PHT (Contribution of Eminent Town Planner)

SARVAJANIK EDUCTION SOCIETY
SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

SURAT AFFILIATED WITH
GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
AHMEDABAD
P.G. CENTRE IN
Faculty of CIVIL ENGINEERING
Graduate Report on
“Contribution of Eminent Town planner”
In the partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of degree

MASTER OF ENGINEERING TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING-1
SEMESTER -1
Under the subject of
PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY (3714803)
Prepared by:
Ajay R. Patel
Enrollment no: 190420748016
M.E(TCP) - 1, Semester -1
Under the Guidance of
Prof. Zarana H. Gandhi
Prof. Palak S. Shah
1
SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY,
SURAT
(2019-20)
Certificate
This is to certify that Graduate Report entitled “Contribution of Eminent

Town planner” is presented and report is submitted by AJAY R. PATEL
of First partial fulfillment of requirement for the degree of MASTER OF
ENGINEERING IN TOWN & COUNTRY PLANNING of Sarvajanik
College of Engineering and Technology, Surat during the academic year
2019 - 20
Prof. Zarana H. Gandhi Prof. Palak S. shah Prof. (Dr.) Pratima A. Patel
Ad- Hoc Assistant Ad- Hoc Assistant Professor & Head
Professor Professor
FCE, SCET FCE, SCET FCE, SCET
External Examiner
I
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................... 1
2. Eminent Town Planners ............................................................................................................................................ 3
2.1 Sir Ebenezer Howard .............................................................................................................................................. 4
2.2 Sir Patrick Geddes................................................................................................................................................... 7
2.3 Le Corbusier.......................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.4 Clarence Perry ....................................................................................................................................................... 15
2.5 Clarence stein ........................................................................................................................................................ 17
3. Case study: (The Neighbourhood Unit) .................................................................................................................. 19
4. Conclusion .............................................................................................................................................................. 24
5. Reference ............................................................................................................................................................... 24
II
TABLE OF FIGURES
Figure 1: The social city with six garden cities by Ebenezer Howard
(Source: journals.openedition.org) .................................................................................................................................... 5
Figure 2: Garden city and surroundings as proposed by Ebenezer Howard
(Source: researchgate.net) ................................................................................................................................................. 6
Figure 3: Constellation theory on Maharashtra (Source: slideshare.net) ........................................................................ 10
Figure 4: villa savoye (Source: Wikipedia.org) .............................................................................................................. 13
Figure 5: Le Corbusier-Chandigarh plan form 1951 (Source: researchgate.net) ............................................................ 14
Figure 6 : Radburn layout (Source: ) .............................................................................................................................. 19
Figure 7: Cluster of neighbourhoods’: Clarence Stein (1942) versus N. L. Engelhardt Jr. (1943)
(Source: researchgate.net) ............................................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 8: The evolution of the neighbourhood unit concept (Source: researchgate.net) ................................................ 22
III
Graduate Report on “Contribution of Eminent Town Planner”
Ajay R. Patel (190420748016) PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY
1. Introduction
As a town planner, or planner, you'll be involved in the management and development of cities,
towns, villages and the countryside. Your aim will be to balance the conflicting demands of
housing, industrial development, agriculture, recreation, transport and the environment, in
order to allow appropriate development to take place.
Regeneration within towns and cities forms an important part of planning and the often-
competing views of local businesses and communities are taken into account.
If you work within a rural area, you'll need to ensure that development is sustainable and that
the right balance of development is achieved to preserve the countryside. You will also aim to
make a positive contribution towards tackling the effects of climate change.
Responsibilities
As a planner, you'll need to:
 cover a broad area of work using many different skills

 choose whether to specialise in a particular area, such as protecting the historical
environment or urban design, or to work across a variety of areas
 develop creative and original planning solutions to satisfy all parties
 consult with stakeholders and other interested parties
 negotiate with developers and other professionals, such as surveyors and architects
 assess planning applications and monitor outcomes as necessary
 research and design planning policies to guide development
 research and analyse data to help inform strategic developments, such as increases in
affordable housing provision
 design layouts and draft design statements
 use information technology systems such as computer-aided design (CAD) or geographical
information systems (GIS)
 attend and present at planning boards, appeals and public inquiries
 keep up to date with legislation associated with land use
 promote environmental education and awareness
ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING Page | 1

 help disadvantaged groups express their opinions about planning issues and proposals, and
visit sites to assess the effects of proposals on people or the environment
 schedule available resources to meet planning targets
 write reports, often of a complex nature, which make recommendations or explain detailed
regulations. These reports may be for a range of groups, from borough councils to regional
assemblies, or members of the public.
Qualifications
You can get into town planning with a degree in any subject but specific degrees in planning are
available. To become a chartered town planner, you will need to the following subjects may be
particularly relevant:
 architecture or landscape architecture/design

 ecology and environment
 economics
 engineering
 geography
 law
 politics, government or public administration
 transportation
 urban studies/built environment.
A list of accredited courses at both undergraduate and postgraduate level, along with further
information
ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 2

