This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been

fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2808288, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery

A New Wide Area Protection Scheme for Single and Double Circuit
Lines using 3D-Phase Surface
M. M. Eissa*, Senior Member, IEEE
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University Helwan, Cairo, EGYPT
Email: mmmeissa@yahoo.com

Abstract- The modern power system and complex at operates first and opens its circuit breaker . The relay
interconnected smart grid have many of parallel transmission installed at will also operate while the current is revered. In
lines for increasing the reliability and security. The current practical cases, the reset times of that showed
complexity of large scale power system configuration have led to
forward fault before are longer than the operating time of
cause difficult situations for the relay engineers for system
coordination and operating time of the distance relays. A new , the relays at and will trip the un-faulted line.
centralized wide area monitoring system is used for The effect of the fault on the grid stability and sensitivity
parallel and single lines protection. A new wide area main loads should be reduced. This effect comes in the parallel
protection system based on phasor measurement units circuit lines protection. Some authors solved the limitation of
is deployed on a real interconnected large scale power The the distance relays on the parallel lines using differential
main concept of the idea is based on describing by relays based on communication channels. Such algorithms
the dynamic operation of the have serious deficiency lack in remote backup functionality
transmission lines during the fault. The differential equations and depend on the state of the communication channel [5].
can be solved through paths movement in a . The proposed idea does not have such effects while it is
The time is added as a third axis to the to
based on local measurements without communication
enhance the performance in . The solution
curves corresponding to paths is represented graphically in channel.
. The can move closely or
widely separated from the indicating the (a)
case of the transmission lines as being faulted or not. The fault
on the lines can be precisely recognized using this concept. The
simulation of the interconnected system network using
is used. The relay showed for the first
time a solution for the parallel transmission lines problems in a
wide area.
Index terms: , , , , Phase Diagram,
Protection.
I. INTRODUCTION

T
(b)
he current complexity of large scale power system
configuration have led to cause difficult situations for
the relay engineers for system coordination and
operating time of the distance relays. The protection schemes
used for such parallel transmission lines face challenges for
many problems: ,
, p
effects, inter-system faults, cross-country faults, far-end
faults, sudden load changes, under-reaching and overreaching
zones, and grounded at both ends, single (c)
end supply, a fault in the parallel line and the breaker closer
to the fault open, etc [1]-[5].
As discussed in [1]-[5], the magnetic flux linkages in one
of the circuits given by are
significant because the currents do not add to zero, see Fig.
1(a). When the zero-sequence flows in one of the parallel
lines, the mutual effect can be visualized as shown in Fig.
1(a). This mutual current has bad effect on the measured Distance Distance
Protection Protection
impedance estimated by the distance relays. Moreover,
during maintenance purposes and when one of the
Fig. 1. Parallel lines protection with zeros sequence and current
are earthed as shown in Fig. 1(b), a zero
reversal considerations [1]-[5].
sequence current in the parallel line due to a fault in the
earthed line will cause a problem in the impedance measured Relays with direct fiber optic communications channel
in or . can solve part of these problems as authored in [6]-[12].
As shown in Fig. 1 (c), a relay installed at Parallel circuit lines Protection algorithms without
can clear the fault at faster than relay installed at . Relay communications channel, such as cross differential protection
installed at can see also the fault and operate by sending are discussed in [13]-[16] and solved another part of the
through the communication channel a trip signal to relay above problems.
installed at . Of course, relay at will see such fault in the The parallel lines protection faces challenges in the
reverse direction and inhibits tripping [1]-[5]. When the relay normal state. For complex power grid and an interconnected
system the problem increases. With the current
1
0885-8977 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2808288, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery

communication channels, different protocol and smart to a real grid and the findings explained the powerful of
devices like phase synchronization units , many in protection schemes [58].
protection schemes that relay on wide area monitoring As explained above, the primary and backup protection
system for data collection are widely deployed. schemes depend on localized concept in fault detection and
Authors in [17] and [18] provided preventive and isolation on the transmission lines, transformers, generator,
protective actions for some fault events. busbar. One of the major applied schemes is the distance
that referred to as protection. These relays are configured offline by engineers
is introduced to direct using three zones with different types of operating time.
system wide operating conditions. There are some reports There are two types of transmission line protection; the main
explored the and the new idea of based protection and the backup protection and both are using the
protection ( . distance relays. The current complexity of large scale power
Another authors tried to solve the problem of power system configuration have led to cause difficult situations for
swing and load encroachments to relieve the stress on the the relay engineers for system coordination and operating
power system. Most authors in [19]-[22] used the third zones time of the distance relays. There are very few researchers
to solve many coordination problems as back up protection focused on the enhancement the backup protection using
for avoiding power system failures. wide area measurements. However, for the improvement of
The following papers showed contributions for system the main protection almost still depends on the local
protection in case of single circuit. Very fast techniques are information and stand alone operation. The parallel circuit
developed in [23]-[26] for wide area protection based on lines protection faces challenges in the normal state. For
differential concept. complex power grid and an interconnected system the
Some other authors in [27]-[30] tried to solve the problem problem increases.
of the transmission lines as a backup protection, fault The paper proposes a new main protection technique for
classification and wavelet. parallel and single circuit lines based on 3 dimension phase
Authors in [31] gave high communication speed with surface concept. To achieve this new concept of protection on
more resilience protection system. Wide area monitoring a complex network, the wide area monitoring
based protection including wide area directional system with phase synchronization units
comparison protection and Wide area differential protection are used. So, the paper moves to the real time information
are discussed in [32]-[33]. The authors in [34] gave with grid communications infrastructure, particularly in
the concept of wide area based on current differential protecting transmission and distribution substations.
explaining its sensitivity and stability for out of zone faults. II. WHY NEW WIDE AREA PROTECTION CONCEPT IS
The authors in [35]-[37] provided a with back-up NEEDED FOR PARALLEL LINES
scheme using data information through communication As mentioned before, stand alone protection is not proper
media. Authors in [38]-[39] proposed method for comparing at the current stage specifically during complex smart grid
the sum of currents at buses before and after the fault system. During sequentially clearing the faults for one of the
using . circuit of parallel line with generation at both ends, the
Most authors in [40]-[43] used the third zones to solve current in the un-faulted line can reverse, see Fig. 1(c). In
many coordination problems as back up protection for this case, the circuit breakers are tripped on the un-faulted
avoiding power system failures. lines if permissive overreach or blocking type
A wide area backup protection based on communications are merged with the distance relays.
distance protection fitting factor is given in [44]. The authors However, another limitation in the different protection
considered the distance protection contribution degree as the techniques is the effect of the dynamic characteristic of the
first step to identify the fault. The authors in [45] suggested system due to off-line setting coordination such as distance
- technique based on the relays. The power system has many of inaccuracies during
of distance relays. The technique is the modeling process. However, to improve the protection of
given for critical lines identification in of the the parallel circuit lines the differential relays are used that
distance relays. However, on the other side there are some can enhance the stability and sensitivity. The with data
researchers in [46]-[50] tried to solve part of the problems on communications and synchronization has potential benefits.
the transmission lines using information. But, this type of relays has a serious deficiency-lack of
A protection algorithm of Against Chain Overload remote backup functionality and dependability on the
Trip is proposed in [51]. A technique communication channel state. This also cannot solve the
based on concept is discussed in problem of the protection failure [1]-[5].
[52]-[53]. The partition of wide-area protection system has The fault arc resistance gets the distance relay to see the
been a hot research field in recent years, and many scholars impedance behind the tripping zone and hence cannot detect
have made a lot of studies. Based on the concept of , this event and unacceptable time delay is occurred. The main
limited reference [54] have given the specific zoning protection schemes used nowadays are the distance relays
principle. Study given in [55] showed the agent based with stand alone decision. Each relay behaves separately to
working as back-up to enhance the power grid security. its three zones of operation. The main protection can fail in
Authors in [56] discussed flexible and reliable scheme of many cases or sometimes is temporarily out of service. The
protection with communication media. Reference [57] backup protection should have the task to operate instead.
explained the disturbance occurred on a power grid and its The current complexity of the smart grid system with many
impact on the network, control and protection actions that can parallel circuits and much penetration of renewable resources
stop further degradation in the power grid. The authors makes it difficult to set-up operating coordination times. The
developed based protection algorithm against variety current power grid complexity faces many challenges in the
of instabilities. The proposed protection algorithm is applied smart grid. The communication and measurement techniques

2
0885-8977 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2808288, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery

that have fast development can speed up the development of where is another constant. So the equation can be described
wide area protection based on . A power system by:
connected with and can provide many benefits
that help developing new idea of protection. The Equation (3) can be written in in terms of as:
measure simultaneously some parameters like voltage,
frequency, magnitude of angle and current. The parameters It is possible to reveal the main features of the solution by
are synchronized with time stamping with accuracy. working from (4) without solving it. So, new variable , can
The phasor quantities of the positive sequence voltage and be defined by
current are also extracted. One feature of the is the
data gathering at different areas and precisely captured at the So, (4) can be given as:
same time. During the system disturbance and transients, the
monitoring process becomes more critical. Then, very fast By taking as Cartesian, so called , and
synchronized data should be given to indicate the system by plotting curves obtained from (6) by using different values
dynamics in real time awareness and fast real time control of , Fig. 3 is called the and the curves are
action. called the .
The points represent states of equilibrium; they are
called on the .
Power System Control Center Equation(1) can be approximated by , and has
solutions as , with :
PMU
The are nearly ellipses
PMU
PMU Wide Area Protection
in the small amplitude region. The stability of the two
WAP
Real time Applications
equilibrium points and can be achived if the initial state
Phasor Maeasurment Unit RTA
is displaced slightly from , the at is
. When the is slightly displaced from ,
the becomes . Fig. 4 shows an
Fig. 2. module connection with applications.
unstable equilibrium point displaced from the initial state .
Fig. 2 represents power system connection with
geographically deployed on many wide places and B. Effect of sin or cos on the equation
applications. The measure simultaneously some If the differential equation contains a second variable like
parameters like voltage, frequency, magnitude of angle and with , two dimensional system is
current. The parameters are synchronized with time established as where and
stamping with accuracy. The phasor quantities of the are periodic in period in .
positive sequence voltage and current are also extracted. At ,
the , many real time applications can be provided. Fig. 5 shows the solution of the differential equation with
and . Fig. 5(a) shows the phase plane. Fig.
III. THE PROPOSED TECHNIQUE
5(b) explains the solution in diagram. Fig. 5(c) shows
In this section, the differential equations are described the solution with space which
and solved in to show the concept of can be used for differential equations periodic in . As shown
propsoed idea. Then, the transmission lines of the system in Fig. 5(c) the solution is given in with
under the study are described using the differntial equations at the . If the system is
and the solutions in the are developed. , the moves around the
A. . If the system is , the solution
The qualitative study of differential equations is to deduce indicated by the moves away from the
the characteristic solutions without solving them. The [59]-[60].
following will show the
for solving the differential equation. The
most widely used is the differential equations. For simplicity,
let us give an example, the equation for the damped
oscillatory system is given as [59]-[60];

