BIOL 109 Assignment 2 Due date: __________________________

Name ___________________________________

Chapter 4
1. List the statements of the Cell Theory:

2. Metabolically active cells need to absorb nutrients and eliminate wastes. They are usually
_____________ in order to have a large ___________________ to ________________ ratio.
3. The three basic components of a cell are _________________, _______________, and
__________________.
4. Describe common shapes of bacteria.

5. What organisms are classified as prokaryotes?

6. What shape is bacterial DNA? ______________________

7. To increase surface area, bacteria plasma membrane fold inward to form ___________________
8. Bacteria have _________________ instead of nucleus.
9. Bacteria cell wall is mainly made of _______________________ instead of cellulose.
10. Besides genomic DNA, many bacteria also contain small circular DNA called __________.
11. Photosynthetic bacteria contain membranous structures called _____________________ for
photosynthesis.
12. Do bacteria have membranous organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast? _________
13. Bacteria use ____________ to transfer DNA to another bacterium.
14. Based on the Endosymbiotic Theory, mitochondria evolved from _________________________,
chloroplast evolved from ________________________, and the endomembrane system evolved
from inward folding of ______________________________.
15. List evidence for Endosymbiotic Theory.

16. Nuclear envelope is made of ______ layers of membrane.

17. Describe the structure of chromatin.

18. What are in the nucleolus?

19. Ribosomes are for making _______________. Their large and small subunits are assembled in
__________. They can attach to __________________, giving it the rough appearance.
20. The function of rough ER is to _______________________________________.
21. List the function of smooth ER:

22. ___________________ is a membranous organelle. It uses its __________ face to receive vesicles
and _________ face to deliver vesicles. Its major function is to sort and pack proteins.
23. _________________________ use the enzyme _______________________ to degrade unneeded
substances. These enzymes only work in a ______________ pH. Plant cells use
___________________________ to perform this function.
24. Define endomembrane system. List its components.
25. Peroxisomes use ________________ to neutralize free radicals and produce ________________
which can be converted into water and oxygen gas by the enzyme ___________________.
26. Mitochondrion’s major function is to produce ___________. Its inner membrane folds into
__________________. Its matrix contains ______________, _______________,
____________________, _____________________.
27. Chloroplasts, found in __________ and _________, are enclosed by ___ layers of membrane.
They contain ___________________ (membrane sacs) and ___________________ (matrix). Their
major function is _________________________ , the process that turns solar energy into energy
in organic molecules such as glucose and starch.
28. The three components of cytoskeleton from smallest to largest diameter are:
_______________________, ___________________________, _____________________.
29. Flagellum, centriole, and spindle fiber are all mainly made of _____________________.
30. Compare plant cells to animal cells and list cellular structures that are unique to plants and
structures that are missing in plants.
Unique to plants: _________________, ______________________,
________________________,
Missing: ______________________,
_______________________
31. Label the cell:
A: __________________
D: ____________________
E: ____________________
F: _____________________
G: _____________________
H: _____________________
I: ____________________
Chapter 5

32. Plasma membrane is mainly made of two layers of _______________________ with their
_______________________________________ facing each other.
33. __________________ is a layer of short-chained carbohydrates that attaches to the
________________ surface of the membrane.
34. _____________________ can regulate membrane fluidity.
35. Label plasma membrane:
A: __________________
B: ____________________
C: ____________________
D: _____________________
E: _____________________
F: _____________________

36. List major functions of membrane proteins:

37. Passive transport such as diffusion is from __________ concentration to _________ concentration,
and it does not need _________.
38. Only _____________________ substances such as O​2​, CO​2​, and lipids can cross plasma
membrane through simple diffusion.
39. Transportation of _____ and small _________________ molecules across plasma membrane is
facilitated diffusion which requires channels or carrier proteins.
40. Osmosis is the diffusion of ________ from ___________ osmolality to ________ osmolality
through a membrane that is not permeable to the solutes. Although small amount of water can go
 through by simple diffusion, __________________, the water channel protein, is need to transport
large amount of water.
41. If an animal cell is placed in a ____ solution, the cell will swell and burst.
a. hypertonic b hypotonic c. isotonic d. All of the above
42. Placing a plant cell in ______________________ solution will generate turgor pressure.
43. Active processes such as ____________________________, ___________________________,
______________________, and _____________________ requires ____________.
44. __________________ is for cell to engulf solid substances; _________________ is for cell to
bring in liquid.
45. Na-K pump is an example of ____________________________________. It pumps 3 ______ out
of the cell, and 2 ______ into the cell.
46. Common components of animal extracellular matrix include ___________________,
_______________, ____________________, ____________________.
47. The three types of intercellular junctions for animal cells are:
a. _______________________: to seal
b. _______________________: to anchor
c. _______________________: to allow passage from cell to cell
48. Plant cells use _________________________ as intercellular communication.
49. Plant primary cell wall is mainly made of ___________________.

Chapter 6
50. What is the difference between kinetic energy and potential energy?

51. Define the 1​st​ law of thermodynamics.

52. Define the 2​nd​ law of thermodynamics.

53. Define entropy.

54. A system is more stable with _____________(more/less) entropy and _____________(more/less)

potential energy.
55. Every energy transformation ____________ (increases/decreases) entropy of the universe.
56. Define metabolism, catabolism, and anabolism.

57. Opposite of endergonic reaction, exergonic reaction ______________ energy, its free energy (ΔG)
is ________________, It ______________ entropy, and the reaction happens
_________________.
58. In the following reaction ATP hydrolysis is coupled with another reaction. ATP hydrolysis is an
______________________ reaction, while C+D → A+B is an ______________________
reaction. (exergonic or endergonic)

59. What are enzymes mainly made of?

______________________________
60. Enzymes speed up reactions by _________________ the activation energy.
61. Many enzymes need ____________________ such as Cu, Zn, Fe, and folic acid.
62. Define active site.

63. The induced fit mechanism of enzyme-substrate interaction explains that the binding of substrate
to enzyme’s _____________________ induces a better fit and more efficient enzyme activity.
64. How does temperature affect enzyme activity?

65. Do all enzymes work the best at the same pH? __________________
66. How does substrate concentration affect enzyme activity?
67. Why is inhibiting enzyme activity necessary?

68. Define allosteric site of an enzyme.

69. Inhibition by binding to the allosteric site is called ___________________________ inhibition.
70. Inhibition by binding to the active site is called __________________________ inhibition.
71. Oxidation is _______________electron or H; Reduction is _________________electron or H.
72. Redox reaction is when _______________ and ________________ are coupled.