Khawaja Nazimuddin

ِ
Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin (Urdu: ّ ُ ; Bengali: His Excellency
খাজা নািজমু ীন; 19 July 1894 – 22 October 1964), KCIE, CIE, was Sir Khwaja Nazimuddin
ِ
a Bengali politician, conservative figure, and one of the leading খাজা নািজমু ীন
ّ ُ
founding fathers of Pakistan.[1] He is noted as being the first
Bengali leader of Pakistan who led the country as Prime Minister
CIE, KCIE
(1951–53), as well as the second Governor-General (1948–
51).[2][3]

Born into an aristocrat Nawab family in Bengal in 1894, he was

educated at the Aligarh Muslim University before pursuing his
education at the Cambridge University to secure his graduation.
Upon returning, he started his political career on a Muslim
League platform where he primary focused on education causes
in Bengal before leading the cause for separate Muslim
homeland, Pakistan, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali
Jinnah. From 1943 to 1945, he served as the prime minister of
Bengal, later becoming the chief minister in 1947 until 1948,
when he ascended as governor-general after Jinnah's death. 2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan
In office
In 1951, he took over the control of the government as prime 17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953
minister of Pakistan upon the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan, Monarch George VI
and relinquished the post of Governor-General to Sir Malik (1951–52)
Ghulam.[4] As prime minister, he struggled to run the government
Elizabeth II
effectively on the internal and foreign fronts, and thus he tenured
(1952–53)
for only two years. On the home front, he struggled to maintain
law and order in the country and instructed the military to impose Governor Sir Malik Ghulam
martial law in Lahore due to religious riots and stagnation. He General Muhammad
also faced a populist language movement in his native Bengal Preceded by Liaquat Ali Khan
that eventually led to the shutdown of Government of East Succeeded by Mohammad Ali
Pakistan. Foreign relations with the United States, Soviet Union, Bogra
Afghanistan, and India soured as republicanism and socialism 2nd Governor-General of Pakistan
gained popularity at home.
In office
14 September 1948 – 17 October
Eventually, he was forced to step down in favor of diplomat
1951
Mohammad Ali Bogra by his own appointed Governor-General
Sir Malik Ghulam and conceded defeat in elections held in 1954. Monarch George VI
Upon retiring from national politics, he suffered a brief illness Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan
and died in 1964. He was buried at a Mausoleum in Dhaka.[5] Preceded by Muhammad Ali
Jinnah
Succeeded by Sir Malik Ghulam
Contents Muhammad
Chief Minister of East Pakistan
 Biography In office
Family background, early life and education 15 August 1947 – 14 September
Politics 1948
Public service and Independence movement Monarch George VI
Home and Prime Minister of Bengal and Chief Governor Muhammad Ali
Minister of East Bengal (1940–47) General Jinnah
Era of Khawaja Nazimuddin Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan
Governor-General of Pakistan (1948–51)
Governor Sir Fredrick
Prime Ministership (1951–53)
Chalmers Bourne
Dismissal
Preceded by Huseyn
Death and legacy Suhrawardy (as
Later life and death Prime minister of
Wealth and honours Bengal)
See also Succeeded by Nurul Amin
Notes Prime Minister of Bengal
References In office
29 April 1943 – 31 March 1945
External links
Monarch George VI
Governor Lord Mountbatten
Biography General
Governor Richard Casey,
Baron Casey
Family background, early life and education
Preceded by Fazlul Haq
Nazimuddin was born into an aristocratic and wealthy family of
Succeeded by Huseyn
the Nawabs of Dhaka, (Dacca), Bengal, on 19 July
Suhrawardy
1894.[6][7][8]:1895[9]:xxx His father was Khawaja Nizamuddin and
paternal grandfather was Khwaja Fakhruddin. His family hailed President of Pakistan Muslim
League
from Kashmir and was settled in Dhaka. He was the maternal
In office
grandson of Nawab Bahadur Sir Khwaja Ahsanullah and his
17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953
mother, Nawabzadi Bilqis Banu, was notable for her own
statue.[10] Nazimuddin had a younger brother, Khwaja Preceded by Liaquat Ali Khan
Shahabuddin, who would later played a vital role in national Succeeded by Mohammad Ali of
politics onwards.[11]:76[10]:xxx Being of Kashmiri-Bengali Bogra
descent, his family spoke both Bengali and Urdu.[12] They were Personal details
the first cousin of Nawab Khwaja Habibullah son of Nawab Sir
Born Khawaja
Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur who helped laid foundation of
Nazimuddin
Muslim League in 1906.[13]
19 July 1894
He was educated at the Dunstable Grammar School in England Dacca, Bengal,
but returned to India following his matriculation where he British India
enrolled to attend the MAO College of the Aligarh Muslim Died 22 October 1964
University (AMU) in Uttar Pradesh, India.[14] Nazimuddin (aged 70)
secured his graduation with a BA degree in sociology from AMU Dacca, Pakistan
and was sent back to England to pursue higher education.[15] (now Dhaka,
During his time at AMU, he was known to be an avid tennis Bangladesh)
player and excelled in this sport when he represented his Resting place Mausoleum of
university in collegiate games.[11]:76 three leaders
Citizenship Indian (1894–1947)
After AMU, Nazimuddin went to England and attended Trinity
Pakistani (1947–
Hall at Cambridge University. He was granted his MA degree in
1964)
English by Cambridge University.[16]:449–450 His training in
England enabled him to practice law and become a Barrister-at- Nationality East Pakistani
Law in England.[14] He was knighted in 1934.[17] In 1947–49, Political party Pakistan Muslim
Nazimuddin was granted the degree of Doctor of Laws by the League
vice-chancellor of Dhaka University, Dr. Mahmud Hasan.[18]:161 (1947–64)

