DEC 96 PRESSURE MEASUREMENT GEMS K-8D7

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE

1. SCOPE .............................................................. 2

2. REFERENCES ......................................................... 2
2.1 Purchaser Specifications ..................................... 2
2.2 Purchaser Drawings ........................................... 2
2.3 Industry Codes and Standards ................................. 3

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN ............................................ 3

3.1 Drawings ..................................................... 3
3.2 Winterproofing ............................................... 3
3.3 Electrical Requirements ...................................... 3
3.4 Elements ..................................................... 3
3.5 Pressure Connections ......................................... 4
3.6 Pressure Indicators, Recorders, and Controllers .............. 4
3.7 Auxiliary Devices ............................................ 4
3.8 Instrument Storage, Checkout, and Calibration ................ 4

4. PRESSURE TRANSMITTERS .............................................. 4

4.1 Application .................................................. 4
4.2 Design ....................................................... 5
4.3 Materials and Construction ................................... 5
4.4 Installation ................................................. 5
4.5 Safety ....................................................... 7

5. DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSMITTERS ................................. 7

5.1 Application .................................................. 7
5.2 Design ....................................................... 7
5.3 Materials and Construction ................................... 7
5.4 Installation ................................................. 8

6. FIELD MOUNTED PRESSURE GAGES ....................................... 9

6.1 Application .................................................. 9
6.2 Design ....................................................... 10
6.3 Materials and Construction ................................... 11
6.4 Safety ....................................................... 12

7. PRESSURE SWITCHES .................................................. 12

7.1 Application .................................................. 12
7.2 Design ....................................................... 12
7.3 Materials and Construction ................................... 12
7.4 Installation ................................................. 13
7.5 Safety ....................................................... 13

TABLES
Table 1 Standard Ranges vs. Operating Ranges (Typical)

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1. SCOPE

This specification and GEMS K-801M, K-802M, and K-803M define minimum
requirements for selection, materials, construction, and installation of
pressure and differential pressure measuring instruments, including
direct connected gages, pressure switches, and pneumatic and electronic
transmitters.

2. REFERENCES

2.1 Purchaser Specifications

This specification contains references to the following Purchaser

specifications:

1. GEMS G-1D, “Winterproofing and Weather Protection”.

2. GEMS J-1D, “Piping - Design”.
3. GEMS J-8D, “Steam Tracing Systems - Design”.
4. GEMS K-1D, “Instruments and Control Equipment”.
5. GEMS K-6D, “Flow Measurement”.
6. GEMS K-10D, “Field Mounted Pneumatic Controllers, Recorders, and
Indicators”.
7. GEMS K-14D, “Control Room Instrumentation - DCS, Electronic, and
Pneumatic”.
8. GEMS K-17D, “Alarms, Shutdowns, Logic, and Sequential Systems
Design”.
9. GEMS K-20D, “Instrument Storage, Checkout, and Calibration”.
10. GEMS K-801M, “Process Pressure Gages”.
11. GEMS K-802M, “Pressure Switches”.
12. GEMS K-803M, “Differential Pressure Transmitters”.
2.2 Purchaser Drawings
This specification contains references to the following Purchaser
drawings:
1. 1S-1784, “Utility Instrument Requirements at Unit Limits”.
2. 9S-7590, “Standard Detail of Open Vent for Storage Tanks”.
3. 9S-7691, “Steam Tracer Arrangement for Instrument and Piping
Items”.
4. 9S-8262, “Typical Piping - Liquid End of Pumps”.
5. 9S-9170, “Instrument Piping - Differential Pressure Transmitters-
Alloy Tubing or C.S. Pipe”.
6. 9S-9191, “Instrument Piping - Differential Pressure Transmitters -
C.S. Pipe - Horizontal Orifice Run”.
7. 9S-9243, “Instrument Piping - Line Mounted Pressure Indicators with
Take-Off Gage Valves”.