2. Eminent Town Planners

The social concept of the town plan or city makes the final stages of its progress.
It started in the early days of 20 century, when eminent sociologists like Sir Patrick Geddes, Sir
Ebenezer Howard, Lewis Mumford entered the field of Town Planning for the first time.
Other eminent Town Planner who deserve mention are Le Corbusier, Clarence Stein, Henry
Wright, Sir Patrick Abercrombie, Charles Correa and many others.
This report described the following Town Planner: -

1) Sir Ebenezer Howard (Garden City)
2) Clarence Perry, (The Neighbourhood unit)
3) Sir Patrick Geddes (Survey before plan)
4) Clarence Stein (The Neighbourhood Unit)
5) Le Corbusier (Sector planning, Chandigarh)

2.1 Sir Ebenezer Howard

Howard belongs to a period when there was severe
protest against the growing ill-effects of
Sir Ebenezer Howard
industrialisation. Being a Town-Clerk and closely
associated with the urban problems, he felt very bad at
the growing disorder in the cities.
He raised a voice saying that the worsening living

conditions in cities is a decay of industrial civilisation
and unless people raise to the challenge of creating a
new order on a fresh ground, the base for the
development of two Cities could never be laid.
His Town-Country magnet showing the combination of

the advantages of both town and country led to the (Source: wikipedia.org)
Garden City movement in England. Howard believed
that the industrial revolution created overcrowding, bad
housing and environmental problems; but it had many
other benefits. Therefore, he wanted to combine the best Born 29 January 1850
of the new industrial society with the best of the
London, England
countryside in his ideal community named as Garden
City'. Garden City was conceived as a powerful Died 1 May 1928 (aged 78)
'counter-magnet' to attract people from the over- Welwyn Garden
crowded industrial cities and the poor villages. City, Hertfordshire, England
Known for Founder of the garden city

movement in England
Notable To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path

Concept work to Real Reform
“Garden city
concept”
Howard planned garden cities of a population of 30,000 (approximately) each, divided into
smaller neighbourhoods of 5000 to act as counter-magnets. He planned low-densities in the
industrial areas with number of trees, private gardens, parks and other open spaces. He proposed

a greenbelt around the city to be used by the people for agriculture. Howard was concerned not
only with physical town planning but also social and economic characteristics of the community.
He wanted the land to be owned co-operatively, but allowed for private ownership of shops and
business. He wanted to incorporate co-operative house-keeping for running the city. In those
days, there was poor State Town Planning system, so to realise his ideas he has to depend upon
private investment and development. He started the process of setting up the first Garden City
Company before the First World War in Letchworth in 1903 and later in Welwyn in 1920 on the
edges of London.
Figure 1: The social city with six garden cities by Ebenezer Howard
(Source: journals.openedition.org)
Howards ideas influenced town planning a great deal such as the emergence of neighbourhood
concept, the creation of hierarchical amenities and facilities, green belts, land-use zoning and
provision of cycle paths. He was the first person to apply political intelligence to the problem of
overgrowth and congestion of cities in a novel way to solve the problems. He wanted to replace
the plan-less expansion of the big city with planned expansion to accommodate the growing
population. To achieve this, he proposed to build self-sufficient communities limited in size and
density of population but big enough to sustain industries and to satisfy day-to-day needs of the
people. Howards main contribution to town planning is his perception that there is a need to have
a size for the community to have human identity. He felt that certain values missing in the
overgrown cities could be brought back in these communities.
His idea appeared rather emotional because the land and environment may be new but the people
who come to live are not new. They bring their habits and beliefs into the town. This kind of
criticism led to the thinking of improving his ideas further for a more practical approach.
Figure 2: Garden city and surroundings as proposed by Ebenezer Howard

(Source: researchgate.net)
The main features of the Garden Principles are: -
 The dwellings for all classes of people should be distributed about a large central court in
which the public buildings would be located.
 The shopping centre to be located on the edge of town.
 The employment facilities for all the people to be provided by starting a variety of
industries.
 The industries to be located on the outskirts of the town.
 The city should have a maximum population of thirty to thirty-five thousand people in an
area of one thousand acres
 The city should be surrounded by a permanent belt of agricultural land of three to five
thousand acres.
 The city should have the advantage of both rural life such as fresh air, gardens, playfields,
cottages etc. and amenities of urban life such as schools, theatres, hospitals, recreation
centres etc.

