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CARTESIAN COORDINATE
y - Intercept
• A y-intercept is a point on the y-axis.
• a y-intercept is a point on the graph where x is zero.
DISTANCE AND MIDPOINT FORMULAS
THE DISTANCE FORMULA
• The distance, d, between the points (x1, y1) and (x2,y2) in the Cartesian
coordinate system is:
d x2 x1 2
y2 y1
2
DISTANCE AND MIDPOINT FORMULAS
Example:
Find the distance between (-1, 2) and (4, -3).
Solution: Letting (x1, y1) = (-1, 2) and (x2, y2) = (4, -3), we obtain
d x2 x1 2 y2 y1 2
d 4 (1) (3) 2
2 2
d 5 5
2 2
d 5 2 d 7.071
DISTANCE AND MIDPOINT
FORMULAS
THE MIDPOINT FORMULA
Consider a line segment whose endpoints are (x1, y1) and
(x2, y2).
x1 x2 y1 y2
x, y ,
2 2
DISTANCE AND MIDPOINT
FORMULAS
Example:
Solution:
1 (8) (6) (4)
x, y ,
2 2
7
x, y ,5
2
(-7/2, -5) is the midway between the point (1, -6) and (-8, -
4)
LINEAR EQUATION IN TWO
VARIABLES
DEFINITION:
10
6
(4,6)
-2
(1,-3)
-4
-6
(0,-6)
-8
(-1,-9)
-10
-12
GRAPHING A LINEAR EQUATION
Example:
Plot the graph for linear equation 3x + 2y = 12
Solution:
Rewrite the equation, 3x +2y = 12
2y = -3x + 12
y = -3/2 x + 6
Arbitrarily select some values for x and find the corresponding y-values.
Consider x = 0, 2, 4 (at least 3 values of x)
x y Ordered pair
0 6 (0, 6)
2 3 (2, 3)
4 0 (4, 0)
GRAPHING A LINEAR EQUATION
• Then plot the points and draw a line through the points
6
(0,6)
4
3x + 2y = 12
3
(2,3)
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 (4,0) 6 8 10 12
-1
-2
GRAPHING A LINEAR EQUATION
Example:
Sketch the graph for y = -2
Solution: 0.5
-0.5
-3
GRAPHING A LINEAR EQUATION
Example:
8
Sketch the graph for x = 1
6
Solution:
The equation x = 1 may be 4
(1,4)
taken as 0y + x = 1.
2
-2
The graph of such equation is (1, -2)
-8
GRAPHING A LINEAR EQUATION
y = 0:
x + (0) = 5
6
(0,5)
(5, 0) 4
x = 0:
(0) + y = 5 -5 (5,0) 5 10
(0, 5) -2
Try this!
Graph the following:
y–x=1
y = 2x
SLOPE OF A LINE
The slope (denoted as m) of a line is the ratio of the change
in y-coordinate, or the rise, to the change in x-coordinate, or
the run, between two points on the line.
y2 y1
m , x2 x1
x2 x1
SLOPE OF A LINE
Finding the slope from a graph (1)
Find the slope, m of the line by going
from point A to point B.
Solution:
A is located at (0, 3) and B at (2, 0). In
going from A to B,
change in y: -3 (going down)
change in x: 2 (going right)
Solution:
A is located at (2, 1) and B at (6, 3). In
going from A to B,
change in y: 2 (going up)
change in x: 4 (going right)
Solution:
y2 y1
m , x2 x1
x2 x1
03
m
20
3
m
2
SLOPE OF A LINE
Finding the slope from coordinates (2)
A is located at (2, 1) and B at (6, 3).
y2 y1
m , x2 x1
x2 x1
3 1
m
62
2 1
m
4 2
SLOPE OF A LINE
Finding the slope from coordinates (3)
y2 y1
m , x2 x1
x2 x1
30
m
60
3 1
m
6 2
TYPE OF SLOPE
Positive Slope
Lines that increase, or rise, from left to right have a positive
slope.
TYPE OF SLOPE
Negative Slope
Lines that decrease, or fall, from left to right have a negative
slope.
TYPE OF SLOPE
Zero Slope
Horizontal lines have a slope of zero.
TYPE OF SLOPE
Undefined Slope
Vertical lines have an undefined slope.
EQUATION OF A LINE
Different forms of equation of a line
Solution:
y y1 mx x1
y 5 3x (2)
y 5 3x 6
y 3x 1
EQUATION OF A LINE
Example:
Find the equation of the line through the given pair of points
(3,5) and (4,7).
Solution:
i) Find the slope 75
slope m 2
43
ii) Use the slope and one point, say (3, 5) in the point-slope
form
y y1 mx x1
y 5 2x 3
y 5 2x 6
y 2x 1
PARALLEL LINES
m1 = m2
PERPENDICULAR LINES
1
m1 = -
𝑚2
CARTESIAN COORDINATE SYSTEM
Tutorials:
1. Plot the following points in a rectangular coordinate system.
For each point, name the quadrant in which it lies or the axis
on which it lies.
i. (2, 5) iii. (-5, 1) v. (2, -6)
ii. (-1, -6) iv. (0, 4) vi. (3, 0)
2. Explain why the point (0, -2) is not located in Quadrant IV.
a) y – 5x – 10 = 0
b) 2y – x + 4 = 0
c) -2x + y + 8 = 0
d) 3y + 2x + 6 = 0
e) 5x – 5y – 15 = 0
THE END