UGPH-GU20 Fall 2019

Lectures 16 & 17: Measures of Association

1) Study design is important because the design of a study govern how the data are to be
analyzed. Discuss which statistics are appropriate for each study design.
2) Assume this was a cohort study. (a) How many times likely are Grade 1 and 2 participants to be
normotensive (rather than prehypertension or hypertension) compared to higher grade
participants? (b) How many times likely are Grade 4 participants to be hypertensive rather than pre-
hypertensive compared to Grade 3 participants?

hypertension

Pre-
Normotensive hypertension hypertension Total
Grade 1 156 40 54 250
Occupation
prestige Grade 2 113 65 72 250

Grade 3 89 72 89 250

Grade 4 69 78 103 250

427 255 318 1000

Total

a)

Prehypertension &
Normotensive Total
Hypertension
Grades 1 & 2 a (269) b (231) a+b (500)
Grades 3 & 4 c (158) d (342) c+d (500)
Total a+c b+d a+b+c+d
Odds Ratio = (269 X 342) / (231 X 158) = 2.52
The odds of being normotensive in Grades 1 & 2 is 2.52 times AS HIGH AS in the Grades 3 & 4.
Risk Ratio = (269/500) /(158/500) = 1.70
The risk of being normotensive in Grades 1 & 2 is 1.70 times AS HIGH AS in the Grades 3 & 4.

b)

Hypertension Prehypertension Total

Grade 4 a (103) b (78) a+b (181)

Grade 3 c (89) d (72) c+d (161)
Total a+c b+d a+b+c+d
Odds Ratio = (103 X 72) / (78 X 89) = 1.07
Risk Ratio = (103/181) /(89/161) = 1.03
2) Assume this is a cross-sectional study. (a) Quantify the patterning of cocaine abstention by age. (b)
How many times likely are 21-25 year olds to have used 3+ times compared to younger age groups?
(c) How many times likely are 18-25 years to have experimented rather than abstained with cocaine
compared to younger age groups?

Cocaine usage
Total
Abstainer 1-2 times 3+ times
14-17 102 3 1 106

Age 18-20 87 36 3 126

21-25 93 43 13 149
Total 282 82 17 381

a) The prevalence rates of abstainer for age groups 12-17, 18-20, 21-25 are 96%, 69%, 62%, respectively.
An older participant is less likely to be an abstainer.

b)

3 + times < 3 times Total

21 - 25 a (13) b (136) a+b (149)

14 - 20 c (4) d (228) c+d (232)

Total a+c b+d a+b+c+d
OR = (13/136)/(4/228) = 5.45

C)

Not
Abstained Total
Abstained

18 - 25 a (95) b (180) a+b

14 - 17 c (4) d (102) c+d

Total a+c b+d a+b+c+d
OR = 95 x 102/(180 x 4) = 13.46