2.2 Sir Patrick Geddes

Sir Patrick Geddes (2 October 1854- 17 April 1932) Patrick Geddes
was a Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer,
philanthropist and pioneering town planner. He is
known for his innovative thinking in the fields of urban
planning and sociology.
He introduced the concept of "region" to architecture

and planning and coined the term "conurbation".
Geddes was the founder of the College des Ecossaise
(Scots College) an international teaching establishment
in Montpellier, France.
He studied at the Royal College of Mines in London

under Thomas Henry Huxley between 1874 and 1878, (Source: wikipedia.org)
and lectured in Zoology at Edinburgh University from
Born 2 October 1854
1880 to 1888.
Ballater, Aberdeenshire, Scotland
His principles for town planning in Bombay
demonstrate his views on the relationship between Died 17 April 1932 (aged 77)
social processes and spatial form, and the intimate and Scots College,
causal connections between the social development of Montpellier, France
the individual and the cultural and physical
Known
environment. for Conurbation
They included:( Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915") Preservation of human life and energy,
rather than superficial beautification. Conformity to an orderly development plan carried out in
stages. Purchasing land suitable for building. Promoting trade and commerce. Preserving historic
buildings and buildings of religious significance Developing a city worthy of civic pride, not an
imitation of European cities. Promoting the happiness, health and comfort of all residents, rather
than focusing on roads and parks available only to the rich. Control over future growth with
adequate provision for future requirements.

Concept: -
“Survey before planning”
He invented a technique called as 'Regional Survey' in which he tried to develop new ways of
observing and analysing cities. It involved the collection of all known data of a city and its region
such as its origin, geography, climate, traditions and present socio-economic structure. Thus, the
regional survey formed a storehouse of information and helped in preparing a long-term practical
strategy for social development. Thus, he was the first person to create the idea of region in city
planning in his valley section he clearly showed the relationship of folk place and work. He
believed that an urban planner should be a generalist than specialist knowing fairly well about
all the disciplines.
Idea: -
“Conservative surgery”
Geddes championed a mode of planning that sought to consider "primary human needs" in every
intervention, engaging in "constructive and conservative surgery" rather than the "heroic, all of
a piece schemes" popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He continued to use
and advocate for this approach throughout his career.
Very early on in his career Geddes demonstrated the practicality of his ideas and approach. In
1886 Geddes and his newly married wife purchased a row of slum tenements in James Court,
Edinburgh, making it into a single dwelling. In and around this area Geddes commenced upon a
project of "conservative surgery": "weeding out the worst of the houses that surrounded
them…widening the narrow closes into courtyards" and thus improving sunlight and airflow. The
best of the houses was kept and restored. Geddes believed that this approach was both more
economical and more humane.
In this way Geddes consciously worked against the tradition of the "gridiron plan", resurgent in
colonial town design in the 19th century:
“The heritage of the gridiron plans goes back at least to the Roman camps. The basis for the grid
as an enduring and appealing urban form rests on five main characteristics: order and regulatory,
orientation in space and to elements, simplicity and ease of navigation, speed of layout, and
adaptability to circumstance.”
However, he wished this policy of "sweeping clearances" to be recognised for what he believed
it was: "one of the most disastrous and pernicious blunders in the chequered history of sanitation".

Geddes criticised this tradition as much for its "dreary conventionality" as for its failure to address
in the long term the very problems it purports to solve. According to Geddes' analysis, this
approach was not only "unsparing to the old homes and to the neighbourhood life of the area"
but also, in "leaving fewer housing sites and these mostly narrower than before" expelling a large
population that would "again as usual, be driven to create worse congestion in other quarters."
Theory: -
(1) Conurbation Theory: -
Conurbation refers to a specific kind of geographical region. Due to rapid increase in population
and industrial and technological development, the city boundary expands and one urban centre
coalesces with another in a slow but continuous process of urbanisation and regional
development. It is thus that conurbations are formed.
The word ‘conurbation’ has emerged from the words ‘continuous’ and ‘urban area’. The word
was used by Patrick Geddes in 1915 with reference to a continuous urban area of more than two
urban centres which may have separate territorial units. C.B. Fawcett defines a conurbation as
“an area occupied by a continuous series of dwellings, factories and other buildings including
harbours, docks, urban parks and playing fields, etc. which are not separated from each other by
the rural land…” J.C. Saoyne defines conurbation as “an area of urban development where a
number of separate towns have grown into each other and become linked by such factors as
common industrial or business interest or a common centre of shopping and education”. R.E.
Dickinson calls it an “urban tract” while Jean Gottman refers to it as “extended city” or “Super
Metropolitan Region”.
(2) Constellation Theory: -
As we all saw in the map, prominent cities Maharashtra are shown to be connected forming a
’CONSTELLATION’ shape. This ‘CONSTELLATION THEORY’ was also coined by Sir
Patrick Geddes, “Four or more cities which are not economically, politically, socially equal come
together in developing a whole region.”
This theory is mostly used for administrative purpose in all countries worldwide. Such theory is
most prominently used because planning cities in particular shape pattern is not possible in
today’s times.