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8. 9S-9244, “Instrument Piping - Line and Vessel Mounted Pressure

Indicators with Piping Specification - Take-Off Valves for Service
Temperatures up to 200°F”.
9. 9S-9245, “Instrument Piping - Line and Vessel Mounted Pressure
Indicators with Piping Specification - Take-Off Valves for Service
Temperatures Above 200°F”.
10. 9S-9246, “Instrument Piping - Pressure Instruments Located Above or
Below Line or Vessel Pressure Point”.
11. 9S-9247, “Instrument Piping - Line and Vessel Mounted Pressure
Instruments for Catalyst or Slurry Service”.
12. 9S-9249, “List of Material - Groups 1 Through 16 - Instrument
Piping -Pressure Instruments”.
13. 9S-9250, “List of Material - Groups 17 Through 32 - Instrument
Piping and Pressure Instruments”.
14. 9S-9251, “List of Material - Groups 33 Through 48 - Instrument
Piping - Pressure Instruments”.
15. 9S-9255, “Instrument Piping - Differential Pressure Transmitters -
Alloy Tubing - Horizontal Orifice Run”.
16. 9S-9344, “Typical Piping for Fired Hydrocarbon Heaters - Sheet 1”.
17. 9S-9345, “Typical Piping for Fired Hydrocarbon Heaters - Sheet 2”.
2.3 Industry Codes and Standards
This specification contains references to the following industry codes
and standards:
2.3.1 American Petroleum Institute (API)
1. RP 551, “Process Measurement Instrumentation”.
2. STD 2000, “Venting Atmospheric and Low Pressure Storage
Tanks: Nonfrigerated and Refrigerated”.

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR DESIGN

3.1 Drawings
1. Piping for pressure instruments shall conform to Drawings 9S-9243,
9S-9244, and 9S-9247.
2. Line mounted gages shall have gage valves (per Drawing 9S-9243) or
piping specification valves (per Drawing 9S-9244). Valves shall be
selected in accordance with project specifications.
3.2 Winterproofing

Winterproofing shall conform to GEMS G-1D and K-1D.

3.3 Electrical Requirements

Electrical instruments shall be designed and installed in accordance

with GEMS K-1D.

3.4 Elements
1. Elements shall withstand 1.3 times normal maximum working pressure
without damage.

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2. Elements shall withstand maximum bleed or purge pressure without

damage in services which use bleed gas, bleed air, bleed steam, or
liquid purge to purge pressure points.
3.5 Pressure Connections
1. Pressure connections shall not be installed in upstream straight
runs of flow elements.
2. Pressure connections shall be installed 5 diameters downstream or
greater from an orifice plate or other flow measurement device.
3.6 Pressure Indicators, Recorders, and Controllers
1. Pressure indicators, recorders, and controllers on instrument
control systems shall conform to GEMS K-14D.
2. Field mounted pressure indicators, recorders, and controllers shall
conform to GEMS K-1D and K-10D.
3.7 Auxiliary Devices
1. In fluctuating pressure services, such as the discharge of
reciprocating pumps and compressors, pressure lead to element shall
have dampening devices to minimize fluctuating pressures.
2. Pressure elements mounted above pressure point in vapor or steam
service above 200°F shall have Anderson Greenwood CT-7 condensate
traps or approved equal to protect element from excessive heat.
3. Condensate traps shall conform to Drawings 9S-9243 and 9S-9245.
4. Services with high potential for corrosion and plugging of element
(e.g., acid) shall have diaphragm seals.
5. Diaphragm seals may be used for freeze protection in lieu of heat
tracing.
6. Transmitters in services below 250°F shall have vent/drain valves.
7. Transmitters in services above 250°F shall have plugs along with
separate vent and drain valves in impulse lines to keep hot fluids
away from transmitter.
8. Transmitters and switches shall have manifold valves with specified
quantity of block, bypass, vent or test, and drain valves.
(Drawings 9S-9191 and 9S-9246 contain typical requirements.)
9. Pressure transmitters shall have local indicators.
3.8 Instrument Storage, Checkout, and Calibration

Pressure instruments shall be stored, checked out, and calibrated in

accordance with GEMS K-20D.