Other political All-India Muslim

Politics affiliations League
(1922–1947)

Spouse(s) Shah Bano Ashraf,

Public service and Independence movement
daughter of Khwaja
Nazimuddin returned to India to join his brother Khwaja Ashraf
Shahbuddin from England, taking interest in civil and public
Relations Khwaja
affairs that led him to join the Bengali politics.[19] Both brother
Shahabuddin
joined the Muslim League, and Nazimuddin successfully ran for
(Younger brother)
the municipality election and elected as Chairman of Dhaka
Municipality from 1922 until 1929.[8] During this time, he was Mother Nawabzadi Bilqis
appointed as Education minister of Bengal. He remained minister Banu
of Education till 1934. Later he was appointmented in Viceroy's Father Khawaja
Executive Council in 1934 which he served until 1937.[20] Nizamuddin
Alma mater Cambridge
He participated in regional elections held on 1937 on a Muslim
University
League's platform but conceded his defeat in favor of Fazlul Haq
(MA in Eng.)
of Krishak Praja Part (KPP) who was appointed as Prime
Aligarh Muslim
Minister of Bengal, while assuming his personal role as member
University
of the legislative assembly.[21][22]:69
(BA in Soci.)

In the India Office Records, Political and Secret Department Profession Barrister, politician
Records (1756–1950), Category L/P&S, Record 5/250, 3/79, one Awards Order of the
comes across the Fortnightly Report (February 1947) to the Indian Empire
Viceroy by the then Governor of Punjab Sir Evan Jenkins.
According to this report when inquired about the Pakistan project, Khawaja Nazimuddin candidly told
him that ″he did not know what Pakistan means and that nobody in the Muslim League knew.″ This
remark clearly shows that so few as six months before the creation of Pakistan, even senior Muslim
League leaders had no clarity as to the basic features of the State they were asking for.[a]

Home and Prime Minister of Bengal and Chief Minister of East Bengal
(1940–47)
Upon the formation of the coalition government in an agreement facilitated between Muslim League and
the Krishak Praja Party, Nazimuddin was appointed as the home minister under Haq's premiership.,
which he continued until 1943.[23]:331
Due to his conservative elite position, he became close associate of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then-
president of the Muslim League, who appointed him as a member of the executive committee to
successfully promote Muslim League' party agenda and program that gained popularity in East
Bengal.[23]:332[24] In 1940–41, Nazimuddin broke away from the coalition led by Premier Fazlul Haq and
decided to become a leader of the opposition, leading campaign against Haq's premiership and primarily
focused on Bengali nationalism issues.[23]:332 In 1943, Nazimuddin took over the government from
Premier Haq when the latter was dismissed by the governor, John Herbert, amid controversies
surrounding in his political campaigns.[25] During this time, Nazimuddin played a crucial political role
for the cause for the separate Muslim homeland, Pakistan.[23]:332 About his role, he was asked about the
"Pakistan question" by British Governor Richard Casey in 1945 but he showed very little and no interests
in discussing the existence of the movement and reportedly quoting: he did not know what Pakistan
means and nobody in Muslim League knew."[26]

His premiership lasted until 1945 when a motion of no confidence and faced with defeat in the assembly
hall by 160 to 97 votes that effectively ended his premiership.[27]:106 He relinquished the office to
Nausher Ali, an Indian nationalist Muslim and a prominent member of Congress Party who the speaker
of the assembly, but the administration was taken over by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy.[27]:106[28]

