EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MICROWAVE

HEATING OF NANOFLUID
(ME-852)
Dissertation
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Technology
By

Mr. CHOW KHUNSENG MANCHEYKHUN (ME/15/01)

Mr. ARUN KUMAR VERMA (ME/15/15)
Mr. RANJAN YADAV (ME/15/18)
Mr. PASUPULETI MONISH (ME/15/25)
Under the supervision of:
Dr. ANUP PAUL
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

National Institute of Technology
(Established by Ministry of Human Resource Development, Govt. of India)
(University)
Yupia, District: Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh 791 112
April, 2019
© NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, ARUNACHAL PRADESH
YUPIA 2017
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The project entitled “EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON MICROWAVE HEATING OF

NANOFLUIDS” submitted by Mr. CHOW KHUNSENG MANCHEKHUN (ME/15/01),
Mr. ARUN KUMAR VERMA ME/15/15), Mr. RANJAN YADAV (ME/15/18), and Mr.
PASUPULETI MONISH (ME/15/25), is presented in a satisfactory manner to warrant its
acceptance as a pre-requisite for the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical
Engineering of the National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh. It is understood that
by this approval the undersigned do not necessarily endorse or approve any statement made,
opinion expressed or conclusion drawn therein, but only for the purpose for which it has been
submitted.

BOARD OF EXAMINERS:

1. (External Examiner)

2. (Internal Examiner)

i
 CERTIFICATE FROM SUPERVISOR

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON

MICROWAVE HEATING OF NANOFLUIDS” submitted by Mr. CHOW KHUNSENG
MANCHEKHUN (ME/15/01), Mr. ARUN KUMAR VERMA ME/15/15), Mr. RANJAN
YADAV (ME/15/18), and Mr. PASUPULETI MONISH