4. PRESSURE TRANSMITTERS

4.1 Application
1. If any of the following conditions apply, pressure transmitters
shall be mounted at pressure point with minimum connecting piping
to minimize error:
a. Indicating, recording, and controlling instruments are located
on a control panel.

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b. Indicating, recording, and controlling instruments are located

more than 50 feet from pressure point.
c. Fluid has high viscosity, typically greater than 300 SUS, at
minimum ambient design temperature or contains entrained
solids.
d. Hydrostatic head is an appreciable part of total pressure
range.
e. Fluid is unstable and hydrostatic head is likely to vary under
operating conditions.
2. Other pressure transmitter applications shall conform to GEMS K-10D
and K-14D.
4.2 Design
1. Transmitter design and ranges shall conform to GEMS K-1D and ranges
for pressure transmitters and gages listed in this specification.
2. Absolute pressure transmitters shall be used for ranges below
atmospheric pressure and fractionating towers with pressure of 20
psia or less.
4.3 Materials and Construction
4.3.1 Pressure Elements
1. Pressure elements and connections for pressure instruments
of all ranges shall be type 316 SS except as described in
paragraphs 3., 4., and 5.
2. Elements shall be welded at tip, socket, and/or case
connection.
3. If type 316 SS is not suitable, pressure element shall
consist of other suitable alloy material.
4. If no suitable element material is available, element
protectors or seals shall be provided.
5. Brass or bronze elements shall be permitted only on
pneumatic receiver instruments.
4.3.2 Element Protectors or Seals
1. Factory installed diaphragm seal (used to protect pressure
element) shall as a minimum be 316 SS.
2. Liquid fill of suitable characteristics shall be used for
element and void above diaphragm.
3. Filled system seals shall be avoided if process pressures
are below 25 mm Hg absolute.
4.4 Installation
4.4.1 General
Pressure transmitters shall be installed in accordance with
this specification and GEMS K-1D.
4.4.2 Gas Service
1. Connections to piping in gas service shall be on top or
side.
2. Instrument and tubing to instrument shall be above process
line.

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3. Tubing routed to transmitter shall be:

a. Void of pockets.
b. Not less than 1/2 inch per foot slope.
4.4.3 Liquid Service
1. Taps in liquid service shall be on the side.
2. Instrument and tubing to instrument shall be:
a. Below process line.
b. Not less than 1/2 inch per foot slope.
4.4.4 Piping at Block Valve
Piping at pressure tap up to and including first block valve
shall conform to applicable Piping Material Service
Specification (PMSS).
4.4.5 Heat Traced Leads
1. Instrument leads shall be heat traced by prefabricated
tubing bundle with heat tracer, insulation, and 316 SS
impulse lines.
2. Heat tracing shall conform to Drawing 9S-7691 and GEMS J-
8D.
4.4.6 Locations for Pressure Taps, Pressure Gages, and Pressure
Transmitters
1. Accessibility shall conform to GEMS J-1D and K-1D.
2. Pressure tap on discharge of pumps shall be between pump
and discharge block valve.
3. Pressure tap for pressure control valves shall be located
a minimum of 10 pipe diameters before or after valve.
4. Pressure control tap for fractionator towers shall be
taken from same location as temperature control point.
4.4.7 Piping Supports
1. Piping type supports may be clamped to existing structures
or pipe.
2. Two or more parallel pressure leads may be clamped
together.
4.4.8 Pressure Element Connections
1. Pressure instruments shall be mounted such that element
connections are on the bottom, if practical, to permit
sediments and solids to settle in piping before reaching
pressure element.
2. Pressure instruments in hydrocarbon vapor service shall be
self draining back to vessel.
3. Pressure instruments shall have a manifold.
4. Services greater than 250°F shall have separate block and
bleed valves per Drawings 9S-9191 and 9S-9255.

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4.5 Safety

Safety requirements for pressure transmitters shall conform to GEMS K-

1D.

5. DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE TRANSMITTERS

5.1 Application
1. Specific applications for differential pressure transmitters shall
conform to GEMS K-1D, K-10D, and K-14D.
2. Differential pressure transmitters in level measurement service
shall conform to GEMS K-7D.
3. Differential pressure transmitters in flow measurement service
shall conform to GEMS K-6D.
5.2 Design
1. Normal operating range for differential pressure transmitters in
services other than flow shall be within middle one-third of total
range.
2. Process pre-trip alarms and shutdowns shall have pressure
transmitters. Transmitter output shall be used for “switch”
actuation through the instrument control system or safety system.
5.3 Materials and Construction
1. Differential pressure transmitters shall have a minimum rating of
1500 psig. Higher ratings shall be used if necessary.
2. Low range meters (10 inch, 2 inch, or lower) shall be suitable for
service conditions.
3. All portions of differential pressure transmitter bodies, including
flanges, in contact with process fluid shall be type 316 SS, except
if corrosive fluids require other alloy metals, such as Hastelloy
or Monel. If suitable metal is not available for internal parts for
corrosive services, seal pots or diaphragm seals shall be used.
4. In hydrogen services, process isolating diaphragm shall be 316 SS.
If process conditions warrant or if specified by Purchaser, gold
plated capsules shall be used to prevent hydrogen permeation.
5. Hardware used with differential pressure transmitters shall be 316
SS or other non-corrosive alloy. Bolts shall not be plated.
6. Seal and Drip Pots
a. Unless fluid being metered is highly corrosive, seal and drip
pots shall be carbon steel.
b. Stainless steel, Monel, or other alloy shall be furnished for
corrosive fluids.
c. Pot shall be constructed in accordance with pressure,
temperature, or corrosion requirements of line to which it
connects.
7. Materials and construction shall conform to GEMS K-803M.

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5.4 Installation
5.4.1 Heating for Viscosity Control or Freeze Protection
1. Differential pressure transmitters in highly viscous
service or which require heating for freeze protection
shall have heat tracing and insulation.
2. Degree of heating shall conform to GEMS G-1D.
3. Tracing shall conform to GEMS J-8D and Drawing 9S-7691.
5.4.2 Piping from First Block Valve to Instrument
1. Except when service conditions require a different alloy,
piping material shall be 1/2 inch O.D. x 0.035 inch
minimum wall 316 SS tubing.
2. Tube fittings shall be compression type and consist of
same materials as tubing.
3. Use of tubing unions shall be minimized. If necessary to
join two or more pieces of stainless steel or other alloy
tubing, a Swagelok or Gyrolok tubing union shall be used.
4. Except for process piping, manifolds in all services shall
be three-valve, made of 316 SS, suitable for 2 inch pipe
clamp mount, such as Anderson Greenwood Model M4AVS.
5. Manifolds shall be capable of being rodded out.
6. Differential pressure transmitters shall have pressure
bleed valves in body, piping, or manifold valve in
accordance with Drawings 9S-9255, 9S-9170, and 9S-9191.
5.4.3 Seal Pots
1. Services that require seal pots include (type of sealing
liquid is oil):
a. Acid flow meters.
b. Differential pressure instruments on acid contactors.
c. Caustic flow meters.
2. Process fluids subject to measurement may be isolated from
differential pressure instruments with seal pots located
near pressure connections.
3. A suitable sealing liquid, such as oil, glycerin, or 100%
glycol, shall be used to seal instruments and pots or
tees.
5.4.4 Drip Pots
1. Services that require drip pots where instrument is below
connections include:
a. Fuel gas.
b. Natural gas.
c. Plant air.
d. Forced air to boilers or furnaces.
2. If transmitter cannot be line mounted adjacent to primary
flow element and if transmitter body is to be mounted

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below pressure tap connections, drip pots shall be

required.
3. Connections to differential pressure transmitter shall be
from top of drip pot in accordance with Drawings 9S-9255,
9S-9170, and 9S-9191.
5.4.5 Purging of Differential Pressure Leads
1. Purge arrangements shall be subject to Owner approval.
2. Instruments used in catalyst service shall be purged with
air or gas using suitable restrictions and piping
arrangement. Purging shall conform to Drawings 9S-9255,
9S-9170, and 9S-9191.
3. Instruments used in certain coking, slurry, or dirty
services shall be purged with a suitable liquid and have
proper restrictions and piping arrangement per Drawings
9S-9255, 9S-9170, and 9S-9191.