where is the of the string to the downward

vertical. Equation (1) can be written as[59]-[60]:

Equation (1) can be given as: Fig. 3: for equation (1) [59]-[60].
C. Transmission Line Model
By integrating this equation yields The configuration system under the study contains many
of the transmission lines. The transmission line is generally
where is an arbitrary constant. This equation expresses described by differential equations. All the measurements are
conservative of energy during motion. So, by multiply (3) by collected at the main server. One relay is used to calculate the
a constant , the following equation can be given as[59]- that describe the characteristic feature
[60]: of the differential equations of all lines. The measurements
are collected by 5 located on different areas.
is located at area#1to measure the current and then
transmits the values to the center thru communication
3
0885-8977 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2808288, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery

network. The same is given for all other . At the and

center, the fault patterns are drawn for each . Each
and
pattern covers a defined line to be protected, e.g. pattern
labeled by is responsible about the transmission line The differential equations contain a second variable like
connected between area#1 and area#3 and so on. with , two dimensional system are
established as where and are
periodic in period and as:
,
Using (14) and (15), the is established.
The describes the dynamic equation given in (12)
and (13). In the normal case and faults outside the protected
zones, no solutions for (12) and (13) and the
started from initial point (say and ) and
move closely to the equilibrium point as , see Fig.
7(a). In case of short circuit in the protected zones, the
will move from initial point and and
will at and at a later time, see Fig. 7(a).
From this point the faulted zones can be easily identified at
each transmission line. Fig. 7(b) shows different setting of
Fig. 4: point for (1) [59]. and also the time. This is can be adjusted once the
and move away from the equilibrium point with a given
time estimated by two samples to confirm the fault.

Fig. 6. The transmission line with different types of faults.

Using (14) and (15), the can be
established using and . can be located on the
and named as and is located on the
and named as , the is replaced by the number of
samples and will be indicated by . Fig. 7(b) shows
also the threshold criteria for the transmission line stability.
When the move close to zero the system is
Fig. 5: Solution of the differential equations in different manners [59]. stable, but when the curves move away from the zero line the
D. Derivation of the with solution curves system will be unstable (i.e, faulted case).
Fig. 6 defines the voltage signal at the sending end by
due to a fault occurred at end of the transmission line through
a fault resistance as;
+ (8) tset
is the voltage at the receiving end across the fault and xset
equals to zero. Also the voltage at the sending end is defined yset
by Similarly, the equation at the receiving end with
a voltage source and the voltage across the short circuit at
the sending end with (equal to zero) that can be written as:
+ (9) (a) (b)
The voltage at the receiving end becomes
). Both (8) and (9) can be written as:
= Fig. 7. (a) solution curves at centre [59] and (b) threshold boundary.

IV. CENTRALIZED ARCHITECTURE

By taking the derivative of the above two (10) & (11),
(12)
(13)
Equations (12) and (13) are two differential equations that
describe the transmission lines with two faults at both ends.
Each equation describes the fault occurrence at each
transmission line.
From (5), (12) and (13) can be put in new variables as :
Local protection uses only local information and cannot
consider the whole system, either its state or its needs.
Therefore, it is attractive to explore the opportunity to use
wide area information and real time measurements to create
protection actions that are designed to protect power system
security from wide area disturbances [49].
The proposed idea is based on collecting all the data in
phasor data concentrator center for processing. The