MAHARASHTRA – A CASE STUDY: -

 Mumbai – Economic and Capital city
 Nasik – Religious city
 Aurangabad – Administrative city
 Nagpur – Political city
 Pune – Educational importance city
Figure 3: Constellation theory on Maharashtra (Source: slideshare.net)

2.3 Le Corbusier
His Master Charles L ‘Eplattenier’ a teacher at the local art
Le Corbusier
school. At thirteen, Le Corbusier abandoned matchmaking,
and continued his studies in art and decoration, with the
intention of becoming a painter. Insisted by his master to
study architecture. Pioneer in studies of modern high design.
Dedicated to providing better living conditions for the
residents of the crowded cities
1907-traveled to Paris – found work in the office of Auguste

Perret, the French pioneer of Reinforced Concrete. 1908 –
Studied architecture. Between October 1910 and March
(Source: Wikipedia.org)
1911 – worked for renowned architect, Peter Behrens near
Berlin. Taught at his old school during World War I Worked Born Charles-Édouard
in theoretical architectural studies using modern techniques. Jeanerette-Gris
6 October 1887
Began his own architectural practice in 1922 with his cousin,
La Chaux-de-Fonds,
Pierre Jeanerette partnership lasting 50 years. Established a
Switzerland
new artistic movement, Purism in collaboration with Cubist
painter, Amide Ozenfant. Between 1918 & 1922 – no Died 27 August 1965 (aged 77)
building – concentrating his efforts on Purist theory and Roque rune-Cap-Martin,

France
painting.
Building Villa Savoye, Poissy
1929 – Met entertainer and actress Josephine Baker while
Buildings in Chandigarh,
returning from South America to Europe. Practiced sketches
India
by drawing nude images of Baker. Married Yvonne Gallis,
a dressmaker and fashion model – died in 1957. Had a long extramarital affair with Swedish-
American heiress Marguerite Tjader Harris His first house, Villa Pallet in Switzerland -designed
a series of villas & embarked on a more theoretical study for a structural frame of reinforced
concrete.
Envisaged it as an affordable, prefabricated system for the construction of new housing – wake
of World War I’s destruction. Developed with the help of Max Dubois and Perret, the system
differed from the then standard Hennebique frame in its idealization of floors as flat slabs without
exposed beams.

Concept:
“Sector Planning”
He conceived the towns are biological phenomenon such as hearts, limbs, lungs and arteries.
(1) Govt. Buildings (HC, Assembly, Secretariat, Raj Bhavan) = Head

(2) City centre (Commercial buildings, Shops) = Heart
(3) Industry, Education al buildings = Limbs
(4) Parks, Play grounds, Green Belts = Lungs
(5) Roads, Footpaths = Arteries
Principal: -
 Core of the city should be decongested by removing the excess of population and should
be inhabited at the outer countryside in satellite towns which are linked to the main city.
 Provision of speedy transportation.
 Provision of plenty of open spaces in the form of gardens, parks etc. round the tall
buildings throughout the length and breadth of the city.
 Population control. High density should be spread over the entire area of town.
 He suggested a plan for Paris city with buildings 24 No. sky scrapers, 215 m high, 400
m apart with about 1500 to 2000 persons in each.
 These high-rise buildings are lined underground with one another by central area such
as shopping centres, civic centre’s etc.
 Plenty of open area with parks, gardens and recreational centres is to be provided all
round these high-rise buildings.
Work:
(1) Villa Savoye :

Villa Savoye (French pronunciation: [sa’vwal) is a modernist villa in Poissy, in the outskirts of
Paris, France. It was designed by Swiss architects Le Corbusier and Pierre Jeanerette, and built
between 1928 and 1931 A manifesto of Le Corbusier’s “five points” of new architecture, the villa
is representative of the bases of modern architecture, and is one of the most easily recognizable
and renowned examples of the International style.

Figure 4: villa savoye (Source: Wikipedia.org)

The Villa Savoye is probably Corbusier’s best-known building from the 1920s, it had enormous
influence on international modernism. It was designed addressing his emblematic “Five Points”,
the basic tenets in his new architectural aesthetic: Support of ground-level pilot’s, elevating the
building from the earth and allowed an extended continuity of the garden beneath. Functional
roof, serving as a garden and terrace, reclaiming for nature the land occupied by the building.
Free floor plan, relieved of load- bearing walls, allowing walls to be placed freely and only where
aesthetically needed. Long horizontal windows, providing illumination and ventilation Freely-
designed facades, serving as only as a skin of the wall and windows and unconstrained by load-
bearing considerations.
Unlike his earlier town villas Corbusier was able to carefully design all four sides of the Villa
Savoye in response to the view and the orientation of the sun. On the ground floor he placed the
main entrance hall, ramp and stairs, garage, chauffeur and maids’ rooms. At first floor the master
bedroom, the son’s bedroom, guest bedroom, kitchen, salon and external terraces. The salon was
orientated to the north west whilst the terrace faced the south. The son’s bedroom faced the south
east and the kitchen and service terrace were on the north east. At second floor level were a series
of sculpted spaces that formed a solarium.
(2) Chandigarh:
The city of Chandigarh is situated at the base of the Shiwalik Range of the Himalayas, at 333m
above sea level, approximately 260 km northwest of India’s capital, New Delhi.
Sukhna Choe the city forms the urban core of the “Union Territory of Chandigarh”, which has a
total area of 114 sq. km. All of the urban and architectural work of Le Corbusier listed in this

document is located within Chandigarh’s “Phase One”, an area of approximately 70 sq. km.
which can be regarded as the city’s “Historic Core.”
Figure 5: Le Corbusier-Chandigarh plan form 1951 (Source: researchgate.net)

