Assignment 1

English

Class: BS(BB)

Roll no: Bsbb-F19-009

Lecturer: Abdul Aleem Yahya

Department: Allied Health Sciences.

Superior university,Lahore.
Assignment 2

Task one:

Write down the Definitions of the following:

 Sentence:

A sentence is the collection of words which makes complete sense.

For example:

He likes to eat meal, I love to read books or my teacher is a good man.

 Subject:

A subject is the name of a person or thing which is a part of a sentence.

For example:

Alisha is a kind person. Ali lives alone in a big house Etc.

 Predicate:

A part of sentence which tells something about a sentence or everything

except subject is Predicate.:

For example:

Ahmad is not a good person Etc.

 The Phrase:

A group of words which makes sense but not complete sense is called a

Phrase.

For example:

The boat will sail towards the west. The sun rises in the east Etc.
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 The Clause:

It is define as the group of words which forms a part of a sentence And

contains a subject and predicate.

For example:

Do not play games while eating. We cannot start while it is raining Etc.

The Noun:

It is a word used as the name of a person, place or thing. (The word ‘thing’

includes all objects that we can see, hear, taste, touch or smell AND

something that we can think of , but cannot perceive by the senses).

For example:

Lahore is a beautiful city. Ahmad is sitting on a chair.

Kinds of Noun:

There are total of six kinds of Noun. Which are as following:

1. A Common Noun:

It is a name given in common to every person or thing of the same class or

kind.

For example:

Girls, Boys, City, Country Etc.

2. A Proper Noun:

It is Proper name of a particular person or place.

For example: Ali, Karachi, Pakistan.

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3. A Collective Noun:

It is the name of a number or collection of persons or things taken together

and spoken of as one whole.

For example:

Crowd, mob, team, flock, herd.

4. An Abstract Noun:

It is usually the name of a quality, action or state considered apart from the

object to which it belongs.

For example:

Quality (goodness, kindness, darkness), Action (laughter, theft, movement),

State (childhood, youth, slavery)

5. Countable Nouns:

These are the names of objects, people, etc. that we can count.

For example:

Books, Apple, Pen Etc.

6. Uncountable Nouns:

These are the names of things which we cannot count.

For example:

Sugar, Gold, Silver Etc.

Note:

Out of all these nouns only first four nouns are commonly and mostly

used.
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Genders of A Noun:

A noun has four genders which are as follows:

1. Masculine Gender

A noun that denotes a male animal is called to be the Masculine Gender.

For example:

Boy, lion, hero Etc.

2. Feminine Gender

A noun that denotes a female animal is called to be the Feminine Gender

For example:

Girl, Lioness, Heroine Etc.

3. Common Gender

A noun that denotes either a male or a female is called to be the Common Gender.

For example:

Parent, child, friend, pupil Etc.

4. Neuter Gender

A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female and is without life is

called to be the Neuter Gender.

For example:

Book, pen, room Etc.

Numbers of Noun:
Assignment 6

There are two numbers in Noun-Number: Singular and Plural.

1. Singular:

When we speak about one person and one thing, we use the noun in singular form.

Single means one.

Plural means many.

For example

a. A man is smoking within the premises.

b. A group of cows is called Herd.

c. Joy is what we want in our lives.

d. Church is the worshipping-place of Christian

In these sentences, the nouns man, group, joy, church and chair are in singular

forms.

Joy, run, wife, knife, army, hero, ox, life, loaf, baby, city and tooth are few

singular-nouns which we use. We have seen the singular form of

Noun-Number.

The Noun has various dimention in its usages.

The same Noun can be used in different manner in different contexts.

2. Plural:

When we speak about more than one person and one thing, we use the noun

in plural form.

For example: a) Few men are standing in the foyer

b) The groups of cows, coming back to their sheds, are not milk cows.

c) These chairs are made of plastic.

Assignment 7

The Noun: Cases

There are three cases of a noun:

1. Nominative Case:

When a Noun or Pronoun is used as the Subject of a verb, it is said to be in the

Nominative Case.

2. Objective or Accusative Case:

When a Noun or Pronoun is used as the Object of a verb, it is said to be in the

Objective or Accusative Case.

