of the course curriculum. Students have done survey of three
towns i.e. Indore, Ujjain, and Dewas. Students carried out survey and understand the
problems, potentials and constraints of the town. Our group undertook the town
Ujjain for same.
i. Need of Exercise
Due to the urbanization, towns and cities are growing very fast but in organic way.
Planned development is lacking in most of our towns and cities because of which
these towns and cities are facing various kinds of problems. To avoid even to solve
these problems, there is a need to plan the cities. For this, Development Plan is a
major requirement. Hence, study of that town/city is fundamental step and is provides
is base for proportion of Development Plan.
ii. Scope of the Exercise

It includes the coverage or extent of various aspects which will be studied in the
exercise.
1. Theoretical Framework
It includes the concepts, definitions, components, merits and demerits of master plan,
other related plans such as development plan, annual plan, projects and schemes.
Norms and standards etc. understanding of various development plan.
_____________________________________________________________________
1
________________________________________________________________________
2. Data Identification and Collection
It includes the following aspects:
a) Regional Setting: Activities for which surrounding dependent upon city and
activities for which city is dependent upon surrounding. It involves Road network,
frequency of buses, utilization of road and buses, commuters number and their
origin. Import and export of perishable and non-perishable goods.
b) Historical Evolution: Growth of population and area in different historical
periods. Factors responsible for growth of city and direction of growth of the city.
c) Physiography: It includes slope, climatic conditions, i.e. temperature, rainfall, soil
fertility and soil bearing capacity, ground water level, etc.
d) Existing Land use: Land use distribution, intensity, extent, trends of land use
changes.
e) Demographic and socio-economic characteristics: It includes population growth,
literacy rate, dependency ratio, population distribution, ward wise density, etc.
f) Housing: Housing schemes, number of house hold size, condition of houses,
slum, unauthorized colonies etc. Location of slums and squatters, urban poor and
slums, Infrastructural status of slum areas.
g) Industries: List, types and location of large, medium and small-scale industries,
Pollution generation from industries,
h) Trade and Commerce: Commodities, import. Export in value terms and their
trends, revenue generated in the city due to commercial establishments and food
items, hotels, marriage places and workers, trend wise.
i) Informal Sector Characteristics: This will include the total number of registered
and un registered informal markets and vendors.
j) Traffic and Transportation: Road network and geometry, transport system,
hierarchy of roads, (functional, physical), traffic-volume, frequency of buses,
terminals study, junction-capacity, parking, etc.
k) Physical Infrastructure: Water supply network source, area served/ un-served,
demand and supply. Sewerage network: Hierarchy of peoples and their diameter,
disposal point, slope, area served/ un-served. Solid waste management – Near of
dumping points, their location and surrounding land use.
_____________________________________________________________________
2
________________________________________________________________________
l) Social Infrastructure: Education Facilities: Hierarchy location and near area
served/ un-served, population allowance. Medical Facilities: Hierarchy, Location,
near area and population served/un-served. Religious, recreational, petrol pump
etc.
m) Land value and land ownership: Controlled value and market value in residential
and commercial areas and ownership status.
n) Urban Design: Urban Structure, Morphology, Shape, Skyline, Urban Theories,
etc.
o) Heritage and tourism: Tourist spots, number of tourists trend wise, available
infrastructure. Location of historical monuments, Identification of heritage zone.
p) Environment Condition: Environmental degradation, environmental pollution,
principle causes of environmental pollution, compatibility, air pollution, water
pollution and land pollution.
q) Disaster Management: Disaster prone areas, location of Petrol Pumps and gas go-
downs, high tension wire and congested areas, high rise buildings.
r) Legal, Administrative/ Finance/various acts, buildings byelaws, zoning regulation
etc. Financial source of municipal corporation, Income and expenditure of
municipal corporation, The capital income of municipal corporation, Revenue
account of M. Corporation Ujjain.
s) Project, Schemes and Policies: All the on-going projects and schemes.
3. Problems, Potentials and Constraints
Comparison with available norms and standards and Identification of infrastructure

gaps.
iii. Objective of the Exercise
The main objective of the exercise is to understand all aspects and conduct a SWOT
analysis of all the aspects and sub-aspects so that an appropriate plan could be
prepared as per the needs of people and administration of the town. To find out nature
and extent of problems and potentials of the town in the light of different aspects to
be studied and taking into considerations the existing condition and requirement for
the future.
_____________________________________________________________________
3
________________________________________________________________________
iv. Methodology
Formulation of Objectives: First stage is to decide main objective of the study

because without any objective one cannot decide the right path. Main objective of this
study is to understand the nature and extent of problems and potentials of the town.
Theoretical Framework: Next stage is to understand the basic concept of all the
aspects, which are to be studied throughout the exercise. In this students have studied
about definition of development plan and related terms given by different authors.
Students have also studied about the concept of towns from different books and thesis
and have derived definitions from it. It will cover the definitions, concepts,
components, norms and standards, case studies etc. The source of this theoretical
framework is books, journals, unpublished thesis, and it will help in understanding
the aspects in a better way and also act as an input for the next stage.
Data Identification: After this, it is important to identify sub-aspects of aspects,

which are to be studied during the exercise and collect, data related through it from
primary and secondary sources so that students can work out facts and figures about
their town. It will cover the data related with all aspects i.e. Regional Setting, Local
Planning Area, Historical Evolution, Physiography, Existing Land Use, Land Value
and Ownership, Demographic and Social Economic, Housing Slums, Heritage and
Conservation, Urban Design, Traffic and Transportation, Industry, Trade and
Commerce, Physical Infrastructure, Social Infrastructure, Policies and Programs,
Administrative Status, Legal Aspects Financial are collected. The surveys and studies
related or required for each aspect are to be conducted under this stage. The data is
collected in the form of primary data (Traffic Volume, Public Opinion) or secondary
data (Population, Housing etc.) as per the requirement of the aspects form different
offices like M.C, Census of India etc. for secondary data and public opinion, traffic
volume for primary data.
Updating of Land Use Map: The base map i.e. the land use map of the city is
updated in this stage by reconnaissance survey.
Data Compilation and Analysis: Last step of the exercise is data compilation and
analysis in which problems and potentials of the town are drawn and their nature and
_____________________________________________________________________
4
________________________________________________________________________
extent are studied. Quantification of data is done along with spatial analysis and
pictorial representations. After this report is made, illustrative, and detailing of all
aspects is done.
Identification of Problems, Potentials and Constraints: After the data analysis the
problems, potentials and constraints of the town are identified which will help in
listing out the vision, proposals while preparing the development plan of Ujjain.
Introduction Introduction to the Exercise and

Town, Need, Scope, Objectives.
Books
Definitions, concept and Publications Derived definition,
Theoretical comparison of master plan with Thesis and concept and other
Framework other plans, Norms and Standards conclusion from the
Manuals
data collected.
Regional Settings
Physical Infrastructure
Local Planning Area
Land Value
Characteristics
Land Ownership
Physiographic Characteristics S
Passenger Traffic and Updating
Data Historical Evolution and W
Transportation Base Map
identification Physical Growth O
Freight Traffic and Facts and
and collection Existing Land Use T
Transportation figures
Means of Data Characteristics
Urban Design
Collection Demographic Characteristics
Tourism Characteristics
Socio-Economic and Cultural
Conservation and Heritage
Interviews Features
Environmental Characteristics
Housing Characteristics
Disaster Management
Industry and Industrial
Field Survey Legal, Financial and
Infrastructure
Administrative Setup
Trade and Commerce
Projects, Programs and
Informal Sector
Schemes
Characteristics
Spatial Identification
Statistical of Problems,
Data Analysis Mathematical Potentials and
compilati of data Photographic Constrains
on SWOT
Software’s Used
Geographic information System GIS 10.3 for

Mapping, Microsoft Office 2013 (Excel, Power
Point, Word)
Figure i- Methodology
****************
_____________________________________________________________________
5
SECTION-A
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
This section will include the various definitions, concepts and plans related to the town
study which will help in making the plans. It will also cover the various norms and
standards with which the comparison is to be done of the existing infrastructure in order
to find out the gaps.
1.1 Definitions of Different Plans
There are various types of plans which are made in Indian context and are having
different characteristics. They are Perspective Plan, Master Plan, Development Plan,
Regional Plan, Annual Plan etc. which are explained as below.
Perspective Plan
A perspective plan is a long term (20-25 years) written document supported by necessary
maps and diagrams providing the State government the goals, policies, strategies and
general programs of the urban local authority regarding spatial economic development of
the settlement under its governance.
Master Plan
According to Abrams Charles [1971], Master Plan is a comprehensive, long-range plan

intended to guide the growth and development of a city, town or region, expressing
official contemplation on the course its transportation, housing and community facilities
should take, and making proposals for industrial settlement, commerce, population
distribution, and other aspects of growth and development.
According to S.C.Rangawala [2005] ,”A master plan or a development plan or a town

plan may be defined as a general plan for the future layout of a city showing both the
existing and proposed streets or roads, open spaces, public buildings etc. which aim at
controlling the further growth of a town along preconceived and predetermined paths”.
_____________________________________________________________________
6
According to URDPFI Guidelines [2015],” Development plan is a statutory plan

prepared within the framework of approved perspective plan. The objective of a
development plan is to provide further necessary details and intended actions in form of
strategies and physical proposals for various policies given in the perspective plan
depending upon economic and social needs and aspiration of people, available resources
and priorities”.
According to A.Whittick [1974],” A development plan comprises written statements,

maps, and diagrams prepared by an authority responsible for planning. It is based upon a
survey including land use, size, composition and distribution of population an
employment together with an analysis of the system of communications. An opportunity
is given for the Public to participate at all stages of the plan-making process. The
objective is to satisfy the social and economic desires of the community by pleasant
environment while reconciling Conflicting land use claims.
Comprehensive Plan:
Schultz and Kasen has defined ‘comprehensive plan’ as an official document that serves
as a guide to the long range physical development of a city or planning area. Specific
plan elements are prepared for those topics of greatest concern to the community;
elements are commonly public utilities, environmental quality, recreation and open
spaces. Each element would address existing and future needs, and include various
proposals and plans for meeting these needs.
Development Plan:
According to A. Whittick, “A development plan comprises written statements, maps,

and diagrams prepared by an authority responsible for planning. It is based upon a survey
including land use, size, composition and distribution of population and employment
together with an analysis of the system of communications. An opportunity is given for
the public to participate at all stages of the plan-making process. The objective is to
satisfy the social and economic desires of the community by creating an effective plan for
the physical structure of an area and by encouraging measures to create a pleasant
environment while reconciling conflicting land use claims.
_____________________________________________________________________
7
Regional Plan:
According to URDPFI guidelines, Regional plan is a statutory plan prepared within the
framework of approved perspective plan. The objective of a development plan is to
provide further necessary details and intended actions in the form of strategies and
physical proposals depending upon the economic and social needs and aspiration of
people and available resources.
Conclusion- From the above definitions, it is observed that every plan has different
characteristics and have their own objectives. These plans are the guidelines that how the
development regarding land use, traffic management, infrastructure development, trade
and commerce is to be carried out in a city/town. However, before the execution of these
plans it is important to study aspects like demographic characteristics, socio-economic
profile of city, industrial infrastructure, tourism, traffic and transportation, housing
conditions prevailing in a city and nature and extent of problems related with them. So,
here in proceeding sections it will be discussed that why an individual aspect is to be
studied, what is its purpose and what are its sub-aspects which helps in understanding the
overall scenario of a town/city.
1.2. Features of Development Plan