The most significant role played by Le Corbusier in Chandigarh was in conceiving the city’s
present urban form. It is the well-ordered matrix of his generic neighbourhood unit’ and the
hierarchical circulation pattern of his 7Vs’ that has given Chandigarh its distinctive character The
Matrix comprises a regular grid of the fast traffic V3 roads which define each neighbourhood
unit, the Sector The Sector itself was conceived as a self-sufficient and – in a radical departure
from other precedents and contemporarous concepts-a completely introverted unit, but was
connected with the adjoining ones through its V4 the shopping street, as well as the bands of
open space that cut across in the opposite direction.
Day-to-day facilities for shopping, healthcare, recreation and the like were arrayed along the V4
all on the shady side. The vertical green belts, with the pedestrian V7, contained sites for schools
and sports activities.
Besides determining the city’s urban form, Le Corbusier, as the “Spiritual Director” of the entire
Chandigarh Capitol Project, was also responsible for designing the key ‘Special Areas’ of the
city, each of which contains several individual buildings The most significant of these is the
‘Capitol Parc’ – the ‘head’ and la raison d’être of the entire enterprise. A parallel undertaking
one of almost equal significance as the Capitol, was Le Corbusier’s design of the city’s ‘heart’,
the City Centre. In time, the design of the ‘Cultural Complex’ along the ‘Leisure Valley’,
including the Government Museum and Art Gallery and the College of Art (L-C’s Centre for
Audio-visual Training).

2.4 Clarence Perry
Clarence Arthur Perry (1872 – Sept 6, 1944) was an

Clarence Perry
American urban planner, sociologist, author, and educator. He
was born in Truxton, New York. He later worked in the New
York City planning department where he became a strong
advocate of the neighbourhood unit. He was an early promoter
of neighbourhood community and recreation centres.
He began his education as a student at Stanford University for

two years then finished his degree at Cornell University in
1899. He was married to Dr. Julia St. John Wygant in 1901 with
whom he had one daughter. In 1904 he continued at
the Teachers College of Columbia University. From 1904-1905
he served as principal of the Ponce High School in Puerto
(Source: Wikipedia.org)
Rico then became a special agent for the United States
Immigration Commission from 1908-1909.
During the summer of 1912, he served as a lecturer at New York Born June 19, 1872
University. During World War One he served overseas as a Truxton, New York
major then returned in 1924 as a lieutenant colonel in the
Died September 6, 1944
reserves.
New Rochelle, New
As a staff member of the New York Regional Plan and the City York.
Recreation Committee, Perry formulated his early ideas about
the neighbourhood unit and community life. In 1909 he became Known Concept of “The
for Neighbourhood unit”
associated with the Russell Sage Foundation as associate
director of recreation until 1937. His ideas were realized in neighbourhoods like Radburn through
the work of Clarence Stein.
He produced several books, many pamphlets and articles though are best remembered for his The
Neighbourhood Unit (The Neighbourhood Unit: From the Regional Survey of New York and Its
Environs, Volume VII, Neighbourhood and Community Planning, 1929) and Housing for the
Machine Age (1939).

Concept: -
“The Neighbourhood unit”
Perry described the neighbourhood unit as that populated area which would require and support
an elementary school with an enrolment of between 1,000 and 1,200 pupils. This would mean a
population of between 5,000 and 6,000 people. Developed as a low-density dwelling district with
a population of 10 families per acre, the neighbourhood unit would occupy about 160 acres and
have a shape which would render it unnecessary for any child to walk a distance of more than
one-quarter mile to school.
About 10 percent of the area would be allocated to recreation, and through traffic arteries would
be confined to the surrounding streets, internal streets being limited to service access for residents
of the neighbourhood. The unit would be served by shopping facilities, churches, and a library,
and a community centre, the latter being located in conjunction with the school.
Principle: -
 Perry outlined six basic principles of good neighbourhood design: -
 Major arterials and through traffic routes should not pass through residential
neighbourhoods. Instead these streets should provide boundaries of the neighbourhood.
 Interior street patterns should be designed and constructed through use of cul-de-sacs, curved
layout and light duty surfacing so as to encourage a quiet, safe and low volume traffic
movement and preservation of the residential atmosphere.
 The population of the neighbourhood should be that which is required to support its
elementary school.
 The neighbourhood focal point should be the elementary school centrally located on a
common or green, along with other institutions that have service areas coincident with the
neighbourhood boundaries.
 The radius of the neighbourhood should be a maximum of one quarter mile thus precluding
a walk of more than that distance for any elementary school child.
 Shopping districts should be sited at the edge of neighbourhoods preferably at major street
intersections.