6. FIELD MOUNTED PRESSURE GAGES

6.1 Application
6.1.1 Remote Connected Gages
1. Remote connected gages may be used, provided conditions in
paragraphs 2. through 6. are met.
2. Gage shall be within 50 feet of pressure point.
3. Fluid shall not contain entrained solids, wax, or other
material that might cause plugging or freezing.
4. Remote connected gages shall not be used in high viscosity
(typically greater than 300 SUS) fluids at minimum ambient
design temperature.
5. Difference in elevation between process point and gage
shall not result in a liquid head equivalent pressure
amounting to an appreciable part of normal operating
pressure.
6. Gage shall not be located on a control panel.
6.1.2 Field Mounted Gages
1. Field mounted gages shall be used to read pressure in the
following services:
a. Top of liquid filled towers or vessels.
b. Above liquid level in bottom of vessels, such as
fractionating towers, strippers, absorbers,
accumulators, K.O. drums, and separators.
c. Discharge of pumps per Drawing 9S-8262. Project
specification shall include requirement on suction
side of pumps.
d. Discharge of each stage of multistage compressor.
e. Utility lines, such as:
(1) Fuel gas to gas engine.

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(2) Fuel gas, fuel oil, pilot gas, and steam to fired
heaters in accordance with Drawings 9S-9344 and
9S-9345.
(3) Steam supply to vacuum ejectors.
(4) Utilities at process unit limits in accordance
with Drawing 1S-1784.
f. Steam chest on steam heated reboilers.
g. At field mounted pressure controllers, pressure
transmitters, and at least one leg of differential
pressure impulse lines. (Conditions in which both legs
require monitoring are listed in h.)
h. Points at which it is desirable to read pressure drop
across equipment, such as:
(1) Strainers, separators, dryers, and meters.
(2) Special valves.
(3) Coils of fired process heaters.
(4) Superheater steam coils.
(5) Shell and tube heat exchangers.
(6) Equipment in which coking or clogging may occur.
2. Pressure transmitters with local indicators (instead of
pressure gages) shall be installed in services with
differential pressure less than 5 psi or differential less
than 10% of static pressure in psi.
6.1.3 Services That Require Pressure Connections Only (No Gage)
1. Top of fractionating towers.
2. Steam to individual vacuum ejector jets.
3. Vacuum developed by individual vacuum ejector jets.
4. Fuel gas pressure at each burner.
5. Fuel oil pressure at each burner.
6. Locations that may require pressure measurements for
future test runs to determine equipment performance or
efficiency.
7. Absorber or fractionating towers in vapor zone at top of
tower, in feed section, and below bottom tray for pressure
differential measurement.
6.2 Design
6.2.1 Range
1. Direct connected gage range shall be selected from
standard ranges in Table 1.
2. Normal operating range shall be approximately within
middle one-third of total gage range.
6.2.2 Gage Dials
1. Gage dials shall be sized as follows:

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a. Field or panel mounted direct connected in general

service shall be 4 1/2 inches.
b. Auxiliary gages on mechanical equipment shall be
1 1/2 inches to 3 1/2 inches.
2. Dials for receiver gages shall conform to GEMS K-10D.
6.2.3 Case Protection
1. Cases for indicating pressure gages shall be one of the
following:
a. Solid front type with blowout back.
b. Standard type with blowout discs located in lower
side of case.
2. Cases with blowout backs shall have integral bosses or
mounting pads on back arranged such that case pressure
relief devices are functional on gages mounted on flat
surfaces.
6.2.4 Liquid Filled Gages
1. If increased reliability is required and cost can be
justified, liquid filled gages are recommended.
2. Type of gage to be used shall be included in project
specifications.
6.3 Materials and Construction
6.3.1 Pressure Gages
1. Gages shall be bellows type for pressure ranges less than
0 to 15 psi.
2. Draft gages shall be diaphragm type.
3. Materials and construction for pressure gages shall
conform to GEMS K-801M.
6.3.2 Gage Chemical Seals
1. Factory installed diaphragm seal (used to protect pressure
element) shall as a minimum be 316 SS.
2. Liquid fill of suitable characteristics shall be used for
element and void above diaphragm.
3. Filled system seals shall be avoided if process pressures
are below 25 mm HG absolute.
6.3.3 Condensate Traps
Condensate trap shall be Anderson Greenwood Model CT-7 or
equal.
6.3.4 Pulsating Services
1. Gage cases used in services that have rapidly pulsating
pressures shall be filled with silicone, glycerin, or
glycerin and water.
2. Gages shall have a case blowout panel and atmospheric
compensation.
3. If severe pulsations are expected, gage piping may include
pulsation damper (in addition to liquid fill).