Thus different authors have defined ‘master plan’ in their own way. However, a
compilation of the galaxy of features used shall help to understand the concept and
definition of the master plan in a clearer manner. Following are the main
features/elements that constitute the meat of the concept.
1.2.1. Comprehensiveness: The plan provides an overall strategic proposal, which

incorporates all the constituent components of the town i.e. physical, socio-economic,
infrastructural, and administrative, etc. is well appreciated and evaluated.
1.2.2. Long-Range: The development of the town is a lengthy process and the plan
provides broad and general guidelines to the growth and development of a
city/town/region to meet the future needs of the inhabitants to achieve sustainability in
the town structure and infrastructural fulfilment.
_____________________________________________________________________
8
1.2.3. Official Document: The plan carries approval of the political masters and explains
the official contemplation about different activities of the human being in the urban areas.
1.2.4. Flexibility: To support longevity and sustainability in sense that proposals can be
amended in the light of future advancements that could not be perceived and conceived.
1.2.5. Definitiveness: The plan provides the distribution of different land-use zones and
directs location of facilities and transportation and utility networks over a planning area.
1.2.6. Monitoring: The plan provides guidelines for implementation and periodic review
of the development being undertaken, may be after every five to seven years, to adjust its
sights to the changed conditions.
1.3. Objectives of Development Plan
These objectives are on the basis of theoretical framework and books and explained in
detail as follows:
1. To achieve balanced planned development best suited for present and future needs.
2. To attain conducive living environment by upgrading the undeveloped areas of the
city and gradually reconstructing the developed area of the city with the particular
attention to blighted section and improper circulation.
3. To provide functional relationship between work, place and recreation.
4. To provide balanced infrastructural facilities and other services within town
1.4. Components of Development Plan
1.4.1. Land use: The Master plan should indicate areas designated for residential,
commercial, industrial, socio-cultural, recreational, administrative and other uses.
1.4.2. Circulation: The roads, streets, railways, waterways, airways, terminal facilities,
transit systems etc., for the movement of people, goods and services.
1.4.3. Utilities, services and facilities: The Master plan indicates the desirable location,
size and other particulars regarding public utilities like water supply, sewerage and
power, municipal services like transport and firefighting and community facilities like
education, health and recreation.
_____________________________________________________________________
9
1.4.4. Civic Design: The Master plan should depict the design of important elements in
the city such as civic center, the central business district, shopping centers and cultural
areas. The civic design proposals should improve the aesthetic quality of the urban space.
1.4.5. Open Spaces: The Master plan indicates the location and extent of desirable open
spaces for parks, playgrounds, stadiums, gardens, crematoria etc.
1.5 Process of Development Plan
The process first involves the decision to prepare a plan, which is taken by some
competent authority such as Development authority or State Town and Country Planning
Department. The decision is taken in light of existing requirements or problems. Giving
consideration to existing situation of the town, its problems and potentials, objectives are
fixed. In the light of objectives, the type of studies required is identified that weather we
can collect data from various departments, field interview or some consultant. Then
approach is worked out that weather the data is to be collected ward wise or decade wise
that is time series data. Analysis of the collected data is to be done spatially, aspect wise
with respect to various parameters, cross tabular that is relation or impact of one aspect
on other and then comparison with norms and standards. Then all the data is overlapped
to know the overall condition of the town. Then a team is selected including different
experts such as geographer, sociologist, economist, architect, planner etc. every one
analyze the data with his expertise and then an integrated report is prepared in which each
aspect is related with other means no adhocisum. Then EIA (Environmental Impact
Assessment) is conducted on the prepare plan and no objection certificate from various
authorities such as tourism department etc. Then plan is displayed for people and their
comments and suggestions are invited. Incorporating comments and suggestions of the
people modification of the plan is done. Then a revised plan is prepared in the light of
above all aspects. Then notification of the plan is done and under this stage and phased
plan is prepared.
_____________________________________________________________________
10
A.1. REGIONAL SETTING

Regional setting is combination of two words region and setting in which region means
an area and setting means how an area or a region is to be set in context of its
surroundings. Regional setting helps to determine interdependency with other
settlements. Interdependency is a reciprocal relation between interdependent entities and
a relation of mutual dependence between two different kinds of areas in which one
benefits from the other. Interdependency of settlement with other settlements is
calculated in terms of administrative dependency i.e. whether the settlement in state head
quarter, district head quarter or tehsil head quarter.
Demographic status of different cities in terms of Population is considered to know the

percentage of urban population to the urban population of the state. Also in terms of
linkages interdependency is seen, i.e., how settlement is connected with other settlements
and how it affects the accessibility & economy of that area in terms of import/export.
Along with transportation terminals are also seen that how easy it is to reach the
settlement. Also, educational and health facilities, industries etc. is carried out as people
use to migrate to get better facilities.
It also covers location, functional linkages, visual linkages, physical linkages, etc. It tells
the interaction and dependence of region on the surrounding areas and this interaction is
along routes i.e. along roads, railways, airways, waterways, etc.
A.1.1 Parameters
Regional setting is studied to find the primacy of study area in its surroundings. Primacy
is found based on following parameters:
 Administrative Status
 Municipal Status
 Demographic Status
 Economic Status
 Linkages
_____________________________________________________________________
11
A.1.2 Interaction Gravity Model
The gravity model predicts the movement of people and ideas between two places. Study
of interaction of the regional urban centres with other places in state: to explore the inter
–urban linkage and identify the areas of
Figure A.1- Gravity Model
greater functional affinity which would
assess their functional and organizational
potential.
Gravity model, as social scientists refer to

the modified law of gravitation, takes into
account the population size of two places Source- Leamer & Levinsohn, 1995
and their distance, here in this aspect
theoretically gravity model is applied in order to carve out the interaction towards major
settlements. Model given by Jefferson is applied using this formula (refer figure-A.1).
G = P1x P2 / D2
Where, P1=Population of largest settlement, P2=Population of second largest settlement
D2=Distance between two settlements, G=Gravity
Interaction between two geographical points or areas is directly related to their population
and inversely related to the square of distance between them.
A.2. PLANNING AREA CHARACTERISTICS

Planning area connotes to the territories contiguous to an urban core which are likely to
be urbanized in the future next twenty years or so. According to S.C. Bansal, ‘the
contiguous areas made up of urban and rural administrative units and close mutual socio-
economic links constitute the local planning area.
The Planning area is identifiable by the administrative units that it encompasses namely
city, city or village. The boundaries of planning area are the administrative boundaries of
peripheral units. Such a tract will include all extra municipal urban growth such as
_____________________________________________________________________
12
suburbs (industrial and residential), railway colonies, civil lines and cantonment and also
such of those villages and city’s which are likely to be urbanized in 15 to 20 years.
The planning of the cities does not take place in isolation while it is influenced by the
surroundings. In other words, it can be said that the town serves its surrounding area and
in turn is being served by it. Hence, every town has functional relationship with its
surroundings area. These surrounding areas can be villages, towns and cities.
A.2.1 Parameters
The relationship is observed on account of following sub-aspects:
 Population Distribution
 Population Growth rate
 Literacy Rate
 Workforce and dependency
 Accessibility and connectivity
 Influence zone
 Infrastructure
All these sub-aspects are studied to understand that in which particular direction growth
of town is taking place and which villages are to be urbanized in the coming 10-20 years.
For example, population distribution of a development area is studied which also tell that
where people are residing and what is the main reason behind it. Similarly, it is in the
case of population growth rate, literacy rate, workforce and accessibility.
A.2.2 Demarcation of Different Zone
The data collected on supply zone for milk, education, vegetable & fruit, newspaper, etc.
reveals glaring facts about number of villages covered, distance up to which the service
comes from, etc. There are two types of Table-A.1 Demarcation of Planning Area Zones
relation on basis of which the Inflow Milk, Vegetables and grains

Outflow Education, Medical, Newspaper
demarcation is done (refer table-A.1).
_____________________________________________________________________
13
The settlement depending upon city/town is worked out with the help of various criteria.
Thus, influence zone w.r.t. to its surroundings to be analyzed. This zone can be analyzed
by marking different zones, which are:
 Milk zone
 Perishable goods zone (vegetable/fruits/food grains/oil/ghee)
 Non-perishable goods zone (it includes newspaper, raw material, etc.)
 Commuter zone – Total number of workers or service people coming to the town.
At the same time, influence area is marked with the increase in population of the city. As
the population increases, needs also increase, which in turn increases the influence area.
Conclusion drawn from this is that it is important to study characteristics of planning area
because the study of a city would be incomplete without and understanding of the nature
of its relationships with the settlements around it so as to know functional relationship
with its surroundings area i.e. its interaction and interrelationship with surrounding area.
So, to identify the influence zones & physical development of the city, it is necessary to
study the flow of both commodities and people in and out of the city.
A.3. PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Physical geography is the study of natural features of the earth which from the natural or
simple environment of man. The environment, called the physical environment,
constitutes the background on which man plays drama to create human environment or
cultural environment, the study of which forms the cultural or human geography. The
science which treats of the earth's exterior physical features, climate, life, etc., and of the
physical movements or changes on the earth's surface, as the currents of the atmosphere
and ocean, the secular variations in heat, moisture, etc.; physical geography.
The physical features of an area play a significant role in the planned development of a
town. The physical features determents must be considered during the planning process
of a city, as they help in maintaining the environment quality which makes a plan
economically viable and socially acceptable. Physical features of a city also determine
location of various land uses and suitability of land for different activities. The relevance
_____________________________________________________________________
14
of the physical aspects is studied to know the planning of a area as these become barriers
on facilitators for a development of a region that in order to known the problems and
potentials related to physical aspects.
A.3.1 Parameters
These form the natural, renewable and land resources which are utilized and exploited by
man through various economic activities.
Table A.2 – Parameters of Physiography
Topography Soils
The following aspects have been covered to
Climate Wind direction
study the physical (refer table-A.2): Vegetation Ground water
Slope
Slope is also very much important part of the study of town. Slope is important while
laying down the sewerage network, water system. It is depending upon the slope that
what type of slope.
Soil
Soil is the natural resource of great importance to man. Soil is the top covering of the
land and is composed of mixture of rock particles, minerals salts, and organic matter.
Knowledge of soil is important not only on terms of engineering capability but also in
terms of its relevance to other natural resources system. Knowledge of on-site soil
conditions is helpful both in determine the suitability of a site to support building and
other construction. Soil is composed of varying proportions of sand, gravel, silt, clay and
organic material. The composition of a soil affects the specific properties of that soil. The
various characteristics of the soil are (refer table-A.3).
Table-A.3 Soil Characteristics