2.5 Clarence stein
Stein was born in Rochester, New York into an upwardly

Clarence Stein
mobile Jewish family. While a youth, his family transplanted
to New York City. There he was immersed in the milieu
surrounding the Ethical Culture Society, attending its
Workshop School and developing his sensibilities within the
context of Progressive thought: the integration of physical and
mental labor, the importance of a universal humanistic
philosophy, the concept of a nurtured individualistic
sensibility.
Intense, even overwrought, the young Stein had a nervous

collapse shortly before he was scheduled to leave for college,
experiencing a bout of what was then called neurasthenia, for (Source: Wikipedia.org)
which he was sent to Florida to endure a rest cure.
He returned to New York but did not immediately matriculate; Born June 19, 1882
instead, he worked in his family's casket business, where the Rochester, New
combination of physical and mental labor matched the York
philosophy in which he'd been educated. After a year or so, he Died February 7,
prepared to attend college; one essential step was the 1975 (aged 92)
American upper-middle-class version of the Grand Tour: Alma mater Columbia
travel to the artistic and cultural centres of Europe, in this case University
in the company of his father. École des Beaux-
Arts
Returning to the United States, he again postponed university
Occupation Urban planner,
education, immersing himself in work in the
architect, writer
Progressive settlement house movement. In concert with his
Known for Proponent of
brothers and a small cohort of like-minded young men, many
the Garden City
of whom would be influential partners for the rest of his movement
career, Stein started the Young Men's Municipal Club, an
organization modelled on many other such burgeoning social-studies movements, and dedicated
like them to studying and then agitating for improvements to the chaotic life of the modern city.
In 1919 Stein started his own practice in New York, and in 1921 began his long association with
fellow architect Henry Wright. In 1923 Stein also co-founded the Regional Planning Association
of America (RPAA) to address large-scale planning issues such as affordable housing, the impact
of sprawl, and wilderness preservation. Other founding members included Lewis

Mumford and Benton MacKaye; the RPAA helped MacKaye develop his vision for what would
become the Appalachian Trail.
From 1923 to 1926 Stein served as chairman for the New York State Housing and Regional
Planning Commission.
Concept: -
“The Neighbourhood Unit”

Clarence Stein placed the elementary school at the centre of the neighbourhood unit and within
¼ mile radius of all residents. A small shopping centre for daily needs is located near the school.
Most residential streets are suggested as cul-de-sac or ‘dead-end’ roads to eliminate through
traffic, and park space flows through the neighbourhood in a manner reminiscent of the Redburn
Plan. He further expanded the definition of neighbourhood centre by connecting the
neighbourhoods together to create towns.
Principle: -
 The principles of planning by stein: -No grid-iron road pattern be provided in the road system.
It is the greatest enemy of traffic and road users.
 Planning not in term of single block, sector etc. but overall planning of the whole neighbourly
area or 'super block’.
 The super blocks to be enclosed by main roads which in turn enclose the narrow lanes or
alleys.
 Expressway or parkway for high speed traffic with limited access from and to
neighbourhoods. The footpath for pedestrians should be safe and segregated from other
vehicular traffic.
 Houses to be turned inside out. Usually the roads and back of the houses are not kept clean.
For this reason, the working areas like store, kitchen batch etc. should face front roads. This
is known as Redburn idea.
 The community park spreading on whole of the area of the town instead of providing one big
park at some distance which may not be used by all.
 The park should be well balanced and spread throughout the town. Cul-de-sac streets. These
are loop streets of 'dead end' streets. The idea is not to allow through traffic to go to the house.
Work: -
Radburn layout was inspired by the Garden City concept. It is located in New Jersey, which is
within commuting distance from New York in USA. This layout was planned by Henry Wright
and Clarence Stein. The concept of 'Super-block' of 30 to 50 acres was introduced in planning.
In this layout, pedestrian and vehicular traffic are segregated. Single family dwellings were
grouped around cul-de-sac roads. Kitchens and garages faced the rear road and living rooms
faced the front garden. The access to the dwellings by car is from the rear courtyards, where the
garages are located
The pedestrian access is from the front side. Under passes separated pedestrians and vehicular
traffic. It has allocated space for industry, shopping and apartments but the green-belt concept
was not incorporated. It is a well laid out safe and quiet area for the residents. It earned the name
of 'Town for the motor age' and became a model for later layout planning of residential areas.
Figure 6: Radburn layout 1927-29 (Source: pikde.com)
3. Case study: (The Neighbourhood Unit)