4
0885-8977 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2808288, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery

current signals for each corresponding areas can be measured faults on the transmission lines using data collected from
from and computed in the . Fig. 8 shows the and new developed criteria for
centralized infrastucture used in achieving this idea. discrimination the faults. Different patterns at each area are
The figure shows many are deployed at each area for given and the faulted zone is properly diagnosed.
covering the map. Each receives all the current signals V. IN MAIN PROTECTION
through current transformers from the transmission lines
Fig. 9 shows the new configuration for the interconnected
connected with the bus. The figure shows centralized
power system protection using new concept of
monitoring and control architecture that uses
. The figure shows the deployment at
technology in real time protection. The essential parameter in
certain substations. The are used to receive all
the power system is the current measured using for
currents around the substation bus on the transmission lines
determination the performance of the power grid against
different types of faults. using current transformers. Five are deployed on the
studied configuration system. The will
At the level all types of data processing from
be developed to show the changes occurred on the lines
alignment, collection, archiving are achieved. There are many
according to the fault events. The features of the faulted
other servers that working in real and non-real time
transient current signal are captured according to the different
applications. Moreover, there are historical data for further
processing and analysis. At one of the server, the real time types of the fault. A list of patterns for each is
schemes are located. The main features of the centralized developed based on number of lines connected by the .
schemes are the reliability and robustness for taking one Fig. 9 shows the patterns computed at each Each bus is
decision for all the protected areas. At the center, connected by many transmission lines. For example,
there are many patterns estimated from the means connected at bus-1 and all transmission lines
measurements that describe the case of the fault on the power currents are fed to it. This data is sent to the . At the
system. , there are patterns defined by
, , and , see Fig. 9. Each pattern
belongs to certain transmission line. belongs to
transmission line connected between and
and so on. in the figure indicates as the branch, and
in the parallel lines indicated by number ,
while means a branch from to and
means the pattern of between
and .
WAMS B12
PMU-12
PMU-1 B13
PMU-13
PMU-132 B132

WAMS B21
PMU-21 PMU-2 B23
PMU-13
PMU-132 B24
Final Decision

WAMS B31
PMU-31
PMU-312 PMU-3 B312
PMU-32 B32
PMU-35
B35

WAMS B42
PMU-42 PMU-4 B45
PMU-45
B452
PMU-452
Fig. 8. module connection with the new concept.
The proposed protection scheme is working in a real time WAMS B53
that needs to very high communication system. The data PMU-53 B54
PMU-5
transfer can reach to a max speed up to in the old PMU-54
B542
PMU-542
communication technology [61]. Now the wireless
broadband is faster than . This value is able to Fig. 9: Functional block diagram of measurements and patterns.
handle download speeds between and
VI. THE SYSTEM UNDER STUDY
( ) and upload speeds between
and , with peak download speeds approaching To make a simulation for an electrical network using
. This is very high speed to achieve reliable , the parameters of the components of
protection schemes. the studied network for each transmission line, transformer
In the above reviewed papers there are many merits in and generator should be known. The selected network is a
contribution for the backup system protection. In this paper, real grid to give a practical effect to the study. Egyptian
the proposed main protection idea is developed for the first interconnected grid is applied for investigation
time on a large scale complex grid using unique feature of the proposal technique. Fig. 8 shows representation for the
fault identification using only the current signals at the buses studied network. Five buses represent five neighboring areas
from different . The idea can accurately identify the that interconnect with each other by

5
0885-8977 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2808288, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery

transmission lines. The selected areas for the simulation are C. Case-2
shown in Each bus represents the area selected in Another case study is shown in Fig. 11. The fault is taken
the simulation that connects grid with outside the parallel line between area#3 & area#2 with high
network through 3 single phase power fault resistance estimated by In such case, the
Transformers. The operating frequency of the system is relay performance considers the fault out of the parallel
and the sampling rate . circuit lines and the relays installed at lines ,
TABLE I and in the first figure and belongs to do
LENGTHS, ZONES AND not act. The next patterns, labeled by and ,
Line PMUs Zones(Voltages) Terminals Length(km) show the solution curves for the faulted line and
1 PMU#1 Area-1(500kV) Area-1 Area-3 145 widely separated from the .
3 PMU#2 Area-2(500kV) Area-2 Area-1 125
2 PMU#3 Area-3(500kV) Area-3 Area-2 209 Inside the two patterns, the relays PMU21, PMU24, PMU31,
4 PMU#4 Area-4(500kV) Area-4 Area-2 160 PMU312, and PMU35 show the located at
5 PMU#5 Area-5(500kV) Area-5 Area-4 100 the In this case, the relays identify the
6 PMU#5 Area-5(500kV) Area-5 Area-3 75
fault as an external fault and then no trip signal is issued.
Figure 11 also shows the relays performance at PMU#4 and
VII. DYNAMIC PERFORMANCE PMU#5 for the lines PMU42, PMU#45, PMU#452,
A. Results and analysis PMU#53, PMU#54, and PMU#542. The relays’ patterns
The studied configuration system is given in Fig. 8. Five move to the This indicates that the lines
are installed at five different zones titled by are healthy and the fault point outside the protected zones.
and . The are The case is identified as an internal fault between area#2 and
labeled as , , and area#3. Table-II summarizes the two studied cases of the
. These relays are used to protect all the transmission internal and external fault.
lines connected by five areas. The transmission lines The proposed idea is extensively examined under various
connected between and are two circuits. cases of faults and proper performance for the relay is
The transmission lines connected between and proved. The present problems associated by the lines relays
are also two circuits. The other transmission lines in are the transmission lines with the same tower or paralleled
the system are single circuit. along the same right of way, i.e. the problems of the mutual
B. Case-1 coupling of the zero sequence. This error is seen by the relays
This case study is considered as a three phase fault which cause error in the measured impedances. The proposed
occurred between and (area#1 to area#3)- idea does not depend on the mutual coupling. Some authors
circuit #1, see Fig. 8. measures the lines current solved the limitation of the distance relays on the parallel
between area#1 and area#2 and also between area#1 & lines using differential relays based on communication
area#3. This means, measure all the current in the channels. Such algorithms have serious deficiency lack in
branches connected by this area. remote backup functionality and depend on the state of the
Fig. 10 shows the patterns produced communication channel [1]-[5]. The previous development in
the distance relays in practical cases do need for different
from all deployed on the configuration system. The
setting. The proposed idea here does not need for changing
figure shows the performance of five relays ( . As
the setting. The proposed idea is very reliable and does not
discussed in Fig. 9, three patterns, , , and
need for 80% setting in and 100% of the line is
, belong to Fig. 10 shows
protected. The modern digital relays are based on local
patterns with the solution curves
measurements and stand alone decision and cannot consider
and and its projection on the with
the whole system. Some other limitations such as
. The first pattern given in Fig. 10 shows clearly
is another issue for the modern
the solution curve for the faulted line,
relays. The proposed idea does not have such limitations
, widely separated from the , and also
while it is based on data collection measurements from each
shows the for and terminal and a global decision based on data sharing is taken
The last two relays are located at the at the protection center.
. From this pattern, the faulted line can be
easily recognized. The next pattern shows the performance of D. Communication availability and WAMS reliability
The measurements collected by the communication
, , and which belongs to .
network from WAMs to the protection schemes should be
The figure shows pattern with the
reliably arrived for getting sufficient protection. Data
solution curves and and its projection on the
collected from can be sent and manipulated in the
with . The pattern clearly shows
control center for taking one decision. One of the features of
the solution curve movement closely to the
the new developed idea is the facility of data exchange
. This indicates that the lines are healthy.
among relays. This is not the case of standalone based relays.
The figure also shows the healthy performance for all other
As shown in Fig. 9, , , ,
patterns named by , , ,
and can exchange the data. This facility
, and that belongs to and
will help the relays to take an accurate decision in case of
. All curves move closely to the
communication channel failure. For illustration, focus on
Also, the patterns , , and
and The operation of and
belongs to show movement of the solution curves
is based on data collection in , if one of the
closely to the , except that widely
communication is lost, like , and
separated from the This indicates that
5 can detect this fault based on data sharing and the
the line between area#3 and area#1 on circuit-1 is faulted.
fault will be identified as a fault in the area between

6
0885-8977 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2808288, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery

and . Also, an alarm signal will be issued as a

communication failure occurred in .
(b)

PMU#1

(a)

(b)
PMU#4

(a)

(b)

PMU#2

(a)

(b)
PMU#5

(a)

(b)

PMU#3

(a) Fig. 10. Three phase faults-internal fault between .

E. Communication Latency
The most essential issue in the data gathering and transmission
in the wide area protection is the latency requirements. The wide
area protection has some requirements in terms of the bandwidth,
latency and reliability. The data are required to be transmitted to a
control center, and control commands are required to be issued and
implemented within a few milliseconds to prevent cascading outages
in real-time. For meeting these requirements, utilities prefer to use
private networks such as the fiber optic communication or robust
7
0885-8977 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2808288, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery

more mobile technology instead such as 4G because of its ability to

deliver high data rates for long distance. The data compression is
also another solution for improving the efficiency of data flow and (b)
hence reducing latency. The latency can also be reduced using the
congestion management in case of heavy traffic by allowing data
classification and giving priority for communication channels [62].
The latency on a 4G network, 50 ms, is half of that of a 3G network.
This value is most appropriate for applying the in the primary
protection schemes compared with the time operation of the current
distance relays that ranged from 100ms to 500 ms in the first and
second zone.
TABLE II
SUMMARY FOR THE ABOVE TWO CASES

PMU#3

(a)

(b)

PMU#1

(a)

(b)

PMU#4

(a)

(b)

PMU#2
(a)

