Atomic Structure and the

Periodic Table
Atomic Structure
Atoms are made of three particles:

1. Protons = positive
2. Neutrons = neutral
3. Electrons = negative

The protons and neutrons are in the center of the

atom (the nucleus)

Electrons buzz around in a cloud around the

nucleus
Atomic Structure
Periodic Table
Different kinds of atoms make different elements

Elements are organized in the Periodic Table

Printed on a Periodic Table are several important pieces of information

Periodic Table
Periodic Table
A lot of thought went into how the Periodic Table is organized

● They are arranged in order of number of electrons

● Columns (groups) have similar chemical and physical properties
○ Also have same number of valence electrons

● Rows (periods) have the same number of electron layers

● Elements are also arranged by how metallic they are
○ Metals to the left, non-metals to the right
Periodic Table

Metalloids
Periodic Table
Periodic Table
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

B 6
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

B 5 6
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

B 5 5 6
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

B 5 5 6 5
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

B 5 5 6 5 11
Periodic Table
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

11 24
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

Na 11 24
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

Na 11 11 24
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

Na 11 11 13 24
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

Na 11 11 13 11 24
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

31 37
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

Ga 31 37
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

Ga 31 31 37
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

Ga 31 31 37 31
Periodic Table

Atomic Atomic Protons Neutrons Electrons Atomic Mass

Symbol Number

Ga 31 31 37 31 68
 5 5 5 11
Na 11 13 11
Ga 31 31 68
Periodic Table
 5 5 5 11
Na 11 13 11
Ga 31 31 68
Periodic Table

Y 39 39 50
 5 5 5 11
Na 11 13 11
Ga 31 31 68
Periodic Table

Y 39 39 50
Cu 29 29 64
 5 5 5 11
Na 11 13 11
Ga 31 31 68
Periodic Table

Y 39 39 50
Cu 29 29 64
Tc 43 57 43
Periodic Table
 5 5 5 11
Na 11 13 11
Ga 31 31 68
Periodic Table

Y 39 39 50
Cu 29 29 64
Tc 43 57 43
82 82 125 82
 5 5 5 11
Na 11 13 11
Ga 31 31 68
Periodic Table

Y 39 39 50
Cu 29 29 64
Tc 43 57 43
82 82 125 82
Yb 70 70 172
 5 5 5 11
Na 11 13 11
Ga 31 31 68
Periodic Table

Y 39 39 50
Cu 29 29 64
Tc 43 57 43
82 82 125 82
Yb 70 70 172
Ac 89 136 89
 5 5 5 11
Na 11 13 11
Ga 31 31 68
Periodic Table

Y 39 39 50
Cu 29 29 64
Tc 43 57 43
82 82 125 82
Yb 70 70 172
Ac 89 136 89
42 42 42 95
 5 5 5 11
Na 11 13 11
Ga 31 31 68
Periodic Table

Y 39 39 50
Cu 29 29 64
Tc 43 57 43
82 82 125 82
Yb 70 70 172
Ac 89 136 89
42 42 42 42

Tl 81 125 81
 5 5 5 11
Na 11 13 11
Ga 31 31 68
Periodic Table

Y 39 39 50
Cu 29 29 64
Tc 43 57 43
82 82 125 82
Yb 70 70 172
Ac 89 136 89
42 42 42 42

Tl 81 125 81
Fm 100 100 259
 5 5 5 11
Na 11 13 11
Ga 31 31 68
Periodic Table

Y 39 39 50
Cu 29 29 64
Tc 43 57 43
82 82 125 82
Yb 70 70 172
Ac 89 136 89
42 42 42 42

Tl 81 125 81
Fm 100 100 259
102 102 159 102
 5 5 5 11
Na 11 13 11
Ga 31 31 68
Periodic Table

Y 39 39 50
Cu 29 29 64
Tc 43 57 43
82 82 125 82
Yb 70 70 172
Ac 89 136 89
42 42 42 42

Tl 81 125 81
Fm 100 100 259
102 102 159 102
70 70 102 70
 5 5 5 11
Na 11 13 11
Ga 31 31 68
Periodic Table

Y 39 39 50
Cu 29 29 64
Tc 43 57 43
82 82 125 82
Yb 70 70 172
Ac 89 136 89
42 42 42 42

Tl 81 125 81
Fm 100 100 259
102 102 159 102
70 70 102 70
Sg 106 106 265
Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure
Let’s break that down a bit….

● The classic model of an atom (the Bohr model) has protons and neutrons in
the middle, surrounded by circling electrons
Atomic Structure
● In the Bohr model, electrons are stuck in their orbits unless something pushes
them out
○ These orbits are called “shells,” or “energy levels”

● Each shell can only have certain a certain number of electrons

Atomic Structure
Shells on the Periodic Table
Atomic Structure
● The outermost shell contains special electrons called valence electrons
● These electrons are very important because they determine how reactive the
atom is
○ A full shell means the atom cannot react
Atomic Structure
Valence electrons on Periodic Table
Atomic Structure
What if an electron is forced out of its orbit?

● Let there be light!

● An electron will stay in a higher, excited orbit as long as something is forcing it
to
○ When that force stops, the electron returns to its original (ground) place and releases light
Atomic Structure
We now know that electrons do not have to be within Bohr’s orbits

● Electrons are most likely found in these orbits

○ They really could be anywhere

● Rather than buzz around like planets, they float randomly forming a cloud
Atomic Structure
STORY TIME!!!!

Too simple???
OK….
Periodic Table
 Atomic Structure
Let’s review….
Element Element Atomic Protons Electrons Neutrons Atomic Metal,
Name Symbol Number Mass nonmetal,
metalloid

11 24

31 37

39 89

B metalloid
Atomic Structure
Lewis Dot Diagrams/Structures

● Show how many valence electrons an atom has

● They show us if an atom's outer shell of electrons is full, or if it could bond
with other atoms
Atomic Structure
Lewis Dot Structures

● Let's try to draw a Lewis Dot Structure for Boron

1. What is Boron’s Atomic Symbol

2. How many TOTAL electrons does boron have?
3. How many of these are valence electrons?
a. When placing the valence electrons, start at the top and go around, placing one electron
above, one to the right, one to the left, and one below
Atomic Structure
Lewis Dot Structures

● Let's try to draw a Lewis Dot Structure for Nitrogen

1. What is nitrogen’s Atomic Symbol

2. How many TOTAL electrons does nitrogen have?
3. How many of these are valence electrons?
a. We use the same pattern to draw the electrons, but we have an extra now. Place it next to the
electron at the top (to form a pair)
Atomic Structure
Lewis Dot Structures

● Let’s try to draw a Lewis Dot Structure for Krypton

1. What is krypton’s Atomic Symbol

2. How many TOTAL electrons does krypton have?
3. How many of these are valence electrons?
Atomic Structure
Lewis Dot Structures

● Each table group will be assigned a group (column) of elements

● Draw a Lewis Dot Structure for every element in that group
● Be ready to report any patterns you see
Atomic Structure
Lewis Dot Structures

● Each table group will be assigned a family (row) of elements

● Draw a Lewis Dot Structure for every element in that family
● Be ready to report any patterns you see
 Atomic Structure
Lewis Dot Structures

Which elements are

least reactive? Why?

Which elements are

most reactive? Why?
Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure
Atomic Structure
Review Exit Ticket

1. What is the Bohr Model? What does it look like?

2. What is a physical property?
3. What is a chemical property?
4. Name a physical change.
5. Name a chemical change.
6. How is a pure substance different from a mixture.
a. Compare and contrast a pure element and a compound

b. Compare and contrast a heterogenous and a homogeneous mixture