US FOREIGN POLICY

FINAL REPORT

SUBMITTED BY

CHAUDHRY BILAL AKBAR

FATIMA AMJAD
MARYAM NAVEED
SAQLAIN BABAR

BACHELORS OF BUSINESS ADMINISTERATION

SUBMITTED TO

MADAM UZMA YASMEEN

COMSTATS UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 US FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS PAKISTAN

Pakistan's master socialist powers told extensive help in East Pakistan, while inWest Pakistan, th
e expert Soviet Pakistan Socialist Party remained generallyminimized. In 1950, the United States
stretched out a suggestion to Pakistan by welcoming Prime Minister Khan for an official state
visit.As the USSR had repelled industrialist Pakistan and adjusted itself to Pakistan’s opponents,
the nation's arrangement crafters found that keeping up neighborlyrelations with the two superpo
wers was inconceivable.All through the period somewhere in the range of 1950 and 1953, a few
noteworthy Pakistan political and military figures paid visits to the United States. U.S. VP Alben
W. Barkley clarifies the 1948 rendition of the Vice President's sealto Prime Minister Ali Khan
Pakistan and his better half Safeguard ties between the two nations reinforced very quickly
following Khan's visit to theUnited States.
Such close to home generosity was clear when Secretary of State John FosterDulles, while conte
nding for wheat help to Pakistan in 1953, told the subboardof trustees on Agriculture and Forestr
y amid hearings that,"The [p]eople ofPakistan had an awe inspiring military custom," and that in
Karachi he had beenmet by a watch of respect which was the "Best" he had ever seen".
American enthusiasm for Pakistan as a partner against the spread ofCommunism principally was
engaged towards keeping up incredible ties withPakistan's military foundation.

Alliance with United States:

Having failed to convince the Taliban to hand over bin Laden and othermembers of Al Qaeda,
Pakistan provided the U.S. a number of military airportsand bases for its attack on Afghanistan, a
long with other logistical support.
Since 2001, Pakistan has arrested over five hundred Al-Qaeda members and handed them over
to the United States; senior U.S. officers have been lavish intheir praise of Pakistani efforts in
public while expressing their concern that notenough was being done in private.
In return for their support, Pakistan had sanctions lifted and has received about$10 billion in U.S.
aid since 2001, primarily military.Pakistan has lost thousands of lives since joining the U.S. war
on terror in theform of both soldiers and civilians and was going through a critical period, howev
er many areas of Pakistan are becoming terror free.
Suicide bombs were commonplace in Pakistan, whereas they were unheard ofprior to 9/11. The
Taliban have been resurgent in recent years in bothAfghanistan and Pakistan.
With Obama coming into office, the U.S. is expected to triple non-military aid to Pakistan to
$1.5 billion per year over 10 years, and to tie military aid toprogress in the fight against militants
The purpose of the aid is to help strengthen the relatively new democraticgovernment led by Pres
ident Zardari and to help strengthen civil institutionsand the general economy in Pakistan and to
put in place an aid program that isbroader in scope than just supporting Pakistan's military.
Pakistan is a major non-NATO ally as part of the War on Terrorism , and leading recipient of
U.S. aid. .

Between 2002:-
2013, Pakistan received $25 billion in economic and military aidand sales of military equipment.
The equipment included eighteen new F-16 aircraft, eight P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft,
6,000 TOW anti-tank missiles, 500 AMRAM air-to-air missiles, 6C-130 transport aircraft, 20
Cobra attack helicopters, and a Perry-class missilefrigate.
About half of the aid package was disbursed during the Bush administration andother half during
the Obama administration.
The aid during the Obama administration was more economic than military.
 US FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS NORTH KOREA

North Korea's threatening behavior; development of proscribed nuclear, chemical, and biological
weapons capabilities; and pursuit of a range of illicitactivities, including proliferation, has posed
one of the most vexing andperpetual problems in U.S. foreign policy in the post-ColdWar
period.Since North Korea's creation in 1948, the United States has never had formal diplomatic
relations with the Democratic People's Republic of Korea.
Successive U.S. Administrations since the early 1990s have sought to use acombination of
negotiations, aid, and bilateral and international sanctions toend North Korea's weapons program
but have not curbed the DPRK'sincreasing capabilities.
Tens of thousands of U.S. troops based in South Korea and Japan, as well astens of thousands of
U.S. civilians residing in those countries, are stationedwithin striking range of North Korean inte
rmediate-range missiles.North Korea's rapid advances in its nuclear and long range missile
capabilitiesmay put the U.S. homeland at risk of a DPRK strike.Through sanctions legislation,
Congress has set the terms for U.S. restrictionson trade and engagement with the DPRK, as well
as on the President's freedomto ease or lift sanctions against the DPRK. Congress has also passed
andrepeatedly reauthorized the North Korean Human Rights Act, which calls on theU.S.
government to address the DPRK's poor human rights record as well asaccept North Korean
refugees.In future arrangements, if the United States agrees to provide aid in exchangeNorth Kor
ea: U.S. Relations, Nuclear Diplomacy, and Internal SituationCongressional Research Service 2 f
or DPRK steps on denuclearization, Congresswill need to authorize and appropriate funds, as it p
resumably would if theAdministration sought to normalize diplomatic relations as the June 2018
Singapore agreement implies.

Advances in North Korea’s Weapons of Mass Destruction:-

ProgramsNorth Korea's rapid advances in missile and nuclear weapons capabilities in2016 and 2
017 have shifted U.S. policymakers' assessment of the regime'sthreat to the United States.
Although North Korea has presented security challenges to U.S. interests fordecades, recent tests
have demonstrated that North Korea is nearly if notalready capable of striking the continental U
nited States with a nuclear-armedballistic missile.
North Korea conducted three nuclear tests between January 2016 andSeptember 2017.
North Korea conducted multiple tests of missiles that some observers assertdemonstrate a capabil
ity of reaching the continental United States.
In December 2017, the Trump Administration publicly blamed North Korea forthe cyberattack k
nown as "WannaCry" that crippled computer networksworldwide earlier in the year, demonstrati
ng North Korea's ability to usecyberattacks to disrupt critical operations.

Trump Administration Policy:-

Many of the elements of the officially stated policy were similar to thoseemployed by the Obama
Administration: ratcheting up economic pressureagainst North Korea, attempting to persuade
China-by far North Korea's most important economic partner and others to apply more pressure
againstPyongyang, and expanding the capabilities of the U.S.-South Korea and U.S.-
Japan alliances to counter new North Korean threats.
The Administration successfully led the United Nations Security Council includingNorthKorea's
traditional supporters China and Russiato pass fournew sanctions resolutions that have expanded
the requirements for U.N.member states to halt or curtail their military, diplomatic, and economi
cinteraction with the DPRK. Both the Obama and Trump Administrations pushedcountries aroun
d the globe to significantly cut and/or eliminate their ties toNorth Korea, often in ways that go be
yond UNSC requirements.
In a departure from previous Administrations, the Trump Administrationemphasized the option
of launching a preventive military strike against NorthKorea.
Over the course of his presidency, to date, Trump and senior members of hisAdministration have
issued seemingly contradictory statements on North Korea, particularly on the questions of U.S.
conditions for negotiations, and whetherthe United States is prepared to launch a preventive strik
e against North Korea.
2018: Shift to Diplomacy in Early 2018 In early 2018, following months ofoutreach by South Ko
rean officials hoping to lower tensions, North Koreaaccepted an invitation from ROK President
Moon Jae-in to attend the 2018Winter Olympics in PyeongChang, South Korea.
Before the June 2018 Singapore Summit between Kim and Trump, Kim-
havingnever met with a foreign head of state nor left North Korea since becomingleader-
met twice with Moon and twice with Chinese President Xi Jinping to setthe stage for the unprece
dented meeting between U.S. and DPRK heads ofstate.
These factors include harsh rhetoric from the Trump Administration thatemphasized military
confrontation, the increasingly punishing sanctions thatlimited the North's ability to grow its eco
nomy, Moon Jaein's aggressiveoutreach to North Korea, 3 Preventive military attacks are launch
ed in responseto less immediate threats, often motivated by the desire to fight sooner ratherthan l
ater, generally due to an anticipated shift in the military balance, oracquisition of a key capability
by an adversary.
For a summary of threats and tests by North Korea and U.S. responses in2017 and 2018, see
Arms Control Association,"Chronology of U.S.-NorthKorean Nuclear-Missile Diplomacy”.
North Korea: U.S. Relations, Nuclear Diplomacy, and Internal SituationCongressional Research
Service 5 including during the 2018 Winter Olympics, and Kim's confidence that he had secured
a limited nuclear deterrent againstthe United States, providing him with additional leverage.

The June 2018 Trump:-

Kim Singapore Summit On June 12, 2018, PresidentTrump and Kim met in Singapore to discuss
North Korea's nuclear program, building a peace regime on the Korean Peninsula, and the future
of U.S.relations with North Korea.
Following the summit, Trump and Kim issued a brief joint statement in whichTrump "Committe
d to provide security guarantees to the DPRK," and Kim"Reaffirmed his firm and unwavering co
mmitment to complete denuclearizationof the Korean Peninsula." 5 The Singapore document is s
horter on details thanprevious nuclear agreements with North Korea and acts as a statement of
principles in the following four areas: Normalization.
North Korea "Commits to work toward complete denuclearization of the KoreanPeninsula."
POW/MIA Remains.

Suspend annual U.S.-

South Korea military exercises, which Trumpcalled "War games" and "Provocative." He said the
move, which was notaccompanied by any apparent commensurate move by Pyongyang andrepo
rtedly surprised South Korea and U.S. military commanders, would save "atremendous amount o
f money." 7 Trump also expressed a hope of eventuallywithdrawing the approximately 30,000 U.
S. troops stationed in South Korea.
Many analysts observed that the agreement covered ground that had beenincluded in previous ag
reements with North Korea, although those agreementswere not made by the DPRK leader himse
lf.Some veterans of previous negotiations with the DPRK caution that NorthKorea may seek to d
elay and prolong the process while sanction pressureeases.

US FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS RUSSIA

United States and the Russian Empire:-

Official contacts between the Russian Empire and therefore the new u. s. of America began in
1776. Russia, whereas formally neutral throughout the War of American Independence (1765–
1783), favored the U.S.Fully-fledged diplomatic ties were established in 1809
throughout the Yankee warfare (1861–1865), Russia supported the Union against the
Confederacy that deterred nation from intervening. Russia sold its territory in North America,
Alaska, to the u. s. in 1867. The pact of Portsmouth (1905), brokered by President President of
the United States terminated the Russo-Japanese War. From 1820 till 1917, about 3.3 million
immigrants arrived within the U.S. from the Russian Empire. Most were Jews or
Poles; solely one hundred were ethnic Russians.

United States and Soviet Union:-

The U.S. participated in the allied military intervention against the Bolsheviks during
the Russian Civil War since August 1918, operating in the Russian Far East. Following the
Bolsheviks′ victory in the Civil War and the establishment of the Soviet Union (USSR) at the
end of 1922, the U.S., while developing trade and economic ties, was the last major world power
that continued to refuse to formally recognize the Soviet government. The United States and the
USSR established diplomatic relations in November 1933.

The United States and the Soviet Union were among the four major Allies against the Axis
powers during World War II. Following the onset of the Cold War in 1947, the North Atlantic
Treaty was signed by the U.S., Canada, and several Western European nations, in Washington,
D.C. on 4 April 1949, a treaty that established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
designed to provide collective security against the Soviet Union. The first bilateral treaty
between the U.S. and Soviet Russia/USSR was a consular convention signed in Moscow in June
1964. In 1975, the Helsinki Final Act was signed by a multitude of countries, including the
USSR and the USA, and, while not having a binding legal power of a treaty, it effectively
signified the U.S.-led West′s recognition of the Soviet Union′s dominance in Eastern Europe and
acceptance of the Soviet annexation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania that had been effected in
1940. The Act came to play a role in subsequently ending the Cold War. In the 1970s—1980s
the USSR and the U.S. signed a series of arms control treaties such as the Anti-Ballistic Missile
Treaty (1972), two Strategic Arms Limitation treaties (SALT), the Intermediate-Range Nuclear
Forces Treaty (1987); in July 1991 the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty was concluded.

In the late 1980s, Eastern European nations took advantage of the relaxation of Soviet control
under Mikhail Gorbachev and began to break away from communist rule. The relationship
greatly improved in the final years of the USSR. On 3 December 1989, Gorbachev and the U.S.
President George H. W. Bush declared the Cold War over at the Malta Summit

In era of George W. Bush (2000–09):-

During the primary presidencies of Vladimir Putin, WHO assumed the highest workplace
initial as acting president, on the day of reckoning of 1999, and U. S. president George W. Bush,
the U.S and Russia began to own serious disagreements. Below Putin, Russia became a lot
of assertive in international affairs; below Bush, the U.S. took A progressively unilateral course
in its policy within the wake of the 9-11 attacks. The Russian leadership damn U.S. officers for
encouraging anti-Russian revolts throughout the Rose Revolution in Georgia in 2003 and also
the Orange Revolution in land a year later that were seen by the Putin administration as
intrusions into Russia's geographic sphere of interest. Nevertheless, Putin and Bush
were aforesaid to own established sensible personal relations. In 2002, the U. S. withdrew from
the Anti-Ballistic Missile written agreement so as to maneuver forward with plans for a
missile arms. Putin referred to as the choice a slip. Russia powerfully opposed the 2003 invasion
of Irak, although while not travail its veto within the international organization SC. Russia has
regarded the growth of NATO into the recent Japanese alliance, and U.S. efforts to realize access
to Central Asian oil and gas as a probably hostile encroachment on Russia's sphere of influence.
In era of George Barak Obama:-

In era of Obama Despite U.S.–Russia relations changing into strained throughout the Bush
administration, Russian president Dmitry Medvedev (president from might 2008 till might 2012,
with Putin as head of government) and U.S. president Barack Obama smitten a heat tone at the
2009 G20 summit in London and free a joint statement that secure a "fresh start" in Russia–
United States relations. The statement conjointly referred to as on Islamic Republic of Iran to
abandon its nuclear program and to allow foreign inspectors into the country.
In March 2009, U.S. Secretary of State Sir Edmund Percival Hillary Clinton and her Russian
counterpart Sergey Lavrov symbolically ironed a "reset" button. The gag fell short because
the Russian translation on the button was misspelt by the State Department and really meant
"overload" rather than "reset". when creating many jokes, they set to press the button anyway.

In Era of Donald Trump:-

In time period 2016, shortly once the election of Donald Trump because the U.S. president, the
Kremlin suspect president Barack Obama's administration of attempting to wreck the U.S.'
relationship with Russia to a degree that might render standardization therefrom not possible for
the incoming administration of Donald Trump. In his address to the Russian parliament delivered
on Dec one, 2016, Russian president Vladimir Putin aforesaid this of U.S.—Russia relations:
"We are ready to join forces with the new yank administration. it is vital to normalize and start to
develop bilateral relations on associate equal and dependent basis. Mutual efforts by Russia and
therefore the u. s. in determination world and regional issues are within the interest of the
whole world."
In early Dec 2016, the White House aforesaid that President Obama had ordered the intelligence
agencies to review proof of Russian interference within the 2016 presidential campaign; Eric
Schultz, the deputy White House press secretary, denied the review to be junction rectifier by
Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper was meant to be "an effort to challenge the
end result of the election". at the same time, the U.S. press printed reports, with respect to senior
administration officers, that U.S. intelligence agencies, specifically the CIA, had finished with
"high confidence" that Russia acted covertly within the latter stages of the presidential campaign
to damage Edmund Hillary Clinton's possibilities and promote Donald Trump. President-elect
Donald Trump rejected the CIA assessment that Russia was behind the hackers' efforts to sway
the campaign in his favor as "ridiculous". In period of time 2016, Edmund
Hillary Clinton advised that Vladimir Putin had a private grudge against her thanks to her
criticism of the 2011 Russian legislative election and his opinion that she was liable
for fomenting the anti-Putin protests in Russia that began in Dec 2011. She part attributed her
loss within the 2016 election to Russian meddling organized by Vladimir Putin.

US FOREIGN POLICY TOWARDS IRAN

History:-

Political relations between Iran (formally called as Persia) and the United States began when the
Shah of Iran, Nassereddin Shah Qajar, officially dispatched Persia's first ambassador, Mirza
Abolhasan Shirazi, to Washington D.C. in 1856. The first Persian Ambassador to the United
States of America was Mirza Albohassan Khan Ilchi Kabir. Americans had been traveling to Iran
since the early to mid-1880s, even before political relations existed between the two. Justin
Perkins and Asahel Grant were the first missionaries to be dispatched to Persia in 1834 via
the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions.

US foreign policy:-

Iran and the United States have had no formal diplomatic relations since 1980. Pakistan serves as
Iran's protecting power in the United States, while Switzerland serves as America's protecting
power in Iran. Relations between the two nations began in the mid-to-late nineteenth century.In
last 40 years, Iran has moved in American policy from being one of the "Two Pillars" of stability
in the Persian Gulf to something making it worst enemy. So from a brotherhood state now Iran is
an enemy state for US.
US policy in Bush’s Era:-

In August 2005, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad became Iran's president. On 8 May 2006, he sent
a personal letter to President Bush to propose "new ways" to end Iran's nuclear dispute. US
Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and National Security Adviser Stephen Hadley both
dismissed it as a negotiating ploy and publicity stunt that did not address American concerns
about Iran's nuclear program.

Bush insisted in August 2006 that "there must be consequences" for Iran's continued enrichment
of uranium. He said that "the world now faces a grave threat from the radical regime in
Iran." Ahmadinejad invited Bush to a debate at the UN General Assembly, which was to take
place on September 18, 2006.

Iran has been accused by the United States of giving weapons and support to the Iraqi
insurgency (which includes the terrorist group al-Qaeda). The United States State Department
states that weapons are smuggled into Iraq and used to arm Iran's allies among the Shiite militias,
including those of the anti-American cleric Muqtada al-Sadr and his Mahdi army.

US policy in Obama’s Era:-

As US have imposed certain sanction on Iran. United States sanctions against Iran are economic,
trade, scientific and military sanctions which have been imposed by the US Office of Foreign
Assets Control. On 19 March 2009, the beginning of the festival of Nowruz, Obama spoke
directly to the Iranian people in a video saying, "The United States wants the Islamic Republic of
Iran to take its rightful place in the community of nations. You have that right—but it comes
with real responsibilities". On 4 December 2011, an American Lockheed Martin RQ-170
Sentinel UAV operated by the CIA was captured by Iranian forces near the city of Kashmir. Iran
claimed the drone was not only flying in sovereign airspace, but was commandeered by its cyber
warfare unit and safely brought to the ground. The US initially claimed the drone had
malfunctioned and crashed in Iranian airspace, only to later admit the drone was intact
anonymously when footage was shown on Iranian television.
US policy in Trump’s Era:-

The United States has reached a critical moment in its policy approach to the conflicts in Iraq as
President Donald Trump is overhauling his foreign policy team and deciding on the future of the
Iran nuclear deal.

Iranian citizens were temporarily banned from entering the United States by the executive order
"Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States" of 27 January 2017.
The Trump administration was seen as having embarked on the path of strengthening an informal
coalition with Saudi Arabia, Israel, the United Arab Emirates and other Sunni Gulf states, with a
view to rolling back Iran′s influence in the region.

Donald Trump has the Islamic Republic of Iran in his sights. Three months into his presidency,
Iran is emerging as a major priority for the new administration. Recently United States President
Donald Trump has vowed not to allow Iran acquire nuclear weapons.

In US and Iran relations, it seems the more things change, the more they stay the same. Despite
Iran’s tentative transformation, the impasse with the United States remains raw and unresolved.
Neither Iran’s internal moderation nor Washington’s initiatives have diminished the primary
U.S. concerns about Iranian foreign policy support for terrorism and pursuit of weapons of mass
destruction.

On 13 August 2018, Iranian Supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei banned direct talks with
U.S., referring to the failure of the previous ones.[3] "There will be neither war, nor will we
negotiate with the US" and "Even if we ever - impossible as it is - negotiated with the US, it
would never ever be with the current US administration," Khamenei said in his speech.[250]He
added that the United States never budges on the primary goal they pursue in negotiations, which
are normally based on give and take, and "reneges on its own end of the bargain" after the
negotiation. In the fall of 2018, all the sanctions removed in 2015 were re-imposed on the Iranian
regime by the Trump administration.
In one of his tweet, Trump said,

NEVER, EVER THREATEN THE UNITED STATES AGAIN OR YOU WILL SUFFER
CONSEQUENCES THE LIKES OF WHICH FEW THROUGHOUT HISTORY HAVE EVER
SUFFERED BEFORE. WE ARE NO LONGER A COUNTRY THAT WILL STAND FOR
YOUR DEMENTED WORDS OF VIOLENCE & DEATH. BE CAUTIOUS!"

Sanctions by US on Iran:-

US imposed some of the toughest sanctions on Iran, which among other things ask countries like
India and China to cut off import of oil from Iran. Both the countries have significantly reduced
their oil intake since then.
Trump told the Jewish community that the US now has "left the horrible Iran nuclear" deal.

Some other restrictions are

 Iran’s purchase of U.S. currency;

 Iran’s trade in gold and other precious metals
 The sale to Iran of auto parts, commercial passenger aircraft, and related parts and
services.