8
0885-8977 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2808288, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
PMU#5
(a)
(b)
Fig. 11: Three phase faults-external fault.
VIII. CONCLUSION
The local protection based on standalone decision and local
information cannot consider the whole system. It is needed to use
wide area information and real time measurements to develop
protection schemes able to protect complex smart grid system from
wide area disturbances. The paper proposed for the first time new
main protection technique for parallel and single circuit transmission
lines based on concept in a wide area system.
To achieve this new concept of protection on a complex network,
the wide area monitoring system with phase
synchronization units are used. So, the paper moves to the
real time information with grid communications infrastructure,
particularly in protecting transmission and distribution substations.
The solution curves movement in a around
equilibrium point can properly identify the faulted zone all over the
complex grid. The new concept described in the paper represents a
new main protection scheme for many reasons:
 The data is collected covering all areas
 In centralized WAMS, one shared decision is issued
 No effects for the zero sequence impedances
 Faults on the parallel lines can be precisely recognized
 No effects for the high arc impedances
 The idea does not need to be configured in three zones with
different types of operating time as distance relays
The developed idea is valid to protect separate lines or a group
of lines between two corresponding areas, while the concept of the
protection is based on the dynamic behavior between two points.
The internal faults can be easily distinguished from external faults in
both cases. The system is covered by PMUs while all the buses are
generation and should protect all lines. The studied configuration
system needs to 16 modern relays to protect all the lines. The
developed idea uses only 5 PMUs. Of course, number of PMUs can
be reduced, in such case the lines between two corresponding areas
are protected. Using only current signal and few number of PMUs
compared (5) by modern relay (16) the computational time is less.
REFERENCES
[1] W. Elmore, “Protective Relaying Theory and Applications,”
Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, NY, 1994.
[2] Stanley H. Horowitz, Arun G. Phadke, “Power System
Relaying”, 4th Edition, Wiley press, ISBN: 978-1-118-66200-7,
November 2014.
9
0885-8977 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
[3] P. M. Anderson, Power System Protection”, IEEE Power
Engineering Society, IEEE press, John WILEY & SONS, INC.,
Publication, New York, 1999.
[4] Fernando Calero, “Mutual Impedance in Parallel Lines-
Protective Relaying and Fault Location Considerations,”
Originally presented at the 34th Annual Western Protective
Relay Conference, October 2007, Revised edition released May
2015.
[5] A. Apostolov, D. Tholomier, S. Sambasivan, S. Richards,
“Protection of Double Circuit Transmission Lines”, 60th Annual
Conference for Protective Relay Engineers, 27-29 March 2007.
[6] M. M. Eissa and O. P. Malik, “Investigation of impedance based
protection technique for EHV 3-terminal double circuit lines,” Proc.
Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen., Trans. Dist., vol. 147, no. 6, pp. 317–321,
Nov. 2000.
[7] A. G. Phadke and L. Jihuang, “A new computer based integrated
distance relay for parallel transmission lines,” IEEE Trans. Power
App. Syst., vol. 104, pp. 445-452, Feb. 1985.
[8] A. G. Jongepier and L. Van nder Sluis, “Adaptive distance
protection of double-circuit lines using artificial neural networks,”
IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 12, pp. 97–103, Jan. 1997.
[9] P. G. Mclaren, I. Fernando, H. Liu, E. Driks, and G.W. Swift,
“Enhanced double circuit line protection,” IEEE Trans. Power
Delivery, vol. 12, pp. 1100–1108, July 1997.
[10] Abhilash G. Phiske1, Alok Ranjan, “Double circuit transmission
line protection using line trap & artificial neural network matlab
approach,” International Research Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IRJET), vol.4, no. 7, July -2017.
[11] A. Yadav & A. Swetapadma, “Improved first zone reach setting of
artificial neural network-based directional relay for protection of
double circuit transmission lines”, IET GTD, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 373-
388, 2014.
[12] A. Jain, A. S. Thoke, & R. N. Patel, “Double circuit transmission
line fault distance location using artificial neural network,” IEEE
World Congress on Nature & Biologically Inspired Computing, pp.
13-18, 2009.
[13] M. L Gilany, 0. P. Malik and G. S. Hope, “A digital protection
technique for parallel transmission lines using a single relay at each
end”, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 118-123, Jan
1992.
[14] M. L Gilany, 0. P. Mali and G. S. Hope, “A laboratory investigation
of a digital protection technique for parallel transmission lines",
IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 10, 1995.
[15] M. M. Eissa and O. P. Malik, “A new digital directional transverse
