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Solution Manual Managerial Accounting Hansen Mowen 8th Editions CH 13 PDF
Solution Manual Managerial Accounting Hansen Mowen 8th Editions CH 13 PDF
1. Independent projects are such that the ac- 11. If NPV > 0, then the investment is accepta-
ceptance of one does not preclude the ac- ble. If NPV < 0, then the investment should
ceptance of another. With mutually exclusive be rejected.
projects, acceptance of one precludes the
acceptance of others. 12. Disagree. Only if the funds received each
period from the investment are reinvested to
2. The timing and quantity of cash flows de- earn the IRR will the IRR be the actual rate
termine the present value of a project. The of return.
present value is critical for assessing wheth-
er a project is acceptable or not. 13. Postaudits help managers determine if re-
sources are being used wisely. Additional
3. By ignoring the time value of money, good
resources or corrective action may be
projects can be rejected and bad projects
needed. Postaudits also serve to encourage
accepted.
managers to make good capital investment
4. The payback period is the time required to decisions. They also provide feedback that
recover the initial investment. Payback = may help improve future decisions.
$80,000/$30,000 = 2.67 years
14. NPV signals which investment maximizes
5. (a) A measure of risk. Roughly, projects with firm value; IRR may provide misleading sig-
shorter paybacks are less risky. (b) Obso- nals. IRR may be popular because it pro-
lescence. If the risk of obsolescence is high, vides the correct signal most of the time and
firms will want to recover funds quickly. (c) managers are accustomed to working with
Self-interest. Managers want quick pay- rates of return.
backs so that short-run performance meas-
ures are affected positively, enhancing 15. Often, investments must be made in assets
chances for bonuses and promotion. Also, that do not directly produce revenues. In this
this method is easy to calculate. case, choosing the asset with the least cost
6. The accounting rate of return is the average (as measured by NPV) makes sense.
income divided by original or average in- 16. NPV analysis is only as good as the accura-
vestment. ARR = $100,000/$300,000 = cy of the cash flows. If projections of cash
33.33% flows are not accurate, then incorrect in-
7. Agree. Essentially, net present value is a vestment decisions may be made.
measure of the return in excess of the in- 17. The quality and reliability of the cash flow
vestment and its cost of capital. projections are directly related to the as-
8. NPV measures the increase in firm value sumptions and methods used for forecast-
from a project. ing. If the assumptions and methods are
faulty, then the forecasts will be wrong, and
9. The cost of capital is the cost of investment
incorrect decisions may be made.
funds and is usually viewed as the weighted
average of the costs of funds from all 18. The principal tax implications that should be
sources. It should serve as the discount rate considered in Year 0 are gains and losses
for calculating net present value or the on the sale of existing assets.
benchmark for IRR analysis.
19. The MACRS method provides more shiel-
10. For NPV, the required rate of return is the ding effect in earlier years than the straight-
discount rate. For IRR, the required rate of line method does. As a consequence, the
return is the benchmark against which the present value of the shielding benefit is
IRR is compared to determine whether an greater for the MACRS method.
investment is acceptable or not.
425
20. The half-year convention assumes that an to maintain or increase market share are
asset is in service for only a half year in the examples of intangible benefits. Reduction
year of acquisition. Thus, only half of the first in support labor in such areas as scheduling
year’s depreciation can be claimed, regard- and stores are indirect benefits.
less of the date on which use of the asset
22. Sensitivity analysis changes the assump-
actually began. It increases the length of
tions on which the capital investment analy-
time depreciation is recognized by one year
sis is based. Even with sound assumptions,
over the indicated class life.
there is still the element of uncertainty. No
21. Intangible and indirect benefits are of much one can predict the future with certainty. By
greater importance in the advanced manu- changing the assumptions, managers can
facturing environment. Greater quality, more gain insight into the effects of uncertain fu-
reliability, improved delivery, and the ability ture events.