Garden City, an ideal city model proposed by Ebenezer Howard in 1898, has about 30,000
inhabitants with 6,000 acres of land. A specific neighbourhood model was not proposed, but he
emphasized the self-completeness of each section, called a ‘‘ward’’ that is a sixth of a city. A
ward includes schools, religious institutions, or libraries in about 1,000 acres of land with 5,000
people (Howard 1965; Keller 1968). As he highlighted the complete town with various functions,
a ward would be larger than residential neighbourhoods.
The discussion of ideal neighbourhood models continued in the United States around the 1920s.
In 1920, Mackenzie proposed the ‘‘Industrial Housing’’ model that has a similar composition to
traditional neighbourhoods with systematic greens, preserved rural lands, a neighbourhood
centre, and main street. Mackenzie describes the residential part that also has the neighbourhood
centre or independent central business area as a neighbourhood; a series of these creates a town
or a village. This neighbourhood is consistent with a residential neighbourhood due to a
composition of land uses: a neighbourhood centre and townhouses, single-, and multifamily
housing. The 1,350-foot radius (a quarter mile) encompasses a neighbourhood, which is about
131 acres of land. Around the same time, Clarence Perry proposed the Neighbourhood Unit
theory. He suggested an ideal neighbourhood size and design guidelines for residential
developments in metropolitan areas. One hundred and sixty acres of land with 5,000 (up to 9,000)
people was recommended to form a residential neighbourhood. The value of 160 acres is derived
from a five-minute walking distance (a quarter- to a half-mile radius) to an elementary school
that is a central point of a neighbourhood. Five thousand people is assumed to be large enough
to support one elementary school and to form residents’ voluntary associations. A population of
5,000 might be originated from medieval quarters (neighbourhoods), which had 1,500 to 6,000
people with a church in the centre.
Stein (1942) expanded Perry’s idea to a half-mile radius. He placed an elementary school and a
small shopping centre for daily needs in the centre of a neighbourhood. Three adjacent
neighbourhoods create a town, which supports one high school and one or two major commercial
centre/centres. Stein’s neighbourhood seems like a residential neighbourhood encapsulating 500
acres of land and his town like an institutional neighbourhood. Similarly, N. L. Engelhardt Jr.
also presented different scales of neighbourhoods in 1943 based on schools. He believed that the
best education is the result of a well-conceived neighbourhood planned is critical in integrating
the daily lives of residents. Engelhardt proposed a radius of a quarter-mile walking distance to a
playground and a daily nursery and a half-mile as maximum walking distance to the elementary
school. When a neighbourhood defined by an elementary school, it has a population of 1,700
families. Considering the average family size of 3.76 in 1940 (US Bureau of the Census 2004),
the suggested population for a neighbourhood could reach 6,000 people. A middle/junior high
school needs two neighbourhood units (3,400 families, about 12,000 people) and four
neighbourhoods are required for a high school and commercial centre (6,800 families, about
20,000people). A community could be created with a population of 24,000. One neighbourhood
seems to be a residential neighbourhood, and two neighbourhood units create a residential or an
institutional neighbourhood depending on the number and types of local facilities. Four
neighbourhood units are as big as an institutional neighbourhood. Even though Neighbourhood
Unit theory is still in dispute, it has given rise to an up-to-date neighbourhood-based design
concept.
Figure 7: Cluster of neighbourhoods’: Clarence Stein (1942) versus N. L. Engelhardt Jr. (1943)
(Source: researchgate.net)
Threads of the Neighbourhood Unit theory run through New Urbanism, including Traditional
Neighbourhood Development (TND), Transportation Oriented Development (TOD), and the
urban village movement. Duany and Plater-Zyberk (1994) and Nelessen (1994) agreed with a
five-minute walking standard, a quarter-mile radius, and proposed bus stops, parking lots, and a
school in a neighbourhood centre (Farr 2007), while Calthorpe (1993)’s TOD neighbourhood
unit supported a ten-minute walking time with a 2,000-foot radius (semicircle-like shaped
neighbourhood, 160 acres) taking into account a 2.27 mph walking speed; Duany and Plater-
Zyberk used a 3.0 mph pace for a five-minute distance. In a similar way, Farr (2007), a leading
new urbanist, suggested an average of 160 acres of land area for one neighbourhood: 40 to 200
acres. Residential neighbourhoods shown in contemporary suggestions still remain around a

quarter- to a half-mile radius from the centre like Perry’s neighbourhoods, an elementary school
is not a core facility for a neighbourhood any more though.
Figure 8: The evolution of the neighbourhood unit concept (Source: researchgate.net)