current protection technque,” IEEE TPWRD, vol. 11, pp. 1285-
1291, July 1996.
[16] M. M. Eissa and Masoud, “A novel digital distance relaying
technique for transmission line protection,” IEEE TPWRD, vol. 16,
pp. 380-384, 2001.
[17] J. De La Ree, V. Centeno, J. S. Thorp, A. G. Phadke,
“Synchronized Phasor Measurement Applications in Power
Systems”, IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. (1),pp. 20-
2, 2010.
[18] Yu Hai, Yu Yue, Yao Qigui, Yin Haiqing, “Analysis on the
Reliability of Wide Area Protection Communication System”, IEEE
14th International Conference on Communication Technology
(ICCT), pp. 329 – 333, 2012.
[19] S. H. Horowitz, and A. G. Phadke, “Third zone revisited”, IEEE
Trans Power Delivery, vol, 21, no. 1, pp. 23-29, 2006.
[20] P. Kundu, and K, Pradhan, “Synchrophasor-assisted zone 3
operation,” IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 660–
667, 2014.
[21] J. D. Ree, V. Centeno, J. SThorp, A. G. Phadke, “Synchronized
phasor measurement applications in power system,” IEEE Trans on
Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 20-27, 2010.
[22] D. Novosel D, G. Bartok, G. Henneberg, P. Mysore, D. Tziouvaras,
and S. Ward, “ IEEE PSRC report on performance of relaying
during wide area stressed conditions,” IEEE TPWRD, vol. 25, no.
pp. 3-16, 2010.
[23] V. Terzija, G. Valverde, D. Cai, P. Regulski, V. Madani, J. Fitch, S.
Skok, M. Begovic, and A. Phadke, “Wide-area monitoring,
protection, and control of future electric power networks,” Proc.
IEEE, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 80–93, Jan. 2011.
[24] K. Kangvansaichol and P. A Crossley, “Multi-zone current
ifferential protection for transmission networks,” Proc. IEEE Power
This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2018.2808288, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery
Engineering Soc. Transmission Distribution Conf. Expo, vol. 1, pp.
359-364, 2003.
[25] F. Namdari, S. Jamali and P. A. Crossley, “Power Differential
based Wide Area Protection,” Electric Power Systems Research,
vol. 77, no. 12, pp. 1541-1551, October 2007.
[26] Y. Serizawa, M. Myoujin, K. Kitamura, N. Sugaya, M. Hori, A.
Takeuchi, I. Shuto, and M. Inukai, “Wide-area current differential
backup protection employing broadband communications and time
transfer systems,” IEEE Trans. on Power Delivery, vol. 13, no. 4 ,
pp. 1046- 1052, 1998.
[27]Akbar Sharafi, Majid Sanaye-Pasand, and Farrokh Aminifar,
“Transmission system wide-area back-up protection using current
phasor Measurements,” Electrical Power and Energy Systems, vol.
92, pp. 93-103, 2017.
[28] T. Hinge and S.S. Dambhare, “Secure backup protection of
transmission line using WAMS”, IEEE International Conference on
Power Electronics, Drives and Energy Systems (PEDES), Mumbai,
pp.1-6, Dec. 2014.
[29]Z. He, Z. Zhang, W. Chen, O. P. Malik, and X. Yin, “Wide-area
backup protection algorithm based on fault component voltage
distribution,” IEEE Transaction Power Delivery, vol. 26, no. 4, pp.
2752-2760, Oct. 2011.
[30] Xiaojun Liu, Youcheng Wang, and Hub Hu, “Fault Identification
Algorithm Based on Zone-Division Wide Area Protection System,”
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, vol. 7, no.
2, pp. 80-86, 2014.
[31]S. Sheng, K. K. Ki, W. L. Chan, Z. Xiangjun, and D. Xianzhong,
“Agent based self-healing protection system,” IEEE Trans. Power
Del., vol. 21, no. 2, pp. 610–618, Apr. 2006.
[32] Y. Serizawa, M. Myoujin, K. Kitamura, N. Sugaya, H. Hori, A.
Takeuchi, I. Shuto, and M. Inukai, “Wide-area current differential
backup protection employing broadband communications and time
transfer systems,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 1046-
1052, Oct. 1998.
[33] I. Kamwa, A. K. Pradhan, and G. Joos, “Adaptive Phasor and
Frequency-Tracking Schemes for Wide Area Protection and
Control,” IEEE Trans. on Power Del., vol. 26, no. 2, pp:744
753, 2011.
[34]M. M. Eissa, M. E. Masoud and M. M. M. Elanwar, “A back up
wide area protection technique for power transmission grids using
phasor measurement unit,” IEEE Trans. Power Del., vol. 25, no. 1,
pp. 270–278, Jan. 2010.
[35]Xiaoyang Tong, Xiaoru Wang, Rui Wang, Fei Huang, Xueyuan
Dong, K. M. Hopkinson, and Gongyi Song, “The Study of a
Regional Decentralized Peer-to-Peer Negotiation-Based Wide-
Area Backup Protection Multi-Agent,” IEEE Transactions on
system Smart Grid, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 1197-1206, 2013.
[36]J. Ma, J. Li, J. S. Thorp, A. J. Arana, Q. Yang, and A. G. Phadke,
“A fault steady state component-based wide area backup protection
algorithm,” IEEE Trans. Smart Grid, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 468-475, Sep.
2011.
[37]T. Vladimir, G. Valverde, C. Deyu, P. Regulski, V. Madani, J.
Fitch, S. Skok, M. M. Begovic, and A. G. Phadke, “Wide-area
monitoring, protection, and control of future electric power
networks,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 99, no. 1, pp. 80-93, Jan. 2011.
[38] Zhang F, Mu LH. Wide-area protection scheme for active
distribution networks based on phase comparison. In: Proceedings