426
EXERCISES
13–1
1. a 12. c
2. e 13. a
3. c 14. e
4. a 15. c
5. d 16. a
6. e 17. e
7. c 18. b
8. b 19. e
9. d 20. c
10. e
11. b
13–2
2. Payback period:
427
13–3
1.
Initial investment (Average depreciation = 300,000):
Accounting rate of return = Average accounting income/Investment
= ($2,500,000 – $2,000,000 - $300,000)/$1,500,000
= 13.3%
13–4
1. NPV = P – I
= (5.650 × $240,000) – $1,360,000
= $(4,000)
2. NPV = P – I
= (4.623 × $9,000) – $30,000 = $11,607
428
3. NPV = P - I
I = P – NPV
I = 4.355 × $10,000 - $3,550
= $40,000
13–5
For five years and a discount factor of 3.127, the IRR is 18%.
13-6
429
13-6 Concluded
2. CF(df) – I = NPV
CF(3.605) - $200,000 = $123,060
(3.605)CF = $323,060
CF = $323,060/3.605
CF = $89,614 per year
13–7
430
13-7 Concluded
For five years and a discount factor of 2.67, the IRR is between 24 and
26%.
13-8
1. Payback period:
Project A:
$ 3,000 1.00 year
4,000 1.00 year
3,000 0.60 year
$10,000 2.60 years
Project B:
$ 3,000 1.00 year
4,000 1.00 year
3,000 0.50 year
$10,000 2.50 years
Both projects have about the same payback so the most profitable
should be chosen (Project A).
431
13-8 Concluded
2. Accounting rate of return (ARR):
Project A: ARR = ($6,400 – $2,000)/$10,000 = 44%
Project B: ARR = ($3,800 – $2,000)/$10,000 = 18%
4. NPV = P – I
= (4.623 × $6,000) – $20,000 = $7,738
5. df = $130,400/$25,000 = 5.216
IRR = 14%
13–9
432
13–10
433
13–11
1. P = I = df × CF
2.914* × CF = $120,000
CF = $41,181
*From Exhibit 13B-2, 14 percent for four years
3. For IRR:
I = df × CF
$60,096 = df × $12,000
df = $60,096/$12,000
= 5.008
From Exhibit 13B-2, 18 percent column, the year corresponding to df = 5.008
is 14. Thus, the lathe must last 14 years.
434
13–11 Concluded
435
13–12
1. NPV:
Project I
Year Cash Flow Discount Factor Present Value
0 $(100,000) 1.000 $(100,000)
1 — — —
2 134,560 0.826 111,147
NPV $ 11,147
Project II
Year Cash Flow Discount Factor Present Value
0 $(100,000) 1.000 $(100,000)
1 63,857 0.909 58,046
2 63,857 0.826 52,746
NPV $ 10,792
IRR:
Project I
I = df × CF
$100,000 = $134,560/(1 + i)2
(1 + i)2 = $134,560/$100,000
= 1.3456
1+I = 1.16
IRR = 16%
Project II
df = I/CF
= $100,000/$63,857
= 1.566
From Exhibit 13B-2, IRR = 18 percent.
Project II should be chosen using IRR.
2. NPV is an absolute profitability measure and reveals how much the value of
the firm will change for each project; IRR gives a measure of relative profita-
bility. Thus, since NPV reveals the total wealth change attributable to each
project, it is preferred to the IRR measure.
436
13–13
Project A:
CF = NI + Noncash expenses
= $54,000 + $45,000
= $99,000
Project B:
CF = –[(1 – t) × Cash expenses] + [t × Noncash expenses]
= –(0.6 × $90,000) + (0.4 × $15,000)
= –$48,000
13–14
3. MACRS increases the present value of tax shielding by increasing the amount
of depreciation in the earlier years.
437
13–15
Lease:
Year (1 – t)C CF df P
0 $(1,000) 1.000 $ (1,000)
1–5 $(7,500)* (7,500) 3.791 (28,433)
5 1,000 0.621 621
NPV $ (28,812)
*$12,500 × 0.6
The car should be leased because leasing has a lower cost.