• A noun which comes after a preposition is also said to be in the Accusative

Case.

For example:

The book is on the desk

3. Possessive or Genitive Case:

When a Noun is used to show ownership or possession, it is said to be in the

Possessive or genitive Case.

For Examples:

Shakespeare's plays, A mother’s love, The President’s speech.

Assignment 8

Pronoun:

 Definition:

It is a word used instead of a noun.

For example:

He caught me off guard or she is not my type.

Kind of pronouns:

 Personal pronouns:

The words which are used for three persons are called personal pronoun.

For example:

I, We, you, They Etc.

The personal pronoun are of three kinds which are as follows:

i. First person personal pronouns:

The pronouns for first person (the person speaking) are called first person personal

pronouns.

For example:

I, We Etc.

ii. Second person personal pronouns:

The pronouns of second person (the person speaking to) are called second person

personal pronouns.
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For example:

You

iii. Third person personal pronouns:

The pronouns of a third person (the person speaking about) are called third person

personal pronoun.

For example:

He, she, It etc.

 Note:

The pronouns of a third person are also called Demonstrated Pronoun.

 Reflexive Pronouns:

When –self is added to my, your, him, her, it and –selves to our, your, them, we

get what are called Reflexive Pronouns (Compound personal pronouns).

 They are called Reflexive Pronouns when the action done by the subject turns

back or reflects upon the subject.

For examples:

i. I hurt myself

ii. We hurt ourselves

 Emphatic Pronouns:
Assignment 10

If a reflexive pronoun is used for the sake of emphasis, it is called to be an

Emphatic Pronoun.

For examples:

i. I will do it myself

ii. The town itself is not very large

 Demonstrated Pronouns:

The pronouns that are used to point out the objects to which they refer, are called

Demonstrative Pronouns.

For example:

This, these, those, that, and such. (These are merely excuses OR The stranger is

welcomed as such)

 Note:

But if these demonstrative pronouns are used with nouns, they become

Demonstrative Adjectives.

For example:

This book is mine. OR Those pens are yours.

 Indefinite pronouns:

Pronouns that refer to persons or things in a general way, but do not refer to any

person or thing in particular are called Indefinite Pronouns.

For example:
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One, none, all, some, nobody, anybody, everybody, somebody, everyone, few,

many, any, other (Do good to others OR Many of them were Punjabis)

 Distributive Pronouns:

Pronouns that refer to persons or things one at a time are called Distributive

Pronouns.

For example:

Each, either, neither (Each of the men received a award OR These men received

each a award)

 Note: Each other and one another are compound pronouns called as

Reciprocal Pronouns

 Relative Pronouns:

The pronoun that refers or relates to some noun mentioned before (antecedent)

is called a Relative Pronoun.

For example:

Who, which, that (I met Abdul who had just returned OR Here is the book that

you lent me)

Adjuctive:

 Definition:

A word used with a noun to describe or point out, the person, place or thing or to

tell the number or quality. Simply, an adjective as a word used with a noun to add

something for its meaning.

For example:
Assignment 12

i. Ali is a clever boy.

ii. I don’t like that boy.

Kinds of adjective:

1. Adjective of quality:

It shows the kind or quality of a person or thing.

For example:

(Karachi is a large city OR He is an honest man)

2. Adjective of quantity:

It shows how much of a thing is meant.

For example:

(I ate some rice OR He has little intelligence)

3. Adjective of number:

It shows how many persons or things are meant.

For example:

(The hand has five fingers OR Most boys like cricket)

4. Demonstrative adjective:

It points out which person or thing is meant.

For example:

(That boy is intelligent OR These mangoes are sour)

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5. Interrogative adjective:

Words that are used with nouns to ask questions.

For example:

(Whose book is this? OR Which way shall we go?)

6. Emphasizing adjectives:

Words that are used with nouns to give emphasis.

For example:

(I saw it with my own eyes OR Mind your own business)

7. Exclamatory adjectives:

The word ‘what’ is sometimes used as an exclamatory adjective.

For example:

(what genius! OR What an idea!)

