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Roof Truss Design Procedure 1 PDF
Roof Truss Design Procedure 1 PDF
INTRODUCTION:
Steel trusses are being used for both buildings and bridges. But the
design principles are different for different uses. Many books are
course oriented and not with a practical principles. Now an attempt has
been made to gather information on the design principles from various
references ON THE LAYOUT AND OTHER DESIGN PRINCIPLES.
Steel roof trusses are used for mainly for the Industrial buildings where
free space requirement are essential for more working areas. The span
of truss varies from 10’-0” to 300’-0” depending on the type of
requirement and the available spaces.
The following steps should be considered when designing a truss:
1. Select the general layout of truss members and truss spacing.
2. Estimate external loads to be applied including self weight of
truss, purlins and roof covering together with wind loads.
3. Determine critical (worst combination) loading. It is usual to
consider Dead loads alone and then Dead and Imposed loads
combined.
4. Analyze the frame work to find forces in all members.
5. Select material and section to produce in each member a stress
value which does not exceed the permissible value. Particular
care must be taken with compression members (struts) or
members normally in tension but subject to stress reversal due
to wind uplift.
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DIFFERENT SHAPES OF TRUSSES FOR DIFFERENT SPANS.
7.0M TO 11.0m
<7.0M
Belgium truss
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COMPRESSION CHORD COMPRESSION CHORD
L=SPAN
CONFIGURATIONS:
Parallel chord trusses: The economical span to depth ratio =12 to 24.
Trapezoidal trusses:
The configuration shown below reduces the axial forces in the chord
members adjacent to supports.
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Economical span to depth ratio is around 10. The slope is 1/5. Spacing
of trusses should be in the region of 1/4 to 1/5 of span.
Fan trusses are used when the Rafter members of the roof trusses
have to be subdivided into ODD number of panels.
Pitch =L/h=4 to 10
h=L/4 to L/10
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The mass per sq.m of :
a) Fink trusses is lowest for spans from 15m upwards.
b) Pratt trusses from 10 m to 20m.
c) And of Portal frames from 10m to 20m.
A rough estimate of section height for a gabled truss is that for roof
slope 1:16, H=L/25 to L/30.
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For slope 1:10, H=L/35 to L/40 where H is the depth at support.
For parallel trusses the relation is approximately H=L/20.
The most advantageous angle between the diagonals and the bottom
chord is 45°-50° in a triangular lattice and 35° -45°in a diagonal one.
Loadings:
False ceiling---------------------------------------------200 N/sq.m
Duct ----------------------------------------------------- 40 N/sq.m
G.I.Sheet-0.63mm thick to 1,6 mm thick-----------55 to 140 N/sq.m
Asbestos sheet -----------------------------------------171 N/sq.m.
Roofing tiles ---------------------------------------------350 to 850 N/sq.m
Bracings --------------------------------------------------12-15 N/sq.m
Purlins ----------------------------------------------------200 to 400 N/sq.m
Mangalore tiles with battens --------------------------650N/sq.m.
Various Handbooks and text book furnish different formulae for the self
weight of steel truss. One has to make use of it judiciously and with
engineering judement.
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Welded sheeted roof trusses is given approximately as:
L =18.0m g=2.2+q/125
L =24.0m g=2.78+q/54.2
L =30.0m g=4.44+q/34.7
L =36.0m g=5.27+q/21
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Ties 3-4 3-5 8-15
Total 30-40 45-70 50-80
2. Columns with tie & 10-18 18-40 70-120
platforms
Crane girder with 0-14 14-40 50-150
bracing beams
Wall frame work 0-3 5-14 12-20
Miscellaneous - 0-10 3-12
Grand total 35-80 75-170 200-400
GRAVITY LOADS:
LIVE LOADS:
Roof slope Access load
≤10° provided 1500N/sq.m of plan area
≤10° not provided 750N/sq.m of plan area.
≥10° 750N/s.m reduced by 10N/sq.m for
every
degree increase upto & including
20°.
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Reduced by 20N/sq.m for
each one
degree increase above 20°.
But not less than
400N/sq.m.
The loads on truss can be taken 2/3 as per IS code 875. This
reduction is not for the design of Purlins.
WIND LOADS:
On roof trusses, unless the roof slope is too high, would be usually
uplift force perpendicular to the roof , due to suction effect of the wind
blowing over the roof. Hence wind load on roof truss usually acts
opposite to the gravity load and its magnitude can be larger than
gravity loads, causing reversal of forces in truss members. (Ref:
Teaching resources on structural steel design-chapter-27).
For buildings up to 10.0m in height, the intensity of wind pressure may
be reduced by 25% for stability calculations and for the design of
frame work.
EARTHQUAKE LOADS:
DESIGN PRINCIPLES:
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The spacing of purlins adjacent to the eaves and the ridge of a roof
may be reduced to give a more uniform moment distribution in the
roof sheets.
For fully continuous purlin configurations the larger B.Ms and the truss
loadings in the end span and at the penultimate trusses can be
reduced by making the end spans(i.e. at the end bays of the
building)smaller than the interior.
If the purlins are placed at intermediate points i.e. between the joints
of the top chord, the chord will be subjected to moments.
MEMBER SIZES:
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The width of the members should be kept minimum as far as possible
because wide members have greater secondary sresses.
Two angles back to back or a structural tee form the most common
section for members of a roof truss. When the load is light and the
span is short, a single angel section will often suffice and may be used
in spite of its lack of symmetry. This is true for web members to carry
only nominal stresses
SECONDARY STRESSES:
Normally the secondary stresses in roof trusses may be disregarded if
1. the slenderness ratio of the chord member is greater than 50.
(l/r>50)
2. that of the web member is greater than 100.(l/r>100).
3.
All the members of the roof truss usually do not reach their limit state
of collapse simultaneously.
The design code suggest an effective length factor between 0.7 and
1.0 for the in-plane buckling of member depending upon this restraint
and 1.0 for the out of plane buckling. Zin the case of roof trusses, a
member normally UNDER TENSION due to gravity loads(DL+LL) may
experience stress reversal into compression due to DL+WL
combination.
SLENDERNESS RATIO:
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1. Member under COMPRESSION under loads other 180
than Wind/EQload
2. TENSION members undergoing reversal due to loads 180
other than WL
3. Members normally under TENSION but may have to 250
resist COMPRESSION under Wind load
4. Members designed only for TENSION even though 350
they may experience stress reversal
5. Members always under TENSION 400
For smaller or where there is net uplift loading a WARREN truss will be
lighter than PRATT-truss.
For tension members the type and arrangements of the angles is not
so importance since here the determining factor is the net sectional
area.
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Other types of sections than angle are seldom employed and only if
there are specific requirements for design. Thus for example, chord
made from channels are employed when they are subjected not only to
an axial force but also to a considerable local moments originated by a
load applied between panel points of the trusses.
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The shape shown is better to take care of the Bending moment.
H= rise of the truss which is 1/8 for AC sheet.
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c. Determination of internal forces and moments in the
structural components.
d. Selection of material and proportioning of members and
connections for safety and economy.
e. Checking the performance of the structure under service
conditions, and
f. Finial review.
5. Fabrication: Ease of fabrication and erection has an important
influence on
the economy of the design.
In general, small and medium trusses of symmetrical design are
lifted at the ridge during erection. In order to prevent buckling of
the bottom chord, it is necessary to proportion it to carry the
compressive stresses developed during hoisting. An empirical
relation is given by b/L =1/125. where b is the width of the bottom
chord at its centre and L the span length.
For example a 50 m span truss shall have the top chord and bottom
chord width =span/125.i.e. 50x1000/125=400mm. (≈8times span-
in mm).
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TRUSSED BEAMS:
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Es=2.1x10^6Kg/sq.cm(steel)
Design formulae.
Sl.n Description
o Single strut Double strut
Uniformly distributed load –in Kg
1. Tension in rod 0.312Wh/r Wh/3r
2. Compression in strut 0.625W W/3
3. Compression in beam 0.312WL/2r WL/9r
Concentrated load over strut,Kg
1. Tension in rod Ph/2r Ph/r
2. Compression in strut P P
3. Compression in beam PL/4r PL/3r
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