438
13–16
439
13–16 Concluded
3. Notice how the cash flows using a 10 percent rate in Years 8–10 are weighted
compared to the 18 percent rate. The difference in present value is significant.
Using an excessive discount rate works against those projects that promise
large cash flows later in their lives. The best course of action for a firm is to
use its cost of capital as the discount rate. Otherwise, some very attractive
and essential investments could be overlooked.
13–17
440
PROBLEMS
13–18
2. Nathan Skousen and Jake Murray are basing their judgment on the results of
the net present value and internal rate of return calculations. These are both
considered better measures because they include cash flows, the time value
of money, and the project’s profitability. Project B is better than Project A for
both of these measures.
441
13–18 Concluded
13–19
NPV:
Year Cash Flow df Present Value
0 $(330,000) 1.000 $(330,000)
1–7 75,000 4.868 365,100
5 (30,000) 0.621 (18,630)
7 54,000 0.513 27,702
NPV $ 44,172
442
13–20
6 Revenues $ 1,500,000
Operating expenses (1,260,000)
Major maintenance (100,000)
Total $ 140,000
10 Revenues $ 1,500,000
Operating expenses (1,260,000)
Salvage 40,000
Recovery of working capital 50,000
Total $ 330,000
443
13-20 Concluded
13-21
444
13-21 Concluded
4. Requirement 2 reveals that the estimates for cash savings can be off by
as much $4,270 (over 20 percent) without affecting the viability of the
new system. Requirement 3 reveals that the life of the new system can
be two years less than expected and the project is still viable. In the lat-
ter case, the cash flows can also decrease by almost ten percent as
well without changing the outcome. Thus, the sensitivity analysis
should strengthen the case for buying the new system.
13–22
445
13–22 Concluded
446
13–23
447
13–23 Concluded
13–24
448
13–24 Concluded
449
13–25
450
13–26
1. Purchase:
Year (1 – t)Ra –(1 – t)Cb tNCc Cash Flow
0 $(100,000)
1 $33,000 $(12,000) $5,716 26,716
2 33,000 (12,000) 9,796 30,796
3 33,000 (12,000) 6,996 27,996
4 33,000 (12,000) 4,996 25,996
5 33,000 (12,000) 3,572 24,572
6 33,000 (12,000) 3,568 24,568
7 33,000 (12,000) 3,572 24,572
8 33,000 (12,000) 1,784 22,784
9 33,000 (12,000) 21,000
10 45,000d (12,000) 33,000
a
0.60 × $55,000
b
0.60 × $20,000
c
0.40 × 0.1429 × $100,000, 0.40 × 0.2449 × $100,000, etc.
d
Includes salvage value as a gain.
451
13–26 Continued
2. Purchase:
Year Cash Flow Discount Factor Present Value
0 $(100,000) 1.000 $(100,000)
1 26,716 0.877 23,430
2 30,796 0.769 23,682
3 27,996 0.675 18,897
4 25,996 0.592 15,390
5 24,572 0.519 12,753
6 24,568 0.456 11,203
7 24,572 0.400 9,829
8 22,784 0.351 7,997
9 21,000 0.308 6,468
10 33,000 0.270 8,910
NPV $ 38,559
452
13–26 Concluded
453
13–27
454
13–27 Concluded
2. The modification will add to the cost of the scrubbers and treatment facility
(present value is 0.751 × $4,000,000 = $3.004 million). Cleaning up the lake can
be viewed as a cost of the first alternative or a benefit of the second. The
present value of the cleanup cost gives an additional cost (benefit) between
$15.02 and $22.53 million to the first (second) alternative (0.751 × $20,000,000
and 0.751 × $30,000,000). Adding in the benefit of avoiding the cleanup cost
makes the process redesign alternative profitable (yielding a positive NPV).
Ecoefficiency basically argues that productive efficiency increases as envi-
ronmental performance increases and that it is cheaper to prevent environ-
mental contamination than it is to clean it up once created. The first alterna-
tive is a “cleanup” approach, while the second is a “prevention” approach.
