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Date 25 Nov 2019 

 
Synthesis Lab 
 
Class 1106 
Pran Panichkul 
Apinya Ungjaroensap 
Pichitphon Kemphetch 
Natthamon Suwanpimol 
Pannavich Torsavetpong 
Tanapat Suengphaisankul 
 
 
Abstract 
In  this  lab  activity,  the  problem  we  faced  was  in  the  filtration  process.  The 
way  we  poured  a  mixture  over  the  filter  paper  made  our  results  less  accurate,  so 
we  decided  to  repeat  this  process  in  order  to  get  the  correct  result.  Two  main 
methods  we  have  done  are  synthesis  and  filtration.  With  the  data  from  the 
experiment  and  calculation,  we  were  able  to  find  the  percent  yield  and  see  the 
amount of product that actually produced by the reaction. 
 
Introduction 
Chemical  reaction  is ​a  process  in which one or more reactants are converted 
into  a  new  product.  To  indicate  how  reactants  and  products  used  up  and  made  a 
reaction,  scientists  came  up  with  stoichiometry,  a  chemical  equation  used  to 
calculate  the  amount  of  reactants  and  products.  Most  of  all  stoichiometric 
problems  can  be  solved  in  just  four  simple  steps:  balance  the  equation,  convert 
units  of  a  given  substance  into  moles,  calculate  the  moles of substances yielded by 
using  the  mole  ratio,  and  convert  moles  of  wanted  substances  into  desired  units 
(SparkNotes,  2019.)  By  doing  this  process,  you  can  determine  which  one  is  the 
limiting  reagent  --  the  reactant  that  is  entirely  used  up  first  --  and  which  one  is  the 
excess  reagent:  the  reactant  that  is  not  completely  used  up  when  the  reaction  is 
finished.  Furthermore,  you  can  also  point  out  the  theoretical  yield  which  is  the 
maximum  amount  of  product  resulting from the limiting reagent. Actual yield is the 
amount  of  product  that  you  actually  gain  from the experiment. In order to see how 
good  your  experiment  is,  you  can  look  at the percent yield, the quantity of reactant 
that  has  been  converted  to  a  product.  This  can  be  calculated  by  (actual  yield/ 
theoretical yield)*100 (Meredith, 2019.) 
In  this  experiment,  we are going to synthesize the copper hydroxide ​Cu(OH)​2​. 
The  reactants  consisted  of  copper  sulphate  (solution  A)  combining  with  two 
different  amounts  of  sodium  hydroxide  (solution  B/C).  After  we  observe  the 
reaction  of  the  combination  of  these  solutions,  we  are  going  to  proceed  with  the 
filtration  process.  When  everything  is  all  set, we will dry it overnight in the oven. On 
the  next  experimental day, we will weight the filter paper and solid product in order 
to  use  in  the  calculation  part.  At  the  end  of  the  lab,  we  will apply the stoichiometry 
to  find  out  what  the  limiting/excess  reagent  are  and  see  whether  it  is match to our 
result.  Moreover,  we  will  use  its equation to calculate how well we have done in the 
experiment by calculating the percent yield. 
 
Objective 
To distinguish the reaction between solution A+B and solution A+C after 
filtration, determine which of the solution is limiting and excess reagent, and find 
the percent yield of the product. 
 
Material and Method 
Chemical and Laboratory apparatus 
● CuSO4 solution (Solution A 2.5g of CuSO4 in 50 mL of water ) 
● N aOH solution (Solution B 0.2g of N aOH in 25 mL of water ) 
● N aOH solution (Solution C 0.6g of N aOH in 25 mL of water ) 
● 100 mL beaker 
● 50 mL graduated cylinder 
● Stirring rod 
● Filter paper 
● Weighing paper 
● Spatula 
● Watch glass 
● Funnel 
● Ring stand & clamp 
 
Experimental (Day 1) 
 
Preparation of CuSO4 solution (Solution A) 
1. Weight 2.5 g of CuSO4 dissolve in 50 mL of water in 100 mL beaker 
2. Stir well by using a stirring rod for 2-3 minutes 
 
Preparation of N aOH solution (Solution B) 
1. Weight 0.2 g of N aOH dissolved in 25 mL of water in 100 mL beaker 
2. Stir well by using a stirring rod for 2-3 minutes 
 
Preparation of N aOH solution (Solution B) 
1. Weight 0.6 g of N aOH dissolved in 25 mL of water in 100 mL beaker 
2. Stir well by using a stirring rod for 2-3 minutes 
Synthesis of Cu(OH)2  
1. Mix 25 mL of CuSO4 solution (Solution A) with 25 mL of N aOH solution 
(Solution B) 
2. Stir for 2-3 minutes 
3. Weight the filter paper, and then record it on data table 
4. Separate the solid product by paper filtration technique 
5. Rinse the solid product (the rest of product left on beaker) with 10 mL of 
distilled water 
6. Clean the filtered solid residue (during filtration) with 10 mL of distilled water 
for 2 times in order to remove N a2 SO4 salt 
7. Clean the filtered solid residue again with 10 mL of ethanol to remove water 
8. Carefully remove filter paper with filtered solid residue to watch glass 
9. Dry it overnight in the oven 
10. Repeat step 1-9 by using 25 mL of N aOH solution by using Solution C 
instead of Solution B 
 
Experimental (Day 2) 
 
11. Weight mass of filter paper and solid product 
12. Calculate the % yield of the reaction 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Results 
 
 
Reaction  Reaction  Weight of  Weight of  Weight of  Solid product 
Solution  observation  filter  filter paper +  Solid  observation 
(chemical/physical)  paper  Solid  product  (chemical/physical) 
product 

A+B  - The color  0.56g  0.75g  0.19g  - Light bluish 


changed from  green color 
being clear to be  - Stick with the 
cloudy  paper 
- Easily passed 
through filtration 
 

A+C  - Jelly alike  0.7g  1.1g  0.4g  - Dark blue color 


- Stick together  - Powder 
- It took more 
time than the 
other in filtration 
process 
 
 
Discussion 
This  synthesis  lab  activity  had  demonstrated  the  use  of  Stoichiometry in real 
life  experiment.  As  shown  above,  the  product of solution A+B reaction resulted in a 
smaller  amount  and  lighter  color  when  compared  with  solution  A+C. The color and 
portion  of  these  two  products  were  different  because  solution  A+C  had  a  greater 
amount  of  NaOH  than the other. In other words, it can be concluded that the larger 
amount  of  NaOH  the  solution  had,  the  darker  color  the  solid  product  would  be.  It 
behaved  this  way because CuSO​4  ​had the ability to react more with NaOH, resulting 
in  the  increasing  amount  of  product  and  color  intensity.  For  the  reaction  A+B,  the 
limiting  reagent  was  NaOH  as  it  gave  out  the  lesser amount of Cu(OH)​2 than ​  CuSO​4. 
On  the  other  hand,  CuSO​4  was​   the  limiting  reagent  for  reaction  A+C.  To  find  the 
theoretical  yield  -- the maximum quantity of product that could be formed from the 
given  reactants  --  we  had to determine the limiting reagent first which was the least 
amount  of  product  produced  by  reactants.  In  this  case,  the  theoretical  yield  was 
0.244g  Cu(OH)​2  for
​   reaction  A+B  while  0.49g  Cu(OH)​2  was
​   for  reaction  A+C.  This 
information  can  be  used  to  calculate  the  percent  yield  by  dividing  the  actual  yield 
by  the  theoretical yield and multiply by 100. By doing this, we would get the percent 
yield  of  77.87%  for  reaction  A+B  and  81.63%  for  reaction  A+C.  It  can  be  seen  that 
their  percentages  were  lower  than  100%  due  to  the  fact  that  incomplete  or  loss  of 
reaction might occur, leading to the decreasing number of the actual yield. 
 
Calculations 
 
❖ Solution A+B  
➢ 2.5g CuSO4  
➢ 0.2g N aOH  
 
CuSO4 × H 2 O + 2 N aOH → N a2 SO4 + Cu(OH)2 + 5H 2 O  
 
1 mole CuSO4 ×H 2 O Cu(OH)2
1.25g CuSO4 × H 2 O × 159.612g CuSO4 ×H 2 O
× CuSO4 ×H 2 O
= 0.005 moles Cu(OH)2  
 
Cu(OH)2 97.565g Cu(OH)2
0.2g N aOH × 1 mole N aOH
40g N aOH
× 2 N aOH
= 0.0025 moles Cu(OH)2 × 1 mole Cu(OH)2

0.244g Cu(OH)2  
 
➔ Solution A+C 
◆ 2.5g CuSO4  
◆ 0.6g N aOH  
 
CuSO4 × H 2 O + 2 N aOH → N a2 SO4 + Cu(OH)2 + 5H 2 O  
 
1 mole CuSO4 ×H 2 O Cu(OH)2
1.25g CuSO4 × H 2 O × 159.612g CuSO4 ×H 2 O
× CuSO4 ×H 2 O
= 0.005 moles Cu(OH)2 ×
97.565g Cu(OH)2
1 mole Cu(OH)2
= 0.49g Cu(OH)2  
 
Cu(OH)2
0.6g N aOH × 1 mole N aOH
40g N aOH
× 2 N aOH
= 0.0075 moles Cu(OH)2  
 
 
actual yield
The percent yield = theoretical yield
 
 
A+B = 0.19
0.244
× 100 = 77.87%  
A+C = 0.4
0.49
× 100 = 81.63%  
 
 
 
 
Conclusion 
According  to  the  results,  it  can  be  concluded that there are some differences 
between  the  products  of  these  two  reactions  in  terms  of  color  and  portion  due  to 
the  fact  that  they  have  a  different  amount  of  reactant. By doing this lab activity, we 
are  able  to  determine  the  limiting/  excess  reagent  and  calculate  the  percent  yield 
which  can  be  used  to  see  how  much  a  reactant  has been converted to a product in 
a chemical reaction. 
 
 
References 
 
SparkNotes. (n.d.). Stoichiometric Calculations. Retrieved from  
https://www.sparknotes.com/chemistry/stoichiometry/stoichiometriccalculati
ons/section2/  
 
Meredith, J. (2019). How to calculate percent yield in chemistry. Retrieved from  
https://www.wikihow.com/Calculate-Percent-Yield-in-Chemistry  

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