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4. Pressure gages for severe service or high accuracy shall

be Permacall or equal.
6.3.5 Installation
1. Field mounted pressure gages shall be installed in
accordance with Drawings 9S-9243 through 9S-9251.
2. If a pressure transmitter tap is already required, gage
tap may be tee connected off same vessel connection used
for transmitter.
6.4 Safety
Field mounted pressure gage safety shall conform to GEMS K-10D and K-1D.

7. PRESSURE SWITCHES

7.1 Application
1. Pressure switches shall be used in accordance with GEMS K-17D.
2. Pressure switches are not be permitted in shutdown service.
Transmitters shall be used in such service.
7.2 Design
1. Electrical requirements of pressure switches shall conform to
electrical specifications in GEMS K-1D.
2. Pressure switches shall have adjustable set point with single pole-
double throw or double pole-double throw contacts, as required.
Dual set point switches, if required, shall be specified on data
sheet.
3. Pressure instruments in the field shall have:
a. Top or side taps for gas.
b. Side taps for liquid.
4. Tubing to and on instruments in gas service shall be located above
process line.
5. Routing of tubing to transmitter shall not have pockets.
6. Tubing to and on instruments in liquid service shall be mounted
below process line.
7. Actuation differential and/or hysteresis of pressure switches used
for alarm shall not exceed 1.8% of normal operating range.
Transmitters shall be required for shutdown service.
8. Current switches shall conform to GEMS K-14D.
9. Process pre-trip alarms and shutdowns shall have a pressure
transmitter. Transmitter's output shall be used for “switch”
actuation through the instrument control or safety system.
10. Pressure setting shall be in middle third of switch range.
7.3 Materials and Construction
1. Materials and construction requirements for pressure switches shall
conform to Section 4.3 and GEMS K-802M.
2. Unless approved otherwise, switches shall not be bellows type or
mercury.

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7.4 Installation
1. Pressure instruments shall be installed per Drawings 9S-9244, 9S-
9245, 9S-9246, 9S-9247, 9S-9249, 9S-9250, and 9S-9251.
2. Pressure switches shall be mounted in areas free from vibration.
3. If vibration is expected, pressure switches shall not be mounted
directly to pipe.
4. Pressure switches shall be piped in accordance with details for
remote mounted pressure transmitters.
5. Direct mounted pressure switches in hydrocarbon service shall have
a mineral insulated (MI) cable seal (preferred) or two conduit
seals in series separated by a T-fitting with breather/drain
installed at switch.
6. Pneumatic connected pressure switches shall be mounted in
accordance with GEMS K-14D.
7.5 Safety

Pressure switch safety requirements shall conform to GEMS K-1D.

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TABLE 1
STANDARD RANGES VS. OPERATING RANGES (TYPICAL)

Standard Range - PSIG Approximate Operating Range - PSIG

0 - 30 10 - 20

0 - 60 20 - 40

0 - 100 30 - 70

0 - 200 65 - 135

0 - 400 135 - 275

0 - 800 260 - 540

0 - 1500 500 - 1000

0 - 3000 1000 - 2000

0 - 5000 1500 - 3500

Note - Compound (pressure-vacuum) ranges of above may be used as needed.

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