Various soils Characteristics
Deep fine soil This is less fertile and productive soil in compare to
loamy soil
Loamy soil It is the most fertile and productive soil
Sandy soil Soil suffer from various kind and degradation,
particularly salinity
Source: D.R.. Khullar” “India a Comprehensive Geography
_____________________________________________________________________
15
Climate
Overall the climate also plays an important role on the entire site. It is important to
consider to climatic phenomena. Many on-site climatic changes are closely related to
such on-site factors such as changes in topography, slope orientation, presence of water.
Climatic conditions are inter-connected with overall regional climatologically patterns
as well as with smaller site characteristics.
A.3.2 Relevance
The study of the physiographic aspect helps to properly apply the town planning
standards taking in consideration the bearing capacity of the soil. It also helps us to
maximize the use of rain water, solar energy, and leads to an overall development in the
agricultural sector. Thus the relevance of the physical aspects is studied to know the
planning of the area as these become barriers on facilitators for development of a region
in order to know the problems and potentials related to the physical aspects. The study of
slope gives us an idea about the development that can sustain in that area. It helps us to
know the suitability of land. Soil is one of the important factors which affects the
development pattern and controls the height within the area as per the bearing capacity of
the soil; moreover, plantation or landscaping in the area is determined by the soil type.
A.4. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION

Historical evolution is a very important aspect that is to be studied during the town study.
History is always event based or individual based. While studying the historical
evolution, one has to consider both of these dimensions of the aspect. Historical evolution
includes the phase wise development and how the development took place in the area and
what are the various forces for the development. Historical evolution gives a detailed idea
of how the area has developed, what kind of activities can survive in area and how they
can grow. It also includes historically important areas which could be building, temples.
Due to industrialization and agrarian development, the cities and towns have tended to
grow rapidly. This rapid growth has led to the unplanned growth, which is becoming
cause for many other problems. These have grown haphazardly over the past several
_____________________________________________________________________
16
years. The urban centers being common, it suffers from unbalanced development, which
has resulted in extreme congestion and chaotic conditions. To check the development of
the town and to guide and control its further growth an effective tool is needed. Various
kinds of data are collected related to history and physical growth of the towns. The
increasing commercial and industrial activities over the past has further aggravated the
problems such as mixed land use, in few areas there is incompatibility e.g. industrial area
is near residential area housing shortage, slums, defective circulation pattern.
To check the development of the towns and to guide and control its further growth, an
effective tool is needed. Thus to achieve this end, study of the towns with respect to its
historical evolution is must so that we can understand the development and growth fully.
A.4.1 Need of Historical Evolution

History describes the roots of the present. In other words, if one wants to analyses the
present scenario it is necessary to go back in the past to identify the factors and situations
which led to the present development. The present buildings and monuments are evident
of the historic past. These places are not only important for their sake but also act as a
guide to future work further some places are considered of special interest for their
association with famous historical persons or events.
A.4.2 Aspects
(a) Factors responsible for Development- Are the gravity nodes which attracts various
developmental activities like increasing commercial areas, employment generating
activities like industrial development etc.
(b) Phase Wise Development- The past development of the city can be divided into
various phases, each having distinguished set of conditions & character of its own in
accordance to which development takes place.
(c) Study of Historical Sites- Problems and potential would depict the end scenario of the
city with respect to the historical perspective.
_____________________________________________________________________
17
A.4.3 Relevance
Historical evolution gives a detailed idea how the area has developed, what kind of
activities can survive in area and how they can grow. it also highlights the historically
important areas which could be buildings, temples, palaces, forts etc.
A.5. EXISTING LAND USE

Land is the habitat of man and its wide use is crucial for the economic, social, and
environmental advancement of all countries. Land is partitioned for administrative and
economic purposes, and it is used and transformed in a myriad way.
Land use is the use of land made by man. It is broad and important term used to classify
land according to its use. Land use is commonly used to refer the spatial distribution of
functions in a given area.
According to Land Acquisition Act [1894] “Land is any portion, large or small, of the
surface of the earth, considered by itself, or as belonging to an individual or a people, as a
country, estate, farm, or tract. The expression land includes benefits to arise out of land,
and things attached to the earth or permanently fastened to anything attached to earth”.
The land use pattern of an urban center bears intimate relations with the natural
surroundings and shows how far man has been able to make the best use of the various
opportunities offered by landscape. It given a full account of physical evolution,
morphology and functional structure of a town and together with demographic structure
provides a key to its growth and status. Urban land use comprises two elements; the
nature of land use which relates to which activities are taking place where, and the level
of spatial accumulation, which indicates their intensity and concentration. Since each
type of land use has its own specific mobility requirements, transportation is a factor of
activity location, and is therefore associated intimately with land use.
A.5.1 Components of Land Use
Residential: It principally comprises of dwelling (housing units), gardens, community

open spaces, convenience shopping facilities, primary schools, health clinics, and smaller
service industries.
_____________________________________________________________________
18
Commercial: Commercial areas are those used predominantly for the sale of products
and services. It comprises offices, shopping centers, malls, retail stores, hotels,
restaurants, multiplexes and other such places containing income-generating activities.
Industrial: It comprises of areas having industrial activities ranging from light industry to
heavy industry. Light industries those focused on design, assembly, finishing, processing
and packaging of products. Heavy industries use raw materials such as iron ore, timber,
or coal. Included are steel mills, pulp and lumber mills, electric power generating
stations, oil refineries and chemical plants, and brick making plants.
Public and Semi-Public Use: It comprise of institutional buildings which serves the
community as a whole. It includes city administration buildings, town hall, museum, art
gallery, library, police station, post office, fire stations, schools, charitable institutions,
hospitals, religious facilities etc.
Parks and Open Spaces: It includes parks, playgrounds, gardens, amusement parks,
community open spaces, toad-lot areas etc.
Circulation: It includes road networks or transportation routes, transport terminals like

bus-stations, railways stations, bus-stops, roads, footpaths, cycle tracts, parking
arrangements, etc.
Agricultural land: agricultural land may be defined broadly as land used primarily for
production of food and fiber.
A.5.2 Indicators of Land Use
Location and Compatibility: Location is studied in terms of compatibility between

various land uses and separating incompatible land use.
For e.g.: residential area is compatible with commercial area since its residents are
dependent on shops for convenient shopping but not compatible with polluting industries.
Intensity of Development: Intensity of development is extending of usage of the land. It

generally studied on the basis of height of the building and number of stories and
coverage of the buildings.
_____________________________________________________________________
19
For e.g.: Due to scarcity of land, the concept of skyscrapers and apartments is developed
for the optimum utilization of the land.
Conformity: This checks the adequacy of different land uses in context with norms and
standards as per UDPFI guidelines.
For e.g.: In plain areas of medium town, 18-20% of the land should be under parks and
open spaces but suppose if it is only 4% then there is lack of open spaces in the town
which may deteriorate the town. It gives proportion of various land uses in a town.
Distribution: The distribution and location of various land uses i.e. residential,
commercial industrial, public/semi-public, parks and open spaces and circulation is seen.
For e.g.: There should be equal distribution of parks and open spaces and facilities
(educational institutes, hospitals) and amenities so that people can avail them. The spatial
organization of the components of the land use should be checked.
Change Land Use: This checks the conversion of one land use to another i.e.
Agricultural to residential and residential to commercial for which they have to pay
changing land use fees to the local authority.
A.5.3 Relevance
The study of land use holds a very significant place where a particular settlement can be
recognized as a town depends on its functional structure. The functional activity can be
regarded as the main regions for the growth of an urban center. The main purpose of land
use study is to provide framework for the development of particular area. it gives us an
idea about the proportion of various types of land. Land use give an accurate picture of an
urban area which is having a great significance for future planning. The main purpose of
land use classification is to provide framework for the development of particular area.
The need for studying the land use aspect is elaborated as follows: To know the
arrangement of various parts of town put to different uses such as residential,
commercial, industrial etc. To provide standardize distribution of land use. Land use
study provides the framework for the development of particular area and direction of
development. It gives us an idea about the proportion of various types of use of land.
_____________________________________________________________________
20
A.6. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Demography is the scientific study of population characteristics in terms of their size,
structure and development. The word demography is derived from Latin word “demos”
meaning people. Hence it is science of people. It can be applied to any kind of dynamic
population. Planning is mainly done for the people so demographic study is necessary
while studying an urban area. In demography of town we study the population
distribution of town in various wards, its surrounding villages, its density in the various
wards, surrounding villages, migration in the city and on the basis of this the growth rate
of the city in different decades is determined. Planning is done for the people and
demography is study of the people that is population.
In demography we study the trends of population, its growth and density, migration, on
basis for that It is essential for projecting the future population and provides various
facilities to them. This projection provides base for this facilities.
This information will help in forming the base for the formulation of future strategies and
policies. Character of people determines the character of the city or town. The migrant’s
inflow in the city determines economic hub or the facilities in the city.
A.6.1 Demography
Demography is the scientific study of population characteristics in terms of their size,
structure and development. It can be applied to any kind of population. Planning is
mainly done for people so demographic study is necessary while studying an urban area.
Demography, as understood today, is the scientific study of human populations.

According to a definition by Hauser and Duncan [1959],” demography is the study of
size, territorial distribution and composition of population, changes therein, and the
components of such changes, which may be identified as nationality, mortality, territorial
movement (migration), and social mobility changes of status”.
The term “demographics” refers to the characteristics that describe a population and
changes that take place within a population.
_____________________________________________________________________
21
A.6.2 Aspects of Demography
The various aspects of the demography, which are to be studied are detailed as below-
(a) Population Growth
Growth of population refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a territory

during a specific period of time, say during the last 10 years. It may be positive or
negative. Chandna [1972], has observed that," population growth is an index of its
economic development, social awakening, cultural background, historical events and
political ideology".
It is one of the very important components as it tells about past trends and helps in
projecting the population and based on that, activities such as housing, educational
institutes, medical and transport facilities are promoted or introduced in near future.
(b) Population Distribution
Population distribution deals with the distribution of population in the Town – in the
Town it includes the ward wise population and the overall population of the Town of the
past and present decades. From the population distribution of the Town ward wise
population can be determined and the pattern of the city. The population distribution in
the surrounding villages would determine the number of urbanisable villages in the
surrounding.
(c) Density of Population
It is a concept of relating population size to the land area with a view to assessing crudely
the pressure of population upon the resources of the area. It has strong positive
correlation with the availability of physical infrastructure like water supply and sewerage
connection. It is expressed in terms of persons per square kilometer or per square mile of
land area.
It is a useful tool in the analysis of the diversity of man’s distribution in space. It helps in
analyzing the level of congestion or openness in the planning unit. It also analyses the
economic aspect of space utilization in relation to the functional efficiency of land use
pattern.
_____________________________________________________________________
22
A.6.3 Purpose
Demographic profile helps us in determining the demographic character of the area in

terms of the population, growth rate, population density, literacy rate, etc. that helps in
determining the social as well as the economic character of the area. This study is done
decade wise which helps in bringing out the trends of the growth rate, literacy level, sex
ratio etc. of the city. The identity of the town depends upon the character of population
so; it is an important component of any town. For example, if any city having high
percentage of population between 25-59 age then town is showing the more work force
engaged with different sectors and in that case city may be more economically sound.
A.7 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

The social and economic characteristics are very important for studying the overall
scenario of the population in the town.
A.7.1 Social Characteristics

The social characteristics are related to the society and the population residing in the
town and it will include Sex Ratio, Migration, Literacy and Religious Composition.
(a) Sex Ratio and Age Structure
The balance between the two sexes affects the social and economic relationship. It
implies that sex ratio includes in it, which refers to number of females per thousand
males. Imbalance in sex-ratio creates social, cultural and economic imbalances in the
society. The facilities are provided according to the need of the society e.g. the social
infrastructure like Schools, public toilets are provided according to the sex ratio if the
number of males is more than there is need of more number of male Schools and toilets
and vice-versa. Therefore, the study of sex ratio is essential. The town has a sex ratio of
863as per census 2011.The numerical measurements of sex composition of a population
are often expressed in terms of sex ratio.
PF ----- X 1000
PM
_____________________________________________________________________
23
It is an index of economy prevailing in an area and is useful tool for regional analysis. It
is essential for understanding the employment and consumption patterns and social needs
of society.
The age distribution of the town is essential to study because the people of different age
groups have different requirements and by the study of this fact so that the facilities and
new employment opportunities can be provided for different age groups according to
their need.
Age distribution is an important variable in measuring potential of the city. Community

institutions and services, man power supply can be provided according to the age
structure of population. The dependency ratio can also be found by the age structure,
according that the employment is generated within the city.
The change in the age structure of a population is governed mainly by changes in fertility
and mortality. When there is comparison between these three decades’ data, there
increase in old age percentage which shows that the health facilities are improving. The
dependent population ratio is also low in comparison to working age group which shows
its economic prosperity or improving conditions of economy of town.
(b) Migration
Migration holds a place of prominence in a geographical analysis of population change in

any area. A person who moves from one place to another is known as Migrant. Migration
forms an important component of process of urbanization. Census of India defines the
migration in two ways viz.
It is most fundamental to the understanding of continuously changing space-content and

space-relationship of an area. Whenever migration takes place, in whatever form, it
modifies the area of origin, the area of destination as well as the way of life of the
migrants. It also tells that why people are doing migration like employment, business
education, marriage, moved after birth, moved with house-hold and others.
The migration is of major concern because the migrated population resides in the city and
uses the allied infrastructure so in order to satisfy the needs of the population this
accounts for the detailed study.
_____________________________________________________________________
24
The increasing industrialisation has led to the larger in flow of the migrants into the city.
The inflow of the migrants has increased in the town due to the increased facilities and
allied infrastructure in the town and having oncoming hub of industries over a last decade
(b) Literacy
According to the population commission of United Nations, literacy is the ability to both
read and write a simple message with understanding in any language. The concept of
literacy varies from country to country; generally, it refers to the minimum level of
literacy skills. A person who is 7 years old and above, can both read and write with
understanding in any language is taken as literate.
It is considered as a fairly reliable index of socio-cultural and economic advancement. It

creates awareness and helps in the development process. It helps in taking decisions
about the number of senior secondary schools and Colleges.
(c) Religious Composition
It refers to collection of cultural systems and belief systems that establishes symbols that
relate humanity to spirituality and sometimes, to moral values. It is said to produce a
distinct attitude towards life and this orientation affects the further development of the
society. The chief religions are Hindu, Sikh, Muslim, Christian, Buddhist and Jainism. It
decides the number, location and area under various religious places like temples,
gurudwara, mosques, and churches etc. it also helps in taking decision about the area
required for burial grounds and mela grounds.
A.7.2 Economic Characteristics
Economic characteristics are concerned with occupational structure, dependency ratio,

sources of income and expenditure. Their study is essential to analyze the workers
engaged in different sectors and to know about the prominent occupation among them, so
that provisions can be made with shift of activities.
Aspects of Economic Characteristics

1. Primary Sector
2. Secondary Sector
_____________________________________________________________________
25
3. Tertiary Sector
The various components of economy classified into three major groups and their sub-
groups such as primary sector (agriculture, horticulture, mining, etc.), secondary sector
(manufacturing, household industry etc.) and tertiary sector (commerce, trade, transport,
services etc.).
(a) Dependency Ratio
It is the ratio of those typically not in the labour force (the dependent part) and those
typically in the labor force (the productive part). A high dependency ratio can cause
serious problems, as the largest proportion of a government’s expenditure is on health,
social security and education which are most used by old and young population. Higher
the number of dependents lower will be the standard of living. As the town develops
number of Industries increases which increases the employment but still the non-worker
is more this may be due to the migration.
A.8 HOUSING
House or shelter for living in one of the man’s primary need and as such is a matter of
paramount importance to the human society from time when man stopped nomadic life
and started settled life. Housing is a package of services comprising of land, public
facilities, and access to employment and to other social services as well as dwelling
structure itself. Importance of studying housing characteristics lies in the fact that it
provides liveliness to the static word ‘house’. A house is basically a single dwelling unit
while housing is used for environment of locality or a town where people perform various
types of activities. Housing is a provision of comfortable shelter and such surrounding
and basic services as water, sanitation, and social infrastructure like school, health center,
or communication facilities. Man’s health and comfort is largely important component
that form the environment. Housing thus has to be defined as “shelter plus services and
therefore to be considered within the large frame work of human settlement”.
Healthy housing is necessary for all around development of the people residing in a
particular area. Quality of life depends on largely on the kind of housing facilities which
_____________________________________________________________________
26
are available. It is an integral part of overall improvement of human settlement and

economic development.
A.8.1 Need of Housing
Housing considered an important component because population of the city increasing

day by day. Condition of housing start decline with passage of time so adequate
residential accommodation is required for accommodating the present population and
proper development of city. Cities are growing in unbalanced and haphazard manner due
to uncontrolled urbanization so there is a need of adequate housing.
A.9 Industry and Industrial Infrastructure

Economy includes various economic activities, many of which are also primary
occupations. No country, state or region can make progress on the basis of primary
productive occupations alone, especially when such a region has a large and rapidly
increasingly population. To achieve increasing income, higher standard of living, higher
purchasing power, greater opportunities of jobs and overall development, better and
efficient uses of natural and agricultural resources are essential. The better and efficient
use of resources can be made by altering and enhancing the form, quality, price and
utility of resources. This process is undertaken through manufacturing. In manufacturing
the form of a substance (raw material) is changed. Its quality and utility are also changed
and improved. As a result, the price of a manufactured good is enhanced. The process of
change takes place at a place, in a building, a structure or a premise. The process of
change is called manufacturing and the place of manufacturing is called industry.
A.9.1 Definition of Industries
The place of carrying out manufacturing process which includes manufacturing of

finished products from the raw material available and includes labor (skilled or unskilled)
The manufacturing establishment engaged in processing raw material into new products
or assembling components on their own or on job basis with or without use of water.
Industry refers to the production of an economic good (either material or a service) within
an economy.
_____________________________________________________________________
27
A.9.2. Classification of Industries
The term industry means manufacturing establishment engaged in processing raw

material into new products or assembling components on their own or on job basis with
or without use of power.
Figure-A.2- Classification of Industries
Classification
Investment Pollution Type and

Based Based Nature
(a) On the basis of Investment
On the basis of investment, industry may be classified into following categories:
Medium scale and large scale industry: These are industries, which involve the
investment of Rs. 75 lakhs and above.
Small scale industry: Those industries which have investment basis i.e. up to Rs. 75 lakhs
are smalls scale industry.
(b) On the basis of Pollution
Orange and Red Industries: Industry that uses processes or produces effluents which are
heavily polluting they are the polluting industries and red category are highly polluting.
Green Industries: These industries do not cause any hazardous pollution on the basis of
used type and nature.
(c) On the basis of Scale
Light Industry: an industrial unit producing non-hazardous products, using processes,

employing up to 50 workers. Light industry facilities typically have less environmental
impact than those associated with heavy industry, and zoning laws are more likely to
permit light industry near residential areas. It is the production of small consumer goods.
_____________________________________________________________________
28
Light industry typically causes relatively little pollution, particularly when compared to
heavy industries; some light industry can cause significant pollution or risk of
contamination.
Heavy industry: Such industries which consume raw materials which are heavy and bulky
to transport and having more than 50 workers, use high power are known as heavy
industry.
A.9.3 Tools and Parameters for The Study of Industry
There are some parameters and tools on the basis of that we analysis the industry. In
industry of any city we study following sub aspect:
Study of industry in a city Area under industry
Growth of industry Nature of industry
Trend of growth. Distribution of industry.
Total units Industrial area
Location of industrial area Infrastructure
Location parameters for analysis of industry and industrial area according to these
parameters location of industry and industrial area should be:
Leeward side of Wind direction Along major roads
Location of industry outside the city Near railway line
Well connected with other industries of country Necessary infrastructure
Near Availability of raw material and labor Promoting policy and authorize
A.10. TRADE AND COMMERCE

Economy becomes stronger on the front of the primary and secondary sector. Economy
of the state is based on trade and commerce and industry. Trade and commerce primarily
constitutes the tertiary sector of the economy. It shows the growth when the economy
becomes stronger on the front of the primary and secondary sector. The shopping and
commercial areas reflect the economy and the image of the city. This aspect deals with
_____________________________________________________________________
29
the study of existing trading centers and commercial areas in the city. They are studied
with respect to the allied facilities or infrastructure provided areas to highlight the
problems and find out the potential areas from trade and commerce point of view.
Trade includes import and export of goods and commodities. Hence with the help of
study of trade in a town we can know about the functionality of that town. As in towns,
they supplement each other and have relationship. Commerce includes all the commercial
areas i.e. wholesale, retail and wholesale-cum-retail.
This aspect deals with the study of existing trading centers and commercial areas in the
city. They are studied with respect to the allied facilities or infrastructure provided areas.
To highlight the problems and find out the potential areas from trade and commerce point
of view. Whether the hierarchy of commercial areas is followed or not and whether these
are authorized or unauthorized commercial areas. The attached infrastructure is very
important with this aspect i.e. go downs, loading and unloading areas, public
convenience, parking facilities, drinking water, etc.
A.10.1 Trade
Trade is the voluntary exchange of goods, services, or both. Trade is also called
transaction. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market.
A.10.2 Commerce
Commerce is a division of trade or production which deals with the exchange of goods
and services from producer to final consumer. It comprises trading of something of
economic value such as goods, services, or money between two or more entities.
A.10.3 Hierarchy of Commercial Areas
The general hierarchy of commercial area is as follows:
Central Business District, Sub City Centre, District Centre, Community Centre,
Neighborhood, Local and Convenient Shops.
Central
Sub City District Community Neighbor Daily
Business
Centre Centre Centre hood Shops
District
Source-URDPFI Guidelines, 2015

_____________________________________________________________________
30
A.11 INFORMAL SECTOR

The informal sector units locate themselves strategically near work centres, commercial
areas, outside the boundaries of schools, colleges, hospitals and transport nodes and near
large housing clusters. With a view to make informal sector, an integral part of the
planning process and keeping in view the National Policy on Urban Street vendors, the
following provisions are proposed to be made for the informal sector:
The location/concentration of present stationary informal units shall be considered on

case to case basis and steps for relocation/improvement shall be taken. It should be
ensured that such activities do not spill over on the road network in the right of way. The
Govt. /concerned local agency would coordinate to achieve the objective.
The areas of informal sector shall have suitable public conveniences and arrangement of
solid waste disposal arrangements.
Formulation of guidelines for schemes would include ‘Hawking’ and ‘No Hawking’
zones. Specific areas would be earmarked for stationary and mobile street vendors by the
concerned local authority. The local authorities would take up new design of stalls, push-
carts and mobile vans of various sizes and with cleaning facilities, giving due
consideration to urban design requirement of specific area, where informal shopping is
being permitted. No informal unit should be permitted along/near the intersection in order
to avoid traffic. There are large numbers of informal sector units operating which are
scattered all over the city. They occupy critical areas causing congestion and unhygienic
conditions. There is a need to provide for organized informal eating places along with
casual shopping, etc. to be located strategically in the city. The implementing agency
would identify locations as per requirement for such activities.
Informal Bazaar
In new urban areas, informal bazaars would form part of the planned commercial areas at
two levels. These could be implemented in the initial planning stages along with
development. Given below are the various norms and standards related to informal sector
(refer table-A.4).
_____________________________________________________________________
31
Table A.4- Planning Norms

Use zones/use premises No. of informal shops/units
Retail trade: 3 to 4 units per 10 formal shops(to be

Metropolitan city centre, district centre, provided in informal bazaar/service
community centre, convenience shops market components)
Government and commercial offices 5 to 6 units per 1000 employees
Wholesale trade and freight complexes 3 to 4 units per 10 formal shops
Hospital 3 to 4 units per 100 beds
Bus terminal 1 unit for 2 bus bay
Schools
Primary Secondary/ 3 to 4 units
Senior secondary/integrated 5 to 6 units
Parks
District parks 8 to 10 units at each major entry
Neighborhood parks 2 to 3 units
Residential 5 unit/1000 population
Industrial 5 to 6 units per 1000 employees
Source- URDPFI Guidelines, 2015
A.12 LAND VALUE

It means the cost of per unit piece of the land. Land value is a significant aspect in the
town study as the value of land varies spatially from one place to another. It is a
parameter which describes the development of a city or any region. The purpose of this
aspect is to record the value at the time of acquisition of land and to know the variation in
land value spatially.
A.12.1 Factors Affecting Land Value

Land use- Land use is a very important factor determining the land value. Type of land
use will affect the value of land in that area for example most of the time commercial area
fetch more price as compared to residential area and also in case of planned colonies the
area allotted to commercial activity more price. So use is the one of the important
determinants of land value.
Surroundings- Land value also depends upon the surroundings of the area. For example,
if there is the presence of slums and obnoxious industry also affect the land value.
_____________________________________________________________________
32
Accessibility- The accessibility to site or area also play a major role in its land value for
example the major road fetch more price as compare to area away from the road because
of its easy accessibility.
Intensity of development- The intensity of development also effect the land value
because it’s generally seen that area near the C.B.D is more intensively development
because of accumulation of various central activities due to which land value is more in
this area.
A.13 LAND OWNERSHIP

To prepare development plan, it is necessary is known about the ownership of land of the
city. Land ownership plan is prepared to know the ownership under the municipal
corporation limit, for the purpose of land acquisition while making the plan for the town.
The landownership is to know that particular piece of land belongs to whom which would
further help in formulating alternatives during plan preparation. It would also help in
knowing the land in hands like if government have its ownership on some piece of
land and we have record of developed and undeveloped land under that ownership than
for starting our project we can use that undeveloped land.
Land under government is easy to acquire for future use whereas the acquisition the land
under private ownership is difficult and takes a longer time as there maybe more than one
owner of a private land. Land ownership helps to handle the problems like provision of
parks & open spaces, road widening, parking facilities etc. The land ownership data is
collected from the offices of Tehsildar’s in urban area and through primary survey.
A.13.1 Type of Land Ownership
Government Land: The land under Government ownership includes Government offices,
warehouses, Godowns, institutional areas, Government Hospitals and Dispensaries, Bus
stand, Railway station, Circulation area, roads, local streets and National highways etc.
Trust Land: Trust ownership mainly includes Temples, Gurudwaras, churches, Mosques
Nursing homes, Private schools, Historical buildings which are under a trust.
_____________________________________________________________________
33
Private Land: The under private ownership includes residential, commercial, industrial
areas & other facilities like schools, marriage palaces, diagnostic centers and private
hospitals.
A.14 TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION

During the last decade, the urban sprawl in Indian cities has extended far beyond the
existing territorial jurisdiction of the city administration resulting in high usage of private
modes. Despite substantial efforts, cities are facing difficulty in coping with increase of
private vehicles along with improving personal mobility and goods distribution
Therefore, traffic and transportation aspect is very important to be studied to get an

overall situation of traffic in the city. Traffic and Transportation is a very important
aspect because it gives us an overall view of the town, in terms of the location of various
activities with respect to circulation. All these aspects help to understand the prevailing
situation of traffic in a city. It gives a clear view that which are critical areas in the city
and are need to be taken care of. Various sub-aspects which are to be studied under traffic
and transportation are as follows:
A.14.1 Road and Rail Network
Road network of a city gives idea of the hierarchy of roads present in the city. The
hierarchy of city is based on different widths of the roads. It also tells that which road
perform which type of function like arterial road, sub-arterial road, collector streets or
access roads. It is important to identify higher hierarchy roads as they are major transit
corridors of any city.
Road network density is calculated to know that how much area is served per unit of
length. The formula for calculating network density is:
Network Density= (Total length of roads in city)

(Total M.C. area)
Main purpose of finding the network is to know about the accessibility of a city. Higher
the network density, higher would be the accessibility.
_____________________________________________________________________
34
Formula for calculating area served per unit of length is, total length of roads running in a
city divided by the developed area of M.C. area.
Served Area= (Total length of road)

(Total developed area of M.C.)
Rail network of a city determines its connectivity and accessibility within the region that
how a city is connected with other main cities of State and country. If rail connectivity
would be poor, city would not be able to interact with other settlements, as there would
be no means of transport for people to visit the city.
A.14.2 Road Geometry
Road geometry shows the cross-sectional elements of a road. It deals with the visual
elements of a road. It includes Right of Way (ROW), carriageway width that is the road
width where traffic moves, median, verge, footpath for pedestrian movement, cycle-
tracks, service lanes, kerb, crown, camber, berm, etc. All elements are important to be
studied to know condition of roads and whether the road infrastructure is provided or not.
A.14.3 Transport System
Public transport system of any city should be strong; otherwise, the number of private
vehicles will increase because if government is not sufficient to meet the demand of
public then they would find another means of transport. Public transport system within
city includes intra city buses, light rail transit system, bus rapid transit system, and other
intermediate-transport systems like auto rickshaws and cycle rickshaws. It is not so that
transport system is available but it is also important that maintenance is done from time
to time, so transport system of a city works efficiently. Calculation is done that how
much population is served by public transport system present in a city.
A.14.4 Traffic Volume
Traffic volume survey is done to calculate PCU counts in a city. To assess existing
important to conduct traffic volume survey. The Passenger Car Unit (PCU) values
recommended by Indian Roads Congress (IRC) for urban roads are to be used in analysis.
_____________________________________________________________________
35
Table A.5- PCU standards

S. No. Vehicle Type Equivalency Factor
1 Car 1
2 Truck bus 3
3 Two-wheelers 0.5
4 Cycle-rickshaw 1.5
5 Animal-drawn vehicle 4
6 Hand-cart 6
Source- IRC standards
PCU values are calculated by multiplying no. of vehicles by the standard equivalency
factor. Then presentation of directional flow is done with help of bar diagrams.
Directional flow is also studied if the road is two-way road.
A.14.5 Volume/Capacity Ratio

Volume/capacity ratio helps to identify that which stretches of the road are critical and
facing maximum traffic congestion. According to standards, if V/C ratio of any stretch
increases 0.8, then it means that traffic situation on that particular road is increasing
which effects the efficiency of road. Standards for road capacity are given by Indian
Road Congress (refer table-A.6).
Table A.6- Highway Capacity Standards

No. of traffic Traffic Capacity in PCUs per hour for various traffic conditions
lanes and width flow
Roads with no Roads with Roads with free
frontage access, no frontage frontage access, parked
standing vehicles, access but no vehicles and heavy
very little cross standing cross traffic
traffic vehicles and
high capacity
intersections
2-lane One way 2400 1500 1200
(7-7.5m) Two way 1500 1200 750
3-lane One way 3600 2500 2000
(10.5 m)
4- lane One way 4800 3000 2400
(14m) Two way 4000 2500 2000
6- lane One way* 2600 2500 2200
(21 m) Two way 6000 4200 3600
Source-IRC standards
_____________________________________________________________________
36
A.14.6 Junction Capacity
Junction capacity is calculated by multiplying the sum of all carriageway widths (w) of
the leading junctions with the standard value (k), for three-way or four-way junction.
Junction capacity = kw,
Here, k=70 PCU for 3-way junction
k=80 PCU for 4-way junction
L.R Kadyali gives this standard.
After finding the standard capacity of junction, Junction capacity is calculate which
should be equal to 1. If it is more than 1, then it is critical junction which is facing
problem of congestion. Junction capacity is calculated by dividing observed PCU on
junction divided by standard PCUs of that junction.
Junction capacity = (Observed PCU)
(Standard PCU)
Study of junction capacity also helps to take control measures to improve junction design
and increase the efficiency of a junction.
A.14.7 Parking Index
The principal objective of the studying parking index is to assess the demand for parking
and characteristics of the parked vehicles. On/off street parking surveys to be carried
out on all important locations and major stretches. The survey to be conducted on
selected stretches of major corridors and other prime off street locations in study area.
Parking index shall be calculated to observe that whether the parked areas are
underutilized or over utilized by parked vehicles.
Formula used for calculating parking index is,
Parking index = (observed no. of vehicles parked) X 100

(Theoretically available parking space)
_____________________________________________________________________
37
A.14.8 Terminals
Terminals act as the important nodes of a city. Railway station, bus stand, airports, ports,
etc act as nodes of city. Location of terminals is important to study. If these terminals are
present on lower order roads then it will create conflict between regional and local traffic.
Therefore, it is important that these terminals should be present on higher order road for
smooth flow of traffic. It is also noted that how many buses and trains run from the study
town. It will tell about the interaction of city with other settlement in state and country.
So conclusion drawn from this theory is that all these norms and standards discussed
above will help us to compare the existing situations and will help to analyze the nature
and extent of problems related to traffic and transportation in the study area. It will help
to find out the critical areas of the town which are affecting majority of population in the
city due to which problems of traffic congestion are occurring.
A.15 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Physical infrastructure includes various types of aspects like water supply, sewerage,
drainage, solid waste management and electricity. All these aspects are important for the
origin of any town. Being a planner one must have a proper knowledge about all these
aspects in order to progress for further development. All these are our physical
infrastructure. Physical infrastructure becomes a pre-requisite for future development of
any area in a balanced and proper manner.
Thus, urban infrastructure in terms of public service needs to be augmented to meet the
present shortage as well as requirement for future growth. Physical Infrastructure plays
an important role in overall development of any town because without components like
water supply, sewerage and electricity no development can resist as these are very
necessary for human living.
While designing the water supply scheme, it is necessary to determine the total year’s
demand as well as monthly demand variations in the demand rates. But there are many
factors involved in demand of water. In every town or city wastes of different types such
as house, and street washings, from various industrial processes, semi liquid wastes of
_____________________________________________________________________
38
human and animal excreta, dry refuse of house and street sweepings, broken furniture,
crockery, wastes are produced daily.
If proper arrangements for the sewerage or open drain system are not made, they will go
on accumulating and create such a foul condition that the safety of the structures such as
buildings, roads will be danger due to accumulation of spent water and the health of the
public will be in danger. Solid waste management is an obligatory function of urban local
body, which consist of waste collection, transportation and its scientific disposal.
A.16 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure is the basic requirement in any urban area. Its adequacy and accessibility
one 2 important ingredients and key contributors in the up gradation and enrichment of
quality of urban life which is the primary objective of any planned developed.
Infrastructure of any town or city determines its development scenario. For proper growth
of a city proper development of infrastructure facilities should be there. There are 2 parts
in which infrastructure of a city can be studied. The first one is physical infrastructure
and the next one is social infrastructure.
The study of this aspect will enable to know about the adequacy and inadequacy of
facilities existing in the city. This adequacy and inadequacy rate will help in projecting
and formulating proposals for the development of perspective plan. Social infrastructure
is a broad term, which covers so many aspects in it.
In other words, we can say that social infrastructure is an umbrella like term under which
so many aspects like health, education, religious, recreational facilities and services are
studied. Social infrastructure falls under the social welfare objectives of urban
development as distinct from economic development objectives and especially in context
of the rapidly developed liberalized and competitive economic scenario.
Study of social infrastructure will lead us to finding of the amount of facilities existing in
the city, the coverage area of that facilitation, their accessibility to city residents, and the
distribution pattern of the social infrastructure.
_____________________________________________________________________
39
A.17 URBAN DESIGN

According to Paul. D. Spreiregan [2008] “Visual and other sensory relationship between
people and environment, with feeling of time and place and their sense of well-being”.
The objectives of urban design

would emphasize conservation Figure A.3- Components of Urban Design
of both the natural and built Urban Shape

environments. Urban
Urban Pattern
Morphology
Matters of space organization
Urban Design Urban
and effectively while at the same Structure
time seeking an aesthetic Urban Form Image of City
outcome. It is that part of city
Source-Kelvin Lynch, Image of City
which deals with aesthetics and
which determines the order and form of a city (refer figure-A.3).
A.17.1 Urban Morphology
It is the study of shape of the city and its relative terms-structure and pattern, to examine
the growth trend.
Figure A.4- Factors affecting Morphology
_____________________________________________________________________
40
A.17.2 Urban Form
It is the collective 2D or 3D expression of an area as represented by the elements of built,

open spaces and their relation to each other. There term built refers to buildings, walls,
vertical towers, flyovers etc. while open spaces include streets, courtyards, roads, parks.
A.17.3 Urban Pattern
Urban shape is 2 dimensional representation towns. Metropolis undergoes the process of

following shapes.
(a) Galaxy Pattern
The pattern of an urban galaxy provides a wider range of choice than does pure
dispersion, and a greater accessibility to open country, of the kind that can be
maintained between clusters. this pattern has a somewhat parochial complexion and lacks
the opportunities for intensive, spontaneous communication and for the very specialized
activities that might exist in larger centers. local centers, too, might develop a
monotonous similarity, unless they were given some
Figure A.5- Galaxy Pattern
specific individually (refer figure-A.5).
Features -
 It has high density

 Not uniform skyline is there
 No nodal points
(b) Dispersed Sheet Pattern Source-Kelvin Lynch, Image of City
Figure A.6- Dispersed Sheet Pattern

The present growth at the periphery to proceed to its
logical conclusion but at a more rapid race (refer
figure-A.6). The new growth occurs at the lowest
densities practicable with substantial interstices of
open land kept in reserve. The older sections are
rebuilt at much lower densities, so that the
metropolitan region would rapidly spread over a vast Source-Kelvin Lynch, Image of City
_____________________________________________________________________
41
continuous tract, perhaps coextensive with adjacent metropolitan regions. At the low
densities of the outer suburbs, a metropolis of twenty million might require a circle of
land one hundred miles in diameter.
The old center and most sub-centers could be dissolved, allowing city-wide activities to
disperse throughout the region, with a fine grain. Factories, offices, museums,
universities, hospitals would appear everywhere in the suburban landscape. The low
density and the dispersion of activities would depend on and allow circulation in
individual vehicles, as well as a substantial use of distant symbolic communication.
Features
 Has low density

 Simple traffic network
 Uniform skyline
 No nodal points
(c) Core Pattern
There are those who, enamored with the advantages of Figure A.7- Core Pattern
concentration, favor a completely opposite policy that

would set median structural densities fairly high. If
we consider the open land that must be set aside for
streets, parks, and other such uses, this means in
practice the construction of elevator apartments instead
of one-family houses (refer figure-A.7).
The metropolis would then be packed into one
continuous body, with a very intensive peak of density and activity at its center. A
metropolis of twenty million could be put within a circle ten miles in radius, under the
building practice normal today.
Parts of the city might even become “solid”, with a continuous occupation of space in
three dimensions and a cubical grid of transportation lines. The accessibility would be
very high.
_____________________________________________________________________
42
Features
 Concentration of activities
 High intensity of buildings
 High density
 High accessibility
(d) Star Pattern
Tongues of open land would be incorporated into the metropolitan area produce a density
pattern that is star-shaped in the central region and linear at the fringes. These lines of
dense development along the radials might in time extend to other metropolitan centers,
thus becoming linear cities between the main centers. At moderate densities, the radial
arms of a metropolis of comparable size might extend for fifty miles from its own center.
The metropolitan center of the star pattern would again contain the most intensive types
of city-wide activity (refer figure-A.8). Figure A.8- Star Pattern
Features
 Moderate density
 Less intensity
 Efficient public transportation
 Nodal points
(e) Ring Pattern
Figure A.9- Ring Pattern
In the foregoing, the most discussed alternatives for
metropolitan growth have been given in a highly
simplified form (refer figure-A.9). Other possibilities
certainly exist - e.g., the compact high-density core-
pattern might be turned inside out, producing a
doughnut-like form. In this case the center would be
kept open, or at very low density, while high densities Source-Kelvin Lynch, Image of City
and special activities surround it, like the rim of a wheel. This is essentially a linear
system, but one that circles back on itself and is bypassed by the “spokes” crossing the
_____________________________________________________________________
43
“hub”. This system is well-adapted to public transportation, both on the ring roads and
the cross radials, while individual vehicles might be used for circulation outside the rim.
Densities within the rim would have to be rather high, while those beyond the rim could
be low. A system of weekend houses might also be effectively employed here. The
central area could either be kept quite open or devoted to special uses at low densities.
City-wide activities could be spotted round the rim in a series of intense centers,
supplemented by linear patterns along the annular roadways.
Features
 Higher density in the ring, lower outside the ring

 High accessibility
 Well adopted public transportation
A.17.4 Urban Shape

Urban shape is the two dimensional representation of the urban forms. It is mainly the
development of the city in which the shape of the city under goes the process of
formation of following shape:
(a) Radial Shape
Development of city is in circular manner there are some characteristics of radial shape:
 Radial shape forms the urban sprawl.

 Green and open spaces are reserved.
 Radial shape core is the too large to merged.
 Weak linkages.
 The corridor is too large core loss its identity.
(b) Linear Shape
Activities are distributed uniformly along route or network. Features of linear shape are:
 The infra structure cost is less

 Development are occurring both side of the road without change the form and the
structure new development are coming.
_____________________________________________________________________
44
(c) Concentric shape
Most commonly shape in the developing country and also in the Indians cities.
Characteristics of the concentric shape are:
 Here the one core in the centre and different roads meet at centre
 Satellite town are developing in the centre
 It’s the improvement of radial shape
(d) Finger plans
The development is in affront of some natural barrier like river or lake. Characteristics of
finger plan are:
 Congestion in the core

 Core is also link with network
A.17.5 Urban Structure

It is the underlying basic skeletal system around which the different parts of urban area
are bound together. The urban structure results from an effort to relate people and
facilities over urban distances. Both these components, namely, the people and the
facilities are spatially separated. The overall distance between these is important from
point of view of the city’s functionality. The objective is to overcome the total distance.
In working towards this objective, there are only two means available. People can be
transported to facilities or facilities can be distributed to the people. Here the distributed
facility and the transportation element have complimentary roles to play.
Practical limits to both concentration and distribution are set by place bound people and
place bound facilities. People may be place bound because of their age (the young and the
old) or because of their social role (as women with young children). Some facilities can’t
be distributed because they are underpinned by natural resources or because to exist at
all, they must exist at a physical or economic size which prevents indefinite
multiplication. Residual distance is the distance that remains between the people and
facilities after some facilities have been localized. The pursuit of the objective, to reduce
residual distance, requires that one activity centre in the urban field be privileged with
_____________________________________________________________________
45
respect to size and location. This fact gives functional meaning to the core of the city and
to the radial shape of the transportation system serving it.
A.17.5 (a)Theories of Urban Structure
i. Concentric Zone Theory Figure A.10- Concentric Zone Theory
This theory is also known as Parks Burgess

concentric zone theory. It was developed in
the University of Chicago in 1920s by E.W
Burgess and Robert E.Park. This theory
was developed when various ecological
social groups within the city were seen in Source-Kelvin Lynch, Image of City
terms of competition, conflict, assimilation

Figure A.11- Sector Theory
with each other. This social process was
divided into five destructive zones of land
uses which take the form of concentric
circles or ovals (refer figure-A.10).
ii. Sector Theory
This theory was given by Homer Hyot and Source-Kelvin Lynch, Image of City
its concept is based upon circulatory or
centrality. Hyot being a geographer focused on growth and expansion of high rent areas
rather than forming a concentric zone.
This theory assumes that growth of city takes place along main transportation lines which
start from C.B.D. High rent areas are located on outer fringes takes the shape of cut,
areas abandoned by upper income groups become obsolete (refer figure-A.11).
iii. Multiple Nuclei Theory
This theory was performed in 1945 by Harris Ullman. In fact, it was believed that
although in reality a city base on concentric zone or sector theory may exist the structure
of the city more complex. Harris and Ullman argued that there may be existing subsidiary
centre and each such center may act a growth pole for development.
_____________________________________________________________________
46
A.17.6 Image of the City
There seems to be a public image of any given city which is the overlap of many
individual images. Or perhaps there is a series of public images each held by some
significant number of citizens. There are other influences on image-ability, such as the
social meaning of area, its functions, its history or even its name. The contents of the city
images so far studied which are preferable to physical forms, can conveniently be
classified into five types of elements: Paths, Edges, Districts, Nodes, Landmarks. Indeed,
these elements may be of more general application since they seem to reappear in many
types of environmental images. These elements may be defined as follows:
(a) Paths
Paths are the channels along which the observer customarily, occasionally or potentially
moves. They may be streets, walkways, transit lines, canals, railroads. For many people
these are the predominant elements in their image. People observe the city while moving
through it and along these paths; other environment elements are arranged and related.
(b) Edges
Edges are the linear elements not used or considered as paths by observer. They are the
boundaries between two phases, linear breaks in continuity: shores, railroad cuts, edges
of developments, walls. They are lateral references rather than coordinate axes. Such
edges may be barriers more or less penetrable which close one region off from another;
or they may be seams, lines along which two regions are related and joined together.
These edge elements although probably not as dominant as paths are for many people
important organizing features, particularly in the role of holding together generalized
areas, as in the outline of a city by water or wall.
(c) Districts
Districts are the medium-to-large sections of the city, conceived of as having two-
dimensional extent, which the observer mentally enters “inside of”, and which are
recognizable as having some common, identifying character. Always identifiable from
the inside they are also used for exterior reference if visible from the outside. Most
_____________________________________________________________________
47
people structure their city to some extent in this way with individual differences as to
whether paths or districts are the dominant elements. It seems to depend not only upon
individual but also upon the given city.
(d) Nodes
Nodes are points, the strategic spots in a city into which an observer can enter and which
are the intensive foci to and from which he is travelling. They may be primarily junction
places of a break in transportation, a crossing or convergence of paths, moments of shift
from on structure to another. Nodes may be simply concentrations which are gaining their
importance from being the of some use or physical character as a street – corner hangout
or an enclosed square. Some of these concentration nodes are the focus and epitome of a
district over which their influence radiates and of which they stand as a symbol. They
may be called cores. Many nodes, of course, partake of the nature of both junctions and
concentrations. Concept of node is related to the concept of path, since junction are
typically convergences of paths, events on the journey. It is similarly related to concept of
district, since cores are typically intensive foci of districts, their polarizing center. In any
event, some nodal points are in certain cases they may be dominant feature.
(e) Landmarks
Landmarks are another type of point references, which are external. The observer does
not enter into them. They are usually simply defined objects present in the city by which
an area can be identified. The key physical characteristic of this class is singularity,
aspect that is unique or memorable. Landmarks may be distant ones, typically seen from
many angles and distances, such as, towers, golden domes and great hills. These help
people to orient themselves in the city. Local, being visible only in restricted localities
and from certain approaches, such as, innumerable signs, store fronts and trees.
A.18 TOURISM CHARACTERISTICS

In the global world of these days’ tourism is emerging as major activity. It is universally
accepted as the largest industry of world. Tourism is also now in the scope of planning.
Planning for tourism is becoming a distinct activity.
_____________________________________________________________________
48
Planning for tourism requires a particular knowledge and technological approach.

Tourism is effecting the growth of many other supporting activities along with economic
growth.
A.18.1 Meaning of Tourism
Mathieson and Wall [1982], created a good working definition of tourism as “The
temporary movement of people to destinations outside their normal places of work and
residence, the activities under taken during their stay in those destination and the facilities
created to cater to their needs. In other words, the word tourism denotes the temporary
and short-term movement of people to Destination outside their native places. Tourism
derived from tourist and Tour that contains temporary movement of people. Tourism
means when large number of people temporarily leaves their permanent above and stays
for short time elsewhere for recreational mainly as tourist.
A.18.2 Classification of Tourism
Tourism can be classified into following types:
(a) Eco-Tourism
According to Ecotourism and Protected Areas, IUCN [1996], it can be defining as

travel to the hill station, beaches and other natural areas without disturbing any natural
feature is called eco-tourism.
"Ecotourism is environmentally responsible travel and visitation to relatively undisturbed

natural areas, in order to enjoy and appreciate nature (and any accompanying cultural
features - both past and present) that promotes conservation, has low negative visitor
impact, and provides for beneficially active socio-economic involvement of local
populations"
(b) Cultural/Heritage: It means visits to ancient monument, places of historic importance

etc. Culture/heritage can be studied from historical buildings. These places are attracting
tourist who wants to see their culture and heritage.
_____________________________________________________________________
49
(c) Religious Tourism: Travel to places of religious importance in the form of pilgrimage
etc. These places having some religious importance due to which these places attract
tourists.
Other Types of Tourism: In this category we can study business tourism, health
tourism, sports tourism. These types of tourism are specific in some towns and provide
economic base to the town and also employment.
A.19 CONSERVATION AND HERITAGE

A monument is a structure which is constructed and after time it starts every building
which is existing has a history and also is related to the culture of the country, but now
what is happening is that due to huge population in the country the load on infrastructure
is increasing.
As a term, conservation has an extremely broad meaning which encompasses almost

anything that helps to ensure the survival of concerned, conservation starts with simple
maintenance and repair work. Also due to corrupt system also there is less focus on the
historic buildings. Firstly, we understand about the heritage and then about the
conservation. Heritage is everything that left by our old ones.
A.19.1 Definition of Heritage

According to Sir Graeme Davison [1996], “It was the property and value which parents
handed on to their children, although the world could be used to refer to an intellectual or
spiritual legacy as well.”
According to Sir Peter Howard [1978], “Heritage is taken to include everything that
people want to save, from clean air to Morris dancing, including material culture and
nature.”
A historical building is the one that gives us a sense of wonder and makes us want to
know more about the people and culture. It has architectural, aesthetical, historical,
economic, social and political values.
_____________________________________________________________________
50
A.19.2 Heritage Zone
An area where a group of two or more properties having historical, architectural,

archaeological, or cultural value are located and, which is designated as such in a
development plan or layout plan for conservation.
According to Sir Bernard Fieldon, “Heritage Zone is an area, which has significant
concentration, linkage, or continuity of buildings, structures, groups or complexes united
historically or aesthetically by plan or physical development”.
According to Field on Bernard [1968], “Heritage refers to the built legacy of Town’s
history. Urban heritage is classified under two categories, viz., tangible and intangible
heritage. These together identify the visual, spatial and cultural character of Town”.
The tangible heritage refers to the architectural and cultural heritage of the country. It
includes prehistoric and archaeological sites relating to earlier civilizations, monuments,
historic cities, water fronts and cultural landscapes. Most historic cities have well defined
districts, historic housing districts, waterfronts, unique buildings or group of buildings,
landmarks of significance to the Town or area, designed spaces and environments.
The tangible heritage is closely linked with the intangible heritage, which confers it with
meaning and significance. Heritage is not just restricted to art and architecture. Cultural
heritage extends beyond buildings and monuments. The intangible components, namely,
performing arts, traditions, our way of living and thinking too form an inseparable
component of our heritage
A heritage zone can be identified according to following parameters : Religious building

of much importance, building of historic and architectural significanc, building with
internal court yard ,gardens ,small building in rows,historic streets, squares, bazaars of
special character.
The tangible heritage refers to the architectural and cultural heritage of the country. It
includes prehistoric and archaeological sites relating to earlier civilizations, monuments,
historic cities, water fronts and cultural landscapes. Most historic cities have well defined
districts, historic housing districts, waterfronts, unique buildings or group of buildings,
landmarks of significance to the Town or area, designed spaces and environments.
_____________________________________________________________________
51
A.20 ENVIRONMENT
The Word "environment" is most commonly used describing "natural" environment and
means the sum of all living and non-living things that surround an organism, or group of
organisms. Environment includes all elements, factors, and conditions that have some
impact on growth and development of certain organism. Environment includes both
biotic and a biotic factor that have influence on observed organism. A biotic factor such
as light, temperature, water, atmospheric gases combine with biotic factors. Environment
often changes after some time and therefore many organisms have ability to adapt to
these changes. However, tolerance range is not the same with all species and exposure to
environmental conditions at the limit of a certain organism's tolerance range represents
environmental stress.
A.20.1 Definition and Meaning

The meaning of environment is a surrounding, external condition influencing the
development or growth of people working in living conditions.
K.S Siddhartha [1992], states that “It is the condition circumstances and influences
surroundings and affecting development of organisms or group of organisms”.
K.K. Jain [1986], also define that environment includes water, air, land and their
relationship which exists among and between air, water, land and human being and other
living creature, plants, micro-organisms and property.
A.20.2 Types of Environment
(a) Natural Environment
The natural environment encompasses all living and non-living things occurring naturally
on Earth or some region thereof. It is an environment that encompasses the interaction of
all living species.
(b) Manmade Environment
Manmade environment is the environment created by man himself for the purpose of
fulfilling his needs and in order to make his life more convenient and easy.
_____________________________________________________________________
52
A.20.3 Tools and Considerations for Analysis of Environment
Table A.7- Tools for Environment Analysis
1. Pollution 2. Causes of pollution

 Air pollution  Traffic pollution
 Water pollution  Lesser number of trees
 Noise pollution  Garbage thrown in the water
bodies
3. Biomedical Wastes 4. Solid Waste Management
 Sources of biomedical waste  Total production
 Classification of biomedical waste  Per capita generation
 Biomedical waste process  Collection methods
 Per capita production  Transportation
 Collection and transportations  Total collection and transportation
 Treatment and disposal  Disposal techniques
A.21 DISASTER MANAGEMENT

A disaster is a natural or man-made hazard resulting in an event of causing significant
physical damage or destruction, loss of life, or drastic change to the environment. A
disaster can be defined as any tragic event such as earthquakes, floods,
catastrophic accident, fires, or explosion. It is a phenomenon that can cause damage to
life and property and destroy the economic, social and cultural life of people. Disasters
are increasing with the move of humans towards modern civilization, urbanization,
industrialization and greed. With this new cult, even natural disasters are occurring
because of the disturbances in natural equilibrium caused by the greed and lust of human
beings to exploit natural resources to satisfy their greed.
A.21.1 Definitions of Disaster
According to D. B. N. Murthy, “A disaster is an event located in time and space which

produces conditions whereby the continuity of structure and process of social units
becomes.”
According to S.K. Kulshrestha, “Disaster is a sudden, calamitous event bringing great

damage, loss, and destruction and devastation to life and property.”
_____________________________________________________________________
53
According to Joseph F. Guton, "A disaster is a natural or man-made event that

negatively affects life, property, livelihood or industry often resulting in permanent
change to human societies, ecosystems and environment. “A disaster is the impact of a
natural or man- made hazard that negatively affects society or environment. Disasters of
all kinds can causes of loss of life, property and the institutions”.
A.21.2 Type of Disaster
There are two type of the disaster i.e Natural disaster and Man-made disaster and they are
explained as below in the detail-
(a) Natural Disaster
A natural disaster is a major event resulting from the natural process of the earth. They
cause a lot of destruction. Common natural disasters are: Earthquake, Flood, Volcano,
Hail storm, Typhoon and Cyclone.
(b) Man-Made Disaster
Man-made disasters are caused mainly due to the human activities and they are mainly
Major fire, Terrorist attack, Riots, Structural collapse, Epidemic, Accident, Stampede.
A.21.3 Importance of Planning in Disaster Prone Area
There is very importance of planning in disaster prone area. Like we have to study the
location of town with reference to fault zones because with that we can know that at what
magnitude earthquake can occur on a particular location. Then we can make buildings
compatible to that situation. There are many things which can become harmful to
settlement but by their requirement those are seriously needed by the people like Petrol
Pumps, Gas Stations etc lead to disaster if any mistake happens then by covering the risks
the planner should plan all these things in that manner that they never became risks to any
life or economy by placing these at right places.
A.21.4 Definition of Disaster Management

According to S.K. Kulshrestha, “In case of disaster, the precautionary, legal,
administrative and planning measures taken to minimize the loss of lives and properties”
_____________________________________________________________________
54
management is the discipline of dealing with disasters and avoiding risks in this
discipline that involves preparing, supporting, and rebuilding society when natural or
man-made disasters occur. In general, and any emergency management is the continuous
process by which all individuals, groups, and communities manage hazards in an
effort to avoid the impact of disasters resulting from the hazards.
A.21.5 Component of Disaster Management
There are four components of the disaster management which are below:
(a) Disaster Preparedness: Under this component involves measures to ensure that
communities and service are capable of coping with the effect of disaster. For eg
community awareness and education.
(b) Disaster Response: Under this component of disaster management involves that
measures which are during and immediately after a disaster to ensure that the effects are
minimized. For eg Providing adequate shelter and sanitary facilities.
(c) Disaster Recovery: In this component that measures are involves which support the
emergency affected areas in reconstruction of the physical infrastructure and restoration
of economic. For eg restoring service like roads, communication link.
(d) Prevention and Mitigation: It involves measures to eliminate or reduce the incidence
of severity of disasters.
A.21.6 Urban Risk
Urban risk is due to the process of urban growth there is rise of probability of an adverse
outcome in the various aspect like traffic and transport, physical and social infrastructure,
lack of open spaces, non-compatibility in land use etc. Urban risks are complex, resulting
from corrosive event or situation such as physical infrastructure environment, housing,
traffic or more expansive event such as earthquake etc.
A.21.7 Planning consideration in Disaster Management

There are so many considerations in the disaster management. These considerations are
below-
_____________________________________________________________________
55
(a) National Building Code
 All buildings 15 meter and above in height shall be considered as high rise buildings.
 Minimum 9 meters wide road is required along building.
 The fire hydrant placed 40 feet away from building.
 Requirement for fire restriction automatic sprinkler and water reservoir and fire
pumps.
 Water storage 100000 liters should have permitted for high rise building.
(b) Gas Cylinder Rules
 The gas store is 1.5 to 3 km from the residential area.

 100 sq meters open space surrounding the gas stores.
(c) Fire Station
 Response time 3 to 5 minutes in urban areas and 20 minutes in rural areas.

 Serve area according to the scale of population.
 Fire Station needs to be co-ordination with water supply system to provide for fire
hydrants/water tanks.
 Fire services to be fully equipped to deal with fire accidents in the multi storied
buildings.
(d) Petrol Pumps
 12-15 meters buffer would be needed so any case of accident vehicle will not damage
the petrol pump.
 Adequate space for filling.
 Petrol pump should be located 30 meters from the residential area.
 The clear distance between two adjacent fuel filling stations should not be less than
300 meters.
 The minimum frontage being 30 meters and the minimum entry and exit width should
be 9 meters.
 The area required for petrol pump storage is 20x20 meters.
_____________________________________________________________________
56
________________________________________________________________________
A.22 LEGAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL

SETUP
There is need to have a legal backing as one of the pre- requisite for shaping the
towns and cities also for management, improvement of quality of life as well as
maintaining law and peace in the towns and cities. It is possible to describe law as the
body of official rules and regulations, generally found in constitutions, legislation,
judicial opinions, and the like, that is used to govern a society and to control the
behavior of its members, so Law is a formal mechanism of social control. Legal
systems are particular ways of establishing and maintaining social order.
A.22.1 Legal Setup
The Planning legislation defines the system of urban governance and the system of
urban planning for the integrated planned development. The main objective of
planning legislation is to promote growth, guide and regulate the present and future
development of the urban centres.
Law includes all the rules and principles which regulate our relations with other
individuals and the state and which are enforced by the state. The term law in its
strictest and original sense is applied to civil Law or the Law of the State, the law
which is administered and enforced in Law Courts.
A law includes all the rules and principles which regulate our relations with other
individuals and the state and which are enforced by the state. It is a code of conduct
which is framed by the legislature.
Planning legislation are those laws and acts, their objectives and provisions which
helps in implementing and enforcing the plans on the ground. Planning and
development legislation is a tool that defines the system of urban government and
regulation of land development. Planning Law in this respects the code of conduct
laid down by the State which defines the rights and obligations of individuals,
persons, society, community and the state relating to Physical planning and
development matters. Municipal laws, town improvement acts, Housing Development
Board Acts etc are some of the planning laws.
_____________________________________________________________________
57
________________________________________________________________________
A.22.1 (a) Importance of Legal Setup in Planning
Legal setup lays the procedure of master plan preparation and defines the role of
planner. It helps to establish a relation between state government and local authority
for the planned development. These are important for designating the planning or
development agency. Legal framework helps to ensure the planned growth and
development of the urban area. In the end we can say that Town and country Planning
and Development involves restrictions on the use of individual's property or private
property in a manner conducive to the general welfare of the community. It is for
undertaking planned development.
Legal backing is very important for the implementation of plan. For maintaining
order and controlled development law is followed. So the Legal set up plays an
important role in planned development of the area. The legal set up helps in
understanding that what procedure is to be followed for development. Every state has
to follow some rules to achieve the aim of planned development. Every state is
competent to make laws and the whole state has to follow those laws for
development.
A.22.2 Administrative Setup
Any scheme or a project which is planned has to be developed and maintained. There
are various departments which are involved to plan, develop and maintain a scheme.
They can be either government or semi-government. These departments have their
organizational setup and generally the head or chairman of that department takes
every decision.
For the functioning of any local government development of a city, an efficient

administrative set up, set of rules, regulations, competent authorities are required.
Sometimes, they have to sanction their scheme from central government or state
government. For the preparation of master plan, execution, maintenance of a city,
National development, administrative machinery plays on indispensable role in
collaboration with the legal and financial framework.
_____________________________________________________________________
58
________________________________________________________________________
A.22.3 Financial Setup
Financial setup includes the income and expenditure of various departments which
play an important role in the planning and development of the town. It includes the
total amount of income and the sources from where it has been generated yearly.
Expenditure includes the areas and the total amount is which money is spent yearly
for the planning and development of the town as well as for the advances Financial
acts as backbone for any plan without any financial backup, plan remains a to staff.
A.22.3 (a) Importance of Financial Setup
It is important to have an idea about the resources which are available and also to find
out percentage of resources being used in development of town. This aspect is studied
in order to know the financial setup, income and expenditure. All the departments
related to planning and developments of the town are being studied.
A.23 POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES

The policies, programs/schemes are studied to know the Level of development in an
area. Policies, programmers/schemes are of two types the one which are applicable in
particular area and those which are applicable in Larger like districts, or city.
Policy: A set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been
agreed officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government or a
political party. The word "policy" is not a tightly defined concept but a highly flexible
one, used in different ways on different occasions.
Programs: A program consists of deciding order to implement plan calculating as
far as possible, the time with which each stage may be accepted to be complete.
A.23.1 Importance of studying Policies/ Programs
Basic purpose to study polices, programs in development plan is to have vision on

area. To know whether, if development is planned development than under which act
or scheme area is developed or if the area is unplanned (slums are there), then to
study or to know the existing programed for the improvement of conditions of slums.
********************
_____________________________________________________________________
59

A Part PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

A Part PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Study of Town- Ujjain | 2019

ii. Scope of the Exercise

It includes the following aspects:

3. Problems, Potentials and Constraints

Comparison with available norms and standards and Identification of infrastructure

iii. Objective of the Exercise

Formulation of Objectives: First stage is to decide main objective of the study

Data Identification: After this, it is important to identify sub-aspects of aspects,

Introduction Introduction to the Exercise and

Geographic information System GIS 10.3 for

1.1 Definitions of Different Plans

According to Abrams Charles [1971], Master Plan is a comprehensive, long-range plan

According to S.C.Rangawala [2005] ,”A master plan or a development plan or a town

According to URDPFI Guidelines [2015],” Development plan is a statutory plan

According to A.Whittick [1974],” A development plan comprises written statements,

According to A. Whittick, “A development plan comprises written statements, maps,

1.2. Features of Development Plan

1.2.1. Comprehensiveness: The plan provides an overall strategic proposal, which

1.3. Objectives of Development Plan

1.4. Components of Development Plan

1.5 Process of Development Plan

A.1. REGIONAL SETTING

Demographic status of different cities in terms of Population is considered to know the

A.1.2 Interaction Gravity Model

Gravity model, as social scientists refer to

Where, P1=Population of largest settlement, P2=Population of second largest settlement

D2=Distance between two settlements, G=Gravity

A.2. PLANNING AREA CHARACTERISTICS

The relationship is observed on account of following sub-aspects:

A.2.2 Demarcation of Different Zone

relation on basis of which the Inflow Milk, Vegetables and grains

A.3. PHYSIOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Table-A.3 Soil Characteristics

A.4. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION

A.4.1 Need of Historical Evolution

A.5. EXISTING LAND USE

A.5.1 Components of Land Use

Residential: It principally comprises of dwelling (housing units), gardens, community

Circulation: It includes road networks or transportation routes, transport terminals like

A.5.2 Indicators of Land Use

Location and Compatibility: Location is studied in terms of compatibility between

Intensity of Development: Intensity of development is extending of usage of the land. It

A.6. DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS

Demography, as understood today, is the scientific study of human populations.

A.6.2 Aspects of Demography

(a) Population Growth

Growth of population refers to the change in the number of inhabitants of a territory

(b) Population Distribution

(c) Density of Population

Demographic profile helps us in determining the demographic character of the area in

A.7 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS

A.7.1 Social Characteristics

(a) Sex Ratio and Age Structure

Age distribution is an important variable in measuring potential of the city. Community

Migration holds a place of prominence in a geographical analysis of population change in

It is most fundamental to the understanding of continuously changing space-content and

It is considered as a fairly reliable index of socio-cultural and economic advancement. It

(c) Religious Composition

A.7.2 Economic Characteristics

Economic characteristics are concerned with occupational structure, dependency ratio,

Aspects of Economic Characteristics

(a) Dependency Ratio

are available. It is an integral part of overall improvement of human settlement and