From 1945 to 1947, Sir Nazimuddin continued to be served as the chairman of the Muslim League in
Bengal, ardently supporting the political cause for Pakistan against the Congress Party.[23]:333 During
this time, he had been in brief conflict with Premier Suhrawardy and strongly opposed the United Bengal
Movement and led a strong parliamentary opposition in the assembly against Suhrawardy's
administration in April 1947. The conflict between two men mainly existed because Suhrawardy had
represented the middle class while Nazimuddin was representing the aristocracy in the assembly.[29]

In 1947, he again contested in the party elections in the Muslim League against Suhrawardy's platform
and securing his nomination as the party chairman for the Muslim League's East Bengal chapter.[30]:49–50
His success in the party election eventually led him to the appointed as the first Chief Minister of East
Bengal after the Partition of India in 1947 and effectively gained controlled of the Muslim League in the
province.[30]:50

As the Chief Minister, he led the motion of confidence that ultimately voted in favor of joining the
Federation of Pakistan and reorganized the Government of East Pakistan by delegating conservative
members in his administration.[30]:49–50

Era of Khawaja Nazimuddin

Governor-General of Pakistan (1948–51)

On 14 August of 1947, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah relinquished the party presidency of
the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) to Khawaja Nazimuddin who took over the party of President of
Pakistan Muslim League (PML), due to his party electoral performance.[30]:50–51 On 1 November 1947,
he was appointed as acting Governor-General in the absence of Governor-General Jinnah due to
worsening health, and eventually appointed as Governor-General after passing of Muhammad Ali Jinnah,
in a crucial support provided by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan on 14 September 1948 to the president
Nazimuddin.[31] His oath of office was supervised by Chief Justice Sir Abdul Rashid of the Supreme
Court of Pakistan, in attendance with Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan.[8]
As Governor-General, Nazimuddin set a precedent of neutrality and non-interference in the government,
and provided his political support to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan's government, which was seen as
essential to the working of the responsible government at that time.[32]:102

His role as Governor-General reflected a conservative mind-set and he spoke against secularism in the
country.[33]

I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an
Islamic state every citizen has identical rights, no matter what his caste, creed or faith be ...

— Governor-General Khawaja Nazimuddin, 1948–49, [33]

In 1949, Governor-General Nazimuddin established the parliamentary committee, the Basic Principles
Committee, on the advice of Prime Minister Ali Khan to underlying basic principles that would lay
foundation of Constitution of Pakistan.[34]

In 1950, Nazimuddin released an official policy statement and declared that: "Pakistan would remain
incomplete until the whole of Kashmir is liberated."[35]

Prime Ministership (1951–53)

After the assassination of Liaqat Ali Khan in 1951, the Muslim League
leaders asked Governor-General Nazimuddin to take over the business of the
government as well as the party's presidency as there was no other person
found suitable for the post.[36][8]:233 He appointed Finance Minister Sir
Malik Ghulam as Governor-General's post.[8] Nazimuddin's government
focused towards promoting the political programs aimed towards
conservative ideas.[37] During his time in office, a framework was begun for
a constitution that would allow Pakistan to become a republic, and end its
Dominion status under the English monarchy.
Nazimuddin, with M.G.
Nazimuddin's administration took place during a poor economy and the rise
Muhammad in New York
of provincial nationalism in four provinces and East Bengal which made City, ca. 1948.
him unable to run the country's affairs effectively.[38]:121–122 By 1951–52,
the Muslim League had split into two different factions dominated by the
Bengali chapter and Punjab-Sindh chapter, as those were the two largest ethnic demographics, but were
separated by India.[36]:235

In 1951, Prime Minister Nazimuddin's government conducted the country's first nationwide census where
it was noted that 57% population of the country was Indian immigrants, mostly residing in Karachi that
further complicated the situation in the country.[39]:xxx In January 1952, Prime Minister Nazimuddin
publicly announced in Dacca's meeting that: Jinnah had been right: for the sake of Pakistan's national
unity, Urdu must be the official language of Pakistan–East and West.[40]:153 On 21 February 1952, a
demonstration in the Bengali Language movement demanding equal and official status to the Bengali
language turned bloody, with many fatalities caused by police firings.[41]:137 This demonstration was
held when he declared Urdu the National Language of Pakistan, following the previous statement of
Muhammad Ali Jinnah that Urdu shall be 'one and only' language of Pakistan.[42]
In 1953, a violent religious movement led by far-right Jamaat-e-Islami began to agitate for the removal of
the Ahmadi religious minority from power positions, and demanded a declaration of this minority as non-
Muslims.[43]:60