13–28
455
13-28 Continued
456
13-28 Concluded
13–29
457
13–29 Concluded
3. The $100,000 per year is an annuity that produces an after-tax cash flow of
$60,000 ($100,000 × 0.60). The present value of this annuity is $260,640 (4.344
× $60,000). This restores the project to a positive NPV position ($260,640 –
$44,217 = $216,423).
4. A postaudit can help ensure that a firm’s resources are being used wisely. It
may reveal that additional resources ought to be invested or that corrective
action be taken so that the performance of the investment is improved. A
postaudit may even signal the need to abandon a project or replace it with a
more viable alternative. Postaudits also provide information to managers so
that their future capital decision making can be improved. Finally, postaudits
can be used as a means to hold managers accountable for their capital in-
vestment decisions.
458
13–30
459
13–30 Continued
460
13–30 Concluded
4. For the new system, salvage value would increase after-tax cash flows in Year
10 by $2,400,000 (0.6 × $4,000,000). Using the discount factor of 0.322, the
NPV of the new system will increase from $22,506,000 to $23,278,800 (an in-
crease of 0.322 × $2,400,000), making the new investment more attractive. The
NPV analysis for the old system remains unchanged.
13–31
461
13–31 Continued
462
13–31 Concluded
3. It is very important to adjust cash flows for inflationary effects. Since the re-
quired rate of return for capital budgeting analysis reflects an inflationary
component at the time NPV analysis is performed, a correct analysis also re-
quires that the predicted operating cash flows be adjusted to reflect inflatio-
nary effects. If the operating cash flows are not adjusted, then an erroneous
decision may be the outcome. Notice, for example, that after adjusting for in-
flation, there is virtually no difference between the two systems—and given
the intangibles associated with the flexible system, it would likely be chosen.
463
MANAGERIAL DECISION CASES
13–32
The statement that Manny would normally have taken the first bid without hesita-
tion implies that the bid met all of the formal requirements outlined by the com-
pany. If Manny’s friend had met the bid as requested, then presumably Manny
would have offered the business to his friend. The motive for this was friendship
and possibly carried with it past experience in dealing with Todd’s company. Per-
haps there was some uncertainty in Manny’s mind about the low bidder’s ability
to execute the requirements of the bid, especially since the winning bid was from
out of state. If there was some legitimate concern about the winning bid and Man-
ny was hopeful of eliminating this concern by dealing with a known quantity, then
it could be argued that the call to Todd was justifiable. If, on the other hand, the
only motive was friendship and Manny was confident that the winning bid could
execute (as he appears to have been), then the call was improper. Objectivity and
integrity in carrying out the firm’s bidding policies are essential.
The fact that Manny was tempted by Todd’s enticements and appeared to be lean-
ing toward accepting Todd’s original offer compounds the difficulty of the issue.
If Manny actually accepts Todd’s offer and grants the business at the original
price and accepts the gifts, then his behavior is unquestionably unethical. Some
of the standards of ethical conduct that would be violated are listed below.
II. Confidentiality
1. Refrain from disclosing confidential information acquired in the course of
their work except when authorized, unless legally obligated to do so.
3. Refrain from using or appearing to use confidential information acquired
in the course of their work for unethical or illegal advantage either perso-
nally or through a third party.
III. Integrity
3. Refuse any gift, favor, or hospitality that would influence their actions.
464
13–33
465
13–33 Continued
3. NPV:
Year Cash Flow Discount Factor Present Value
0 $(352,000) 1.000 $(352,000)
1–10 107,200 6.145 658,744
NPV $ 306,744
IRR:
df = I/CF
= $352,000/$107,200
= 3.284
Thus, the IRR is between 26 percent and 28 percent.
IRR:
df = 582,000/$107,200
= 5.4291
Thus, the IRR is between 12 percent and 14.88 percent.
Using equipment and furniture for the plant INSTEAD of selling it
represents an investment equal to the market value of the assets; the op-
portunity cost is the key concept here.