Types of retail outlets and sufficient population that support them are another standard to
determine the size of neighbourhoods. Spreiregen and DePaz (2006) proposed neighbourhoods
with populations of 7,500–20,000 in order to have a neighbourhood centre with things like a
pharmacy, automobile services, and a supermarket reached within six-minute driving. Assuming
30 mph, it encompassesathree-mileradius,18,000 acres of land. Populations of 20,000–100,000
could support a community centre providing junior department stores, retail stores selling soft
goods (e.g. clothing, towels, and footwear) and hard goods (e.g. hardware, electronics, and
appliances). Similarly, Gibbs (2011) classified four different neighbourhoods that include corner
stores, convenience stores, a neighbourhood centre, and a community centre.
Corner stores offer items that are necessary on a regular basis such as beverages, food, and
prepared sandwiches. Approximately 800 to 1,000 households—about 2,500 people—are
required to support the average corner store. Convenience stores offer goods and services geared
to daily needs of nearby neighbourhoods such as a pharmacy, small specialty food markets,
bakeries, or dry cleaners. A convenience store needs around 2,000 households to be economic
viability. It would locate within one- to one-and-half-mile radius in suburb an area, while five
miles in rural areas.
The anchor facility of a neighbourhood centre is a full-sized supermarket along with ten to fifteen
smaller retailers. Residents shop at a neighbourhood centre once or twice a week on average. The
neighbourhood centre needs 6,000–8,000 households within a one- to two-mile radius from
residents; in rural areas, the radius extends up to twenty-five miles. A neighbourhood with a
corner store is similar to a residential neighbourhood; a neighbourhood with convenience stores
are like an institutional neighbourhood; and those with neighbourhood centres are like
institutional neighbourhoods or community depending on whether or not they are in an urban
area. There were other suggestions beyond walking distance, schools, and retail outlets.
Alexander, Ishikawa, and Silverstein (1977) mentioned specific design guides for various types
of neighbourhoods sampled from existing urban areas in United States. A face-block
neighbourhood has less than 500 people, not exceeding seven blocks.
The assumption of 300-yard diameter yields fifteen acres in a maximum size for a face-block and
minimum for a residential neighbourhood. A population of 500–1,500 is suggested for a
residential neighbourhood to represent the interests of residents to the local government and to
reach agreement on basic decisions. They also proposed 7,000 people—from 5,000 to 10,000—
for a neighbourhood larger than a residential neighbourhood. They insisted that a community of
7,000 is appropriate toallow individuals an effective voice for planning such as ‘‘land use,
housing, maintenance, streets, parks, policies, schooling, welfare, and neighbourhood services’’
(Alexander, Ishikawa, and Silverstein 1977, 74). Jacobs (1961), however, criticized the planning
theory that stated the ideal size of a neighbourhood as 7,000 people. She noticed that the
Neighbourhood Unit theory was not applicable to urban neighbourhoods in a big city since people
in modern cities are mobile. She proposed 100,000 people to represent residents’ political voices
against the authority.

4. Conclusion
Town/urban planning is a continuous process which involves planning for land use zoning and
planning for infrastructural facilities or utility services. These planning processes are essential in
order to promote public health, safety and the general moral and social welfare of the community
in the towns. Hence it is necessary to apply reasonable limitations on the use of land and
buildings. This planning process ensures the most appropriate, economical and healthy
development of the towns in accordance with the land use plan and its continued maintenance
over the years.
Town is divided into a number of land use zones such as residential, commercial, industrial,
public and semi-public etc. Land use zoning protects residential areas from the harmful invasions
of commercial and industrial uses. Further, at the same time, promotes the orderly development
of industrial and commercial areas. Town planning prevents overcrowding in buildings and land,
and thus ensures continued provisions of adequate infrastructural facilities and utility services.
5. Reference
Urban Planning (Theory & Practice) Pratap Rao:

 Morden Urban Planning Concepts
 Case Study on Radburn Layout in USA
Neighbourhood Planning Theory, Guidelines, and Research

PHT (Contribution of Eminent Town Planner)

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SARVAJANIK EDUCTION SOCIETY

SARVAJANIK COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

In the partial fulfilment of requirement for the award of degree

This is to certify that Graduate Report entitled “Contribution of Eminent

Ajay R. Patel (190420748016) PLANNING HISTORY AND THEORY

As a planner, you'll need to:

 cover a broad area of work using many different skills

ME TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING Page | 1

 architecture or landscape architecture/design

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 2

2. Eminent Town Planners

This report described the following Town Planner: -

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 3

2.1 Sir Ebenezer Howard

He raised a voice saying that the worsening living

His Town-Country magnet showing the combination of

Known for Founder of the garden city

Notable To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 4

Figure 2: Garden city and surroundings as proposed by Ebenezer Howard

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 6

2.2 Sir Patrick Geddes

He introduced the concept of "region" to architecture

He studied at the Royal College of Mines in London

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 7

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 8

(1) Conurbation Theory: -

(2) Constellation Theory: -

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 9

MAHARASHTRA – A CASE STUDY: -

Figure 3: Constellation theory on Maharashtra (Source: slideshare.net)

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 10

1907-traveled to Paris – found work in the office of Auguste

building – concentrating his efforts on Purist theory and Roque rune-Cap-Martin,

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 11

(1) Govt. Buildings (HC, Assembly, Secretariat, Raj Bhavan) = Head

(1) Villa Savoye :

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 12

Figure 4: villa savoye (Source: Wikipedia.org)

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 13

Figure 5: Le Corbusier-Chandigarh plan form 1951 (Source: researchgate.net)

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 14

2.4 Clarence Perry

Clarence Arthur Perry (1872 – Sept 6, 1944) was an

He began his education as a student at Stanford University for

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 15

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 16

2.5 Clarence stein

Stein was born in Rochester, New York into an upwardly

Intense, even overwrought, the young Stein had a nervous

which he was sent to Florida to endure a rest cure.

of sprawl, and wilderness preservation. Other founding members included Lewis

“The Neighbourhood Unit”

Figure 6: Radburn layout 1927-29 (Source: pikde.com)

3. Case study: (The Neighbourhood Unit)

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 21

Figure 8: The evolution of the neighbourhood unit concept (Source: researchgate.net)

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 23

Urban Planning (Theory & Practice) Pratap Rao:

 Case Study on Radburn Layout in USA

Neighbourhood Planning Theory, Guidelines, and Research

ME TOWN AND COUTRY PLANNING Page | 24

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