Nazimuddin was held morally responsible for riots being spread and resisted such pressures;[43]:60 but
mass rioting broke out in Punjab against both the government and followers of this religious
minority.[43]:60–61 Prime Minister Nazimuddin responded to the violence by dismissing the Chief
Minister of Punjab, Mumtaz Daultana, to Feroze Khan, but the decision came late.[44]:17 He declared
martial law, with approval coming from Governor-General Malik Ghulam, and enforced through
Lieutenant General Azam Khan who successfully quelled the agitation.[44]:17–18[45]:158

Dismissal
The agitations and violence spread through the successful Bengali language movement and the riots in
Lahore proved the inability of Prime Minister Nazimuddin's government as he was widely seen as weak
in running the government administration.[46]:288

In a view of attempting to improve the economy and internal security, Governor-General Malik Ghulam
asked Prime Minister Nazimuddin to step down in the wider interest of the country.[46]:289 Prime
Minister Nazimuddin refused to oblige and Governor-General Malik Ghulam used reserve powers
granted in the Government of India Act, 1935, dismissed Prime Minister Nazimuddin.[46]:289

Nazimuddin then requested the Supreme Court of Pakistan's intervention against this action but the Chief
Justice, Moh'd Munir did not rule on the legality of the dismissal, but instead forced new elections to be
held in 1954.[47] Governor-General Malik Ghulam appointed another Bengali politician, Muhammad Ali
Bogra who was then tenuring as the Pakistan ambassador to the United States, as the new prime minister
until the new elections to be held in 1954.[46]:289 The dismissal of Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin's
administration, the prime minister, by the governor-general, Malik Ghulam, signalled a troubling trend in
political history of the country.[46]:289[48]:132

Death and legacy

Later life and death

Even after his dismissal, he and his family remained active in
parliamentary politics; his nephew, Khwaja Wasiuddin, an army
general serving as GOC-in-C II Corps and later repatriated to
Bangladesh in 1974.

His younger brother, Shahabuddin, remained active in the politics

and eventually ascended as Information minister in the President
Ayub Khan's administration.[49]:559 Sir Khawaja died in 1964,
aged 70. He was buried at Mausoleum of three leaders in his
Mausoleum of three leaders at
hometown of Dhaka.[50][51] Dhaka

Wealth and honours

Nazimuddin and his brother, Shahabuddin, belonged to an aristocrat wealthy family who were known for
their wealth. In thesis written by Joya Chatterji, Nazimuddin was described for unquestionable loyalty to
British administration in India:

Short statured with a bulging pear-like figure, he was known for his insatiable appetite and
his unfailing submission to the ... Britishers ... Dressed in British-styled Sherwani and
breechers-like Churidar pajamas with a Fez cap and wearing little shoes, he carried a... cane
of knob and represented an age and tradition.

— Joya Chatterji, Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, Reference

[20]:80

By 1934, the family had estates that covered almost 200,000 acres and was well spread over different
districts of Eastern Bengal, together with properties in Shillong, Assam and Kolkata, had an yearly rent
of ₤120,000 ($2,736,497.94 in 2017).[20]:80 By 1960s, the majority of estate was relocated from East
Pakistan to the different areas of Pakistan, leaving very little of his estate in East.[20]:80

He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in 1926, and was knighted in
1934 by the King-Emperor, George V, when he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the
Indian Empire (KCIE).[52]

By the Government of Pakistan, Nazimuddin has been honored from time to time after his death. In
Karachi, the residential areas, Nazimabad and North Nazimabad in suburbs of Karachi, had been named
after his name. In Islamabad, there is a road intersection, Nazimuddin Road, that has been named in his
honor; while in Dacca, there is also a road after his namesake.

In his honour, the Pakistan Post issued a commemorative stamp in accordance to his respect.[53]

See also
List of Prime Ministers of Pakistan
Politics of Pakistan

Notes
a. Further on this: Husain Haqqani, ″Magnificent Delusions,″ New York: Public Affairs, 2013, p.
17

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Current Events Biography, 1949

External links
Chronicles Of Pakistan (https://web.archive.org/web/20090402114442/http://therepublicofru
mi.com/47.htm)
Story of Pakistan (http://www.storyofpakistan.com)

Political offices
Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Bengal
Huseyn Shaheed
A.K. Fazlul Haque 1943–1945
Suhrawardy
Preceded by
Chief Minister of East Bengal Succeeded by
Huseyn Shaheed
1947–1948 Nurul Amin
Suhrawardy
Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor-General of Pakistan
Malik Ghulam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1948–1951
Muhammad
Prime Minister of Pakistan
Preceded by 1951–1953 Succeeded by
Liaquat Ali Khan Minister of Defence Muhammad Ali Bogra
1951–1953

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