Degrees of comparison:

 Adjectives change in form to show comparison they are called the three

Degrees of Comparison

For example:

sweet, sweeter, sweetest.

i. The adjective sweet is said to be in the positive degree.

ii. The adjective sweeter is said to be in the comparative degree.

iii. The adjective sweetest is said to be in the superlative degree.

Assignment 14

Verbs:

 It is a word that tells or asserts something about a person or thing. It also

tells us about:

1. What a person or thing does (Ahmad laughs)

2. What is done to a person or thing (The window is broken)

3. What a person or thing is (The cat is dead OR I feel sorry)

Kinds of verb:

 Transitive Verb

If the action denoted by the verb passes over from the doer or subject to some

object, that verb is called a transitive verb (transitive means passing over).

For example:

The boy kicks the football

 Intransitive Verb:

If the action denoted by the verb stops with the doer or subject and does not

pass over to an object, that verb is called an intransitive verb.

For example:

The boy laughs loudly

 Note:

Some verbs can be used both as Transitive and Intransitive verbs. It is better

to say that a verb is used transitively and intransitively.

For example:

The horse kicked the man AND This horse never kicks
Assignment 15

Moods of Verb:

 The different modes or manners in which a verb may be used to express

an action are called moods. The three moods in English are:

i. Indicative Mood:

A verb which makes a statement of fact, asks a question or expresses a

supposition which is assumed as a fact, is in an Indicative Mood.

For example:

Ali goes to school daily; Are you well? ; If it rains, I shall stay at home

ii. Imperative Mood:

A verb which expresses a command, an exhortation, an entreaty or prayer is in

the Imperative mood.

For example:

Wait here; be steady; Have mercy upon us

iii. Subjunctive Mood:

The Subjunctive Mood scarcely exists in present-day English.

Present Subjunctives (be) are: I be, we be, you be, He be, they be.

Past Subjunctives (be) are: I were, we were, you were, He were, They were.

For Examples:

God bless you AND I wish I knew his name OR If I were you I should not do

that.
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 Verb of numbers:

The verb, like the noun and the pronoun, has two numbers: the singular and the

plural.

For example:

He speaks or they speak.

 Infinitive:

The infinitive is the base of a verb, often preceded by ‘to’.

For example:

To err is human; Birds love to sing; He refused to obey the orders

 In example sentence 1, the infinitive, like a noun, is the subject of the verb is.

Note: The word ‘to’ is frequently used with the infinitive, but is not an essential part

or sign of it.

Examples include bid, let, make, need, dare, see, hear, will, would, shall, should,

may, might, can, could and must, had better, had rather, would rather, sooner than,

rather than.

For example:

I bade him go; Let him sit here; I made him run; I saw him do it; I will pay the bill;

He can speak five languages; You had better ask permission; I would rather die

than suffer so.

Assignment 17

Participles:

A participle is a form of a verb that is used in a sentence to modify a noun, noun

phrase, verb, or verb phrase, and plays a role similar to an adjective or adverb. It is

one of the types of nonfinite verb forms.

For example:

“The winning athlete gets a trophy,”

The Gerund:

 A word used as the Subject of a verb, and does the work of a Noun is called a

Verb-Noun or Gerund.

For example:

Reading is his favorite pastime; He is fond of hoarding money

Both Gerund and the Present Participle end in “ing”, they must be carefully

distinguished.

i. The Gerund has the force of a Noun and a Verb and is called a Verbal Noun.

For example:

He is fond of playing cricket, the old man was tired of walking.

ii. The Present Participle has the force of an Adjective and a Verb..

For example:

Playing cricket, he gained health, Seeing is believed.

Assignment 18

Auxiliaries:

 Definition:

The verbs be (am, is, was, etc), have and do, when used with ordinary verbs to

make tenses, passive forms, questions and negatives, are called auxiliary verbs

or auxiliaries. Auxiliary verbs are also called Helping verbs.

Auxiliary verbs are: be, do, have, will, shall, would, should, can,

could, may, might, must, ought, etc.

For example:

 I think I should study harder to master English.

 I am having a cup of coffee.