of the 5th international conference on electric utility deregulation
and restructuring and power technologies (DRPT’15), Changsha,
China, 2015:927-932.
[39] J. Ma and C. Liu, “A wide-area backup protection algorithm based
on distance protection fitting factor,” IEEE Transaction Power
Delivery, vol. 31, no. 5, pp.196–205, 2016.
[40] S. H. Horowitz, and A. G. Phadke, “Third zone revisited”, IEEE
Trans Power Delivery, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 23-29, 2006.
[41] P. Kundu, and K, Pradhan, “Synchrophasor-assisted zone 3
operation,” IEEE Trans on Power Delivery, vol. 29, no. 2, pp. 660–
667, 2014.
[42] J. D. Ree, V. Centeno, J. SThorp, A. G. Phadke, “Synchronized
phasor measurement applications in power system,” IEEE Trans on
Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 20-27, 2010.
[43] D. Novosel D, G. Bartok, G. Henneberg, P. Mysore, D. Tziouvaras,
and S. Ward, “ IEEE PSRC report on performance of relaying
during wide area stressed conditions,” IEEE Trans on Power
Delivery, vol. 25, no. pp. 3-16, 2010.
11
0885-8977 (c) 2018 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission. See http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
[44] J. Ma and C. Liu, and James S. Thorp, “A wide-area backup
protection algorithm based on distance protection fitting factor,”
IEEE Transaction on Power Delivery, vol. 31, no. 5, pp.196-205,
2016.
[45]MR Aghamohammadi, S. Hashemi, and A. Hasanzadeh, “A new
approach for mitigating blackout risk by blocking minimum critical
distance relays,” Int J Electrical Power Energy System, vol. 75, pp.
162-72, 2016.
[46] C. S. Chen, C. W. Liu, and J. A. Jiang, “A new adaptive PMU
based protection scheme for transposed/untransposed parallel
transmission lines,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 17, no. 2, pp.
395-404, 2002.
[47] Y. H. Lin, C. W. Liu, and C. S. Chen, “A new PMU-based fault
detection/location technique for transmission lines with
consideration of arcing fault discrimination-Part I: Theory and
algorithms,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 1587-
1593, Oct. 2004.
[48] J. De La Ree, V. Centeno, J. S. Thorp, A. G. Phadke,
“Synchronized Phasor Measurement Applications in Power
Systems,” IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 1, no. (1), pp. 20-
2, 2010.
[49] A G. Phadke, P. Wall, Ding Le, and T. Vladimir, “Improving the
performance of power system protection using wide area monitoring
systems, “Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, vol.
4, no. 3, pp. 319-331, 2016
[50] Pathirikkat Gopakumar, Maddikara Jaya Bharata Reddy, Dusmanta
Kumar Mohanta, “Transmission line fault detection and localisation
methodology using PMU measurements,” IET Gener. Transm.
Distrib., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 1033-1042, 2015.
[51] Yi Lv, Dahai You, Ke Wang, Liang Wang, Zhenhai Chen, and
Simin Huo, “Study on wide-area backup protection system for the
smart grid,” 2011 4th Intern., Conference on Electric Utility
Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies (DRPT),
pp. 218-224, 2011.
[52] Y. Zengli, S. H. Dongyuan, and D. Xianzhong, “Wide-area
protection system based on direction comparison principle,”
Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 28, no. 22, pp. 87-93, 2008.
[53]C. Wei, P. Zhencun, and ZH Jianguo, “A wide-area relaying
protection algorithm based on longitudinal comparison principle,”
Proceedings of the CSEE, vol. 26, no. 21, pp. 8-14, 2006.
[54]L. Zhenxing, Y. Xianggen, Zhe ZH, and et al., “Zone division and
implementation on limited wide area protection system,”
Automation of Electric Power Systems, vol. 34, no. 19, pp. 48-52,
2010.
[55] Xiaojun Liu, Youcheng Wang, and Hub Hu, “Fault Identification
Algorithm Based on Zone-Division Wide Area Protection System,”
Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, vol. 7, no.
2, pp. 80-86, 2014.
[56] Vahid Madani, Mark Adamiak, Manish Thakur, “Design and
Implementation of Wide Area Special Protection Schemes”,
Available [online].
https://www.gedigitalenergy.com/smartgrid/Apr06/Wide_Area_Spec
ial_Protection_Schemes.pdf.
[57] M. Begovic, D. Karlsson, C. Henville, “Wide-Area Protection and
Emergency Control”, Proceedings of IEEE, vol. 93, no. 5, pp. 876-
891, May 2005.
[58] M. Wooldridge, “An Introduction of Multi Agent Systems”, John
Wiley & Sons, 2002.
[59]D. W. Jordan and P. Smith, “Non-Linear Ordinary Differential
Equations: Introduction for Scientists and Engineers,” (4th edition),
Oxford University Press, 2007.
[60]Steven Strogatz, “Non-linear Dynamics and Chaos: With
applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry and
Engineering,” ISBN 9780738204536, 2001.
[61] Eralda Caushaj, Ivan Ivanov, Huirong Fu, Ishwar Sethi, and Ye
Zhu, “Evaluating Throughput and Delay in 3G and 4G Mobile
Architectures,” Journal of Computer and Communications, 2014, 2,
1-8 Published Online August 2014 in SciRes.
http://www.scirp.org/journal/jcc
[62]Murat Kuzlu, Manisa Pipattanasomporn, Saifur Rahman,
“Communication network requirements for major smart grid
applications in HAN, NAN and WAN,” Computer Networks, vol.
67, pp. 74-88, 2014.