2019-2020

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

TRANSFORMER

Submitted by:
G.JOHN SAMUEL
XII A
 Certificate

This is to certify that G.JOHN SAMUEL a student of

class XII- A has successfully completed the research on
Study of different types of transformers the under the
guidance of Mr.MAHENDRAN during the year 2019-
20 in partial fulfilment of Physics practical examination
conducted CBSE Board, New Delhi.

SIGN OF EXTERNAL SIGN OF INTERNAL

EXAMINER EXAMINER

SIGN OF PRINCIPAL
 Acknowledgement

In the accomplishment of this project successfully many

people have best owned upon me as their blessing and
the heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to
thank all the people who have been concerned with
project.
Primarily I would like to thank god for being able to
complete this project with success. Then I would like to
thank my Physics teacher Mr.MAHENDRAN whose
valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof success his
suggestions and instructions has served as the major
contribution.Then I would like to thank my Parents and
Friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance have been helpful in the
various phases of the completion of this project.Last I
would like to thank Myself for my determination and
hard work required for the completion in this project.
 Index

1. Certificate of Excellence
2. Acknowledgement
3. Aim of the project
4. Theory
5. Material required
6. Procedure
7. Conclusion
8. Precautions
9. Bibliography
 Objective
The objective of this experiment is to Study the
Different Types of Transformers
 Theory

The transformer is a device used to convert a low

alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or vice
versa. It is based on the principal of mutual induction. A
transformer which increases the voltage is called a step
up transformer and which decreases the voltage is
called a step down transformer .When an alternating
e.m.f is supplied to the primary coil, an alternating
current starts flowing in it. The alternating current
produces a changing magnetic flux, which induces
alternating voltage.
Let,
 Ep and Es are the instantaneous values of the E.M.F
induced in primary and secondary coil.
 Np and Snare the no. of turns in primary and secondary
coil.
 d/dot=rate of change of flux in each turn.

Therefore,
Up = - Nap(d/dot) .……(1)
Es= - Ns(d/dot) ……(2)
1. If there is no leakage of flux
By dividing Esq. (2) by Esq.(1), we have
Es/ Up= Ns/ Nap.……(3)
2. If there is no power loss
Pp= Ps
Up x I= Ex. Is
Es/ Up = I/ Is ………(4)
 Step Up Transformer

Current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage

is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose
in current in the same ratio. A step up transformer
actually steps down the current and step up voltage. In
this type of transformer:-
Ns> Na Es>Up
 Step Down Transformer

Current in secondary is weaker when secondary voltage

is higher. Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose
in current in the same ratio. A step down transformer
actually steps up the current and step down voltage. In
this type of transformer:-
Ns< Na Es< Up
 Efficiency

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of

output power to the input power.For an ideal
transformer, its value is 1.
But in practical due to different kind of energy loss .

Circuit Diagram
 Energy Loss

1. Copper loss: -It is energy loss in the form of heat

in the copper coils of a transformer. This is due to
joule heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss: -It is the loss in the form of heat in the

iron ore of transformer. This is due to formation of
eddy current in iron core, it is minimised by using
laminated core.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux: -It occur inspire of

best insulation. Rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with each turn of secondary coil is less than
rate of change in magnetic flux linked with each
turn of primary coil.

4. Hysteresis Loss: -It is loss of energy due to

repeated magnetization anddemagnetization of the
iron core.
 Material Required

1. Iron

2. Copper wire

3. Voltmeter

4. Ammeter
 Procedure

 Step Down Transformer

1. Take a thick iron rode and cover it with thick

paper and wind a 100 turns of copper wire on
it. This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper
and wound 50 turns of copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil.
3. Now measure the input and output voltage of
the transformer.

 Step Up Transformer

1. Take a thick iron rode and cover it with thick

paper and wind a 50 turns of copper wire on it.
This constitutes primary coil of the
transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper
and wound 100 turns of copper wire on it. This
constitutes the secondary coil.
3. Now measure the input and output voltage of
the transformer.
 Conclusion

1. The output voltage of the transformer depend the

ratio of the no. of turns in primary coil to no. of
turns in secondary coil.
2. On increase in no. of turns of primary coil the
current the output current also increase.

Precautions

 Keep yourself safe from high voltage.

 Minimise the formation of eddy current.
 While taking reading the current and voltage of
the primary coil should remain constant.
 Bibliography

 NCERT Physics textbook – XII class

 www.Scribd.com
 www.toppr.com
 www.wikipedia.org
 Saraswathi Lab Manual – Physics XII