ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to my Physics subject lecturer, En. Che Mohammad Zamri Bin Bakar
who helped me by giving me a lot of information related to the title while doing the
assignment. Besides, I am also grateful to my class’s PAL leader for assisting me with
questions while doing this assignment. Finally, I would like thank my fellow friends who
corrected the grammar and spelling errors.
 INTRODUCTION

When an extended object such as wheel rotates about its axis, the motion cannot be
analysed by treating the object as a particle because at any given time different parts of the
object have different linear velocities and accelerations. However, we can analyse the motion
by considering an extended object to be compound of a collection of particles, each of which
has its own linear velocity and acceleration.

In dealing with a rotating body, analysis is greatly simplified by assuming that th

body is rigid. A rigid body is one which does not change shape when subjected to a force.
The relative location of all particles of which the particles composed remain the same. All
real objects are deformable to some extent. However, the rigid-body model is useful in many
situations in which deformation is negligible.

Torque is occurred because the turning effects of the forces on a body. The magnitude
of the torque is defined as the product of a force and its perpendicular distance from the line
of action to the point (rotation axis). Hence, the value of torque depends on the rotation axis
and the magnitude of applied force.

If the rigid body is in equilibrium, the body is translational and rotational equilibrium.
The two conditions are to ensure the equilibrium of forces acting on a rigid body are the
vector sum of all forces acting on a rigid body must be zero and the vector sum of all external
torques acting on a rigid body must be zero about the rotational axis.

Angular momentum is the product of the angular velocity of a body and the moment
of inertia about the rotational axis. The Principle of Conservation of Angular Momentum
states that a total angular momentum of a system about a rotation axis is constant if no
external torque is acted on the system.
PROBLEM SOLVING (QUESTIONS)
 PROBLEM SOLVING (SOLUTIONS)

1)
a)

Free Body Diagram:

Ө 30
a)
 = 0
(500) (120÷2) + (1000) (70) = T (120sin30)
500N 1000N 30000 + 70000 = 60T
100000 = 60T
T = 1666.7 N

b)

Fx = 0 Fy = 0

R–T=0 T+R=W

RcosӨ – TcosӨ = 0 TsinӨ + RsinӨ = Wload + Wrod

RcosӨ = TcosӨ (1666.7) (sin30) + RsinӨ = 1000 + 500

RcosӨ = (1666.7) (cos30) RsinӨ = 1500 – 833.4

RcosӨ = 1443.4 N RsinӨ = 666.6 N

TanӨ = (666.6 ÷ 1443.4) RsinӨ = 666.6 N

TanӨ = 0.4618 Rsin (24.78) = 666.6 N

Ө = 24.78 @ 24.8 R = 1590.42 N @ 1590 N

Magnitude: 1590N

Direction: 24.8
 2)

Angular displacement, Ө = ½ (ω + ωo) t

Ө = ½ (7000+ 2000) (5)

Ө =22500 rad

As 1 revolution is 2π,

= (22500 ÷ 2π) (1)

= 3580.98 @ 3581 rev

3)

 = 50 Nm

I = 8 kgm2  = I =÷I

=? 50 = 8

 = 50 ÷ 8

 = 6.25 rads-2 @ 6.3 rads-2

 APPLICATIONS OF ROTATION OF RIGID BODY IN DAILY LIFE

1. YO-YO

Explaination:

Elaboration:

Consider a yoyo falling under gravity when the unwinding of the string causes it to rotate
giving it gyroscopic stability, i.e. it will resist forces attempting to move its axis of rotation in
the same way as a spinning top (see lesson #11). If the string is attached securely to the axis
of the yoyo then, when it is fully unwound, the rotational energy in the yoyo will cause it to
start winding back up the string again. The yoyoist will have to pull up on the string slightly
in order to replace the energy loss due to friction. In some designs of yoyo, the string is
not firmly attached to the axle, in order to allow the yoyo to spin freely or ‘sleep’ when the
string is full unwound, with these designs the yoyoist needs to give a tug to start it winding
up again. The tug has the same effect as pulling the string around the spool.

The center of mass of a yoyo will fall at a constant acceleration due to gravity: ao = 9.81 m/s2
so at the end of its 1.15m string it will have achieved a velocity given by:

The diameter of the axle is typically 10mm so the rate of rotation is given by,

This ignores any losses due to friction or air resistance and also ignores the resistance to
rotation, i.e. inertia of the yoyo.
2. PROPELLERS:

A propeller is a type of fan that transmits power by converting

rotating motion into thrust. A propeller is a machine that
moves you forward through a fluid eg: a liquid or a gas when
you turn it with enough power supply. Propellers have angled
blades that when rotated fast enough at the correct angle, will
produce a screwing effect that generates forward thrust. The
thrust is powerful enough to thus ‘propel’ the body that is
moving through the fluid.

3. LABORATORY CENTRIFUGES:
A centrifuge is a piece of equipment that puts an object in
rotation around a fixed axis, applying a force that is
perpendicular to the axis of spin (outward) that can be very
strong. The centrifuge works using the sedimentation
principle, where the centrifugal acceleration causes denser
substances and particles to move outward in the radial
direction. At the same time, objects that are less dense are
displaced and move to the centre. The radial acceleration
causes the denser particles to settle to the bottom of the
tube while low density substances rise to the top.
 4. ICE SKATER:

Conservation of angular momentum states if no external torque acts on a system, the

total angular momentum is conserved (constant)
∑𝑳𝒊 = 𝜮𝑳𝒇
𝑳 = 𝑰𝝎 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
From the equation we know that, I is inversely proportional to the 𝝎
Many interesting phenomena can be understood on the basis of conservation of angular
momentum. Consider a ice skater doing a spin on the tips of her skates as in figure 1.0. She
rotates at a relatively low speed when her arms are outstretched; when she brings her arms in
close to her body, she suddenly spins much faster. From the definition of moment of inertia,
𝑰 = ∑𝒎𝒓𝟐 , it is clear that when she pulls her arms closer to the axis of rotation, 𝒓 is reduced
for the arms, so her moment of inertia is reduced. Since the angular momentum 𝑰𝝎 remains
constant (we ignore small torque due to friction), if I decreases, the angular velocity 𝝎 must
increase. If the skater reduces her moment of inertia by factor of 2, she will rotate with twice
the angular velocity.
 5. SPINNING TOP:

One of the more remarkable physical system in a classical dynamic is spinning a top,
familiar to us from the halcyon days to our childhood. A spinning top defies our preconceived
notions of what would happen. It is wonderful to see how the Newtonian formulation of
mechanics able to account for the motions of such a marvellous toy. A simple top has an axis
of symmetry passing through the centre of mass. Several forces act on the top:
1. The weight w (of magnitude mg), which can be thought of as acting on top at its centre
of mass; and
2. The force of the surface on the top at the fixed contact point between the top and the
surface (the vector sum of the usual normal force of the surface and the static frictional
force of the surface)
The basic physics behind all these effects is that a torque is required to rotate an object. The
torque is equal to the rate of change of angular momentum. There is nothing magic about that.
It is the rotational equivalent of what happens when an object accelerates along a straight line.
In that case, the force on the object is equal to the rate of change of its momentum. Angular
momentum is similar to linear momentum, but it refers to motion in a circular rather than a
straight line path. Usually, the torque acting on a spinning top is just due to the weight of the
top. If the top is perfectly upright there is no torque acting on it but if it leans sideways then it
will tend to fall over due to the torque about the bottom end. It will indeed fall over if it is not
spinning. If it is spinning, then it does something else. Instead of falling down, it “falls”
sideways. The effect is described as precession, and is explained in simple terms below. A
spinning top spins slowly around a vertical axis through its point of support while it spins
rapidly about its own axis. The usual “explanation” is that the change in angular momentum
must be in the same direction as the torque on the top that is, in the sideways direction. The
spin axis must move sideways instead of down, but that is just stating the observed facts in
fancy technical words.
 6. BICYCLE

Explaination:

When the front brake is locked so that there is no motion of the front wheel relative to the
bike, then the bike (including the front wheel) and backpack rotate about the point on the
front wheel that is in contact with the road, i.e. A

The moment of inertia of a body of mass, m about an axis is:

where r is the perpendicular distance from the axis to an arbitrary element dm.
The moment of inertia for a solid cuboid of height h, width, w depth d and
mass m is:

where Ih is the moment of inertia about the axis through the center of mass
parallel to the height dimension. So, for a pile of textbooks in a backpack of
mass 3.8 kg and of dimensions 0.120.210.26m:
When the moment of inertia, IG about the body’s center of mass is known then
the moment of inertia, I about any other parallel axis is given by the parallel axis
theorem:

where b is the perpendicular distance between the axes. So if we assume that

the center of mass of the backpack is at the location, G in the diagram above
then, its moment of inertia about A, IA is given by:

We neglected the moment of inertia of the backpack but this is inconsequential

because the second term in the expression above dominates and location of the
backpack and the mass of the books has a huge effect on the resistance to
rotational acceleration.

Elaboration:

The equation of rotational motion is given by: 

where the moments MG are considered about an axis through the center of mass
and  is the angular acceleration of the body.

When a child rolls down a steep grassy bank (roly-poly) we can calculate their
acceleration by using the above expression and a few simplifying assumptions.
Let us assume that the child has uniform radius of 0.15m, a mass of 40kg and a
moment of inertia of 0.8kgm2; that the grassy bank has a 45 degree slope (
=45) and that we can represent the child by a cylinder or imagine them in a
plastic pipe.
Considering motion about C, the equation of rotational motion is:

Now, the linear acceleration is, a= r and the radius of gyration, k is defined by I = mk2,

So, , rearranging,
And,

If the child starts from rest and the bank is 5m higher then their velocity at
the bottom can be calculated from:

i.e:
 CONCLUSION

In physics, a rigid body (also known as rigid object) is a solid body in which
deformation is zero or so small it can be neglected. The distance between any two given points
on a rigid body remains constant in time regardless of external forces exerted on it. A rigid
body is usually considered as a continuous distribution of mass.

In the study of special relativity, a perfectly rigid body does not exist; and objects can
only be assumed to be rigid if they are not moving near the speed of light. In quantum
mechanics a rigid body is usually thought of as a collection of point masses. For instance, in
quantum mechanics molecules (consisting of the point masses: electrons and nuclei) are often
seen as rigid bodies (see classification of molecules as rigid rotors).

After I have done researches, exploring and searching in the internet and books from
the library I have found out that:Rotational motion is more complicated than linear motion,
and only the motion of rigid bodies will be considered here. A rigid body is an object with a
mass that holds a rigid shape, such as a phonograph turntable, in contrast to the sun, which is
a ball of gas. Many of the equations for the mechanics of rotating objects are similar to the
motion equations for linear motion.

The angular displacement of a rotating wheel is the angle between the radius at the
beginning and the end of a given time interval. The SI units are radians. The average angular
velocity (ω), measured in radians per second. The angular acceleration (α) has the same form
as the linear quantity.

This physical quantity, torque, is  = r × F sin θ, where F is the force applied, r is the
distance from the point of application to the centre of the rotation, and θ is the angle from r to
F. Substitute Newton's second law into the definition for torque with θ of 90 degrees (a right
angle between F and r) and use the relationship between linear acceleration and tangential
angular acceleration to obtain  = r F = rma = mr2 (a/r) = mr2α.

The quantity mr2 is defined as moment of inertia of a point mass about the center of
rotation. Angular momentum is rotational momentum that is conserved in the same way that
linear momentum is conserved. For a rigid body, the angular momentum (L) is the product of
the moment of inertia and the angular velocity: L = Iω. For a point of mass, angular momentum
can be expressed as the product of linear momentum and the radius (r): L = mvr. L is measured
in units of kilograms‐meters2 per second or more commonly joule‐seconds. The law of
conservation of angular momentum can be stated that the angular momentum of a system of
objects is conserved if there is not external net torque acting on the system.

In my opinion I think the concept of rotational motion of rigid body is applied in

yoyo, ceiling fan, spinning top, bicycle, cd, centrifuge, ice skaters and etc. All this application
helps me to carry out my daily life activities. For example, a fan helps me by blowing wind
towards me or in the room so that it is not very hot during hot days.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books and printed media:

1. Zainal Abidin Sulaiman, Siti Hendon Sheikh Abdullah, Halimah Mohamed kamari,
Safful Kamaluddin Muzakir, Zalita Zainudin & Lim, P.C. (2019). PHYSICS for
MATRICULATION Semester 1. SAP Publications (M) Sdn. Bhd.
2. Giordano, N.J. (2013). COLLEGE PHYSCIS Reasoning and Relationships (2th
edition). Physical Sciences: Mary Finch & Physics and Astronomy: Charles Hartford
3. Giancoli. (2015). Physics (7th edition). Pearson Education Inc
4. Poh Liong Yong & Lee Beng Hin (2014), Physics for Matriculation, 40150 Shah
Alam, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd.
5. Young, H.D. & Freedman, R.A. (2015). University Physics with Modern Physics (13th
edition). Pearson Education Inc
6. Serway, R.A., Jewett, J.W. (2015), Physics for Scientists and Engineers (9th edition)
CENGAGE Learning Custom Publishing

Internet Websites:
1. Rotational Motion of Rigid Body. Retrieved from https://www.cliffsnotes.com/study-
guides/physics/classical-mechanics/rotational-motion-of-a-rigid-body
2. What is the application of the rotational motion of a rigid body in daily life? Retrieved
from https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-application-of-the-rotational-motion-of-a-
rigid-body-in-daily-life
3. Rigid Body. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigid_body
4. Cross, R. (Dec 2017). SPINNING TOPS, GYROSCOPES & RATTLEBACKS.
Retrieved from http://www.physics.usyd.edu.au/~cross/SPINNING%20TOPS.htm