466
13–33 Continued
4. Break-even:
$45X = $35.08X + $296,200
$9.92X = $296,200
X = 29,859 cubic yards
IRR:
df = $352,000/$56,200
= 6.263
Thus, the IRR is between 8 percent and 10 percent.
The investment is not acceptable, although it came close. It is possible to
have a positive NPV at the break-even point. Break-even is defined for ac-
counting income, not for cash flow. Since there are noncash expenses de-
ducted from revenues, accounting income understates cash income. Zero in-
come does not mean zero cash inflows.
467
13–33 Concluded
Sales $ 1,348,560
Less: Variable expenses 1,051,277
Contribution margin $ 297,283
Less: Fixed expenses 296,200
Net income $ 1,083*
*Difference due to rounding
13–34
468
13–34 Continued
Robotic system:
Year (1 – t)Ra –(1 – t)Cb tNCc Cash Flow
0 $(425,600)d
1 $264,000 $(136,720) $25,265 152,545
2 297,000 (146,220) 43,298 194,078
3 330,000 (155,720) 30,922 205,202
4 396,000 (174,720) 22,082 243,362
5 396,000 (174,720) 15,788 237,068
6 396,000 (174,720) 15,771 237,051
7 396,000 (174,720) 15,788 237,068
8 396,000 (174,720) 7,885 229,165
9 396,000 (174,720) 221,280
10 409,200 (174,720) 234,480
a
Year 1: 0.66 × $400,000; Year 2: 0.66 × $450,000; Year 3: 0.66 × $500,000; Years
4–9: 0.66 × $600,000; Year 10: 0.66 × $620,000 (includes salvage value as a
gain)
b
After-tax cash expenses:
Fixed:
Direct labor $20,000 × 0.66 = $13,200 (one operator)
Other $72,000 × 0.66 = 47,520 (from income statement)
$60,720
Variable:
Direct materials (0.16 × Sales) × 0.75 × 0.66
Variable overhead (0.09 × Sales) × 0.6667 × 0.66
Variable selling (0.12 × Sales) × 0.90 × 0.66
Total 0.19 × Sales
Total after-tax cash expenses = $60,720 + (0.19 × Sales)
c
Years 1–8: MACRS: 0.1429 × $520,000 × 0.34, 0.2449 × $520,000 × 0.34, etc.
d
Net investment:
Purchase costs $(520,000)
Recovery of capital 40,000
Tax savings on loss 54,400*
$(425,600)
*Year 0: 0.34 × ($200,000 – $40,000)
469
13–34 Continued
2. Manual system:
Year Cash Flow Discount Factor Present Value
0 $ 0 1.000 $ 0
1–10 72,800 5.650 411,320
NPV $411,320
Robotics system:
Year Cash Flow Discount Factor Present Value
0 $(425,600) 1.000 $(425,600)
1 152,545 0.893 136,223
2 194,078 0.797 154,680
3 205,202 0.712 146,104
4 243,362 0.636 154,778
5 237,068 0.567 134,418
6 237,051 0.507 120,185
7 237,068 0.452 107,155
8 229,165 0.404 92,583
9 221,280 0.361 79,882
10 234,480 0.322 75,503
NPV $ 775,911
The company should invest in the robotic system.
470
13–34 Concluded
3. Managers may use a higher discount rate as a way to deal with the un-
certainty in future cash flows. The higher rate “protects” the manager from
unpleasant surprises. Since a higher rate favors investments that provide
returns quickly, managers may be motivated by personal short-run considera-
tions (e.g., bonuses and promotion opportunities).
Using an excessive discount rate could seriously impair the ability of the firm
to stay competitive. An excessive discount rate may lead a firm to reject new
technology that would increase quality and productivity. As other firms invest
in the new technology, their products will be priced lower and be of higher
quality—features that would likely cause severe difficulty for the more con-
servative firm.
RESEARCH ASSIGNMENTS
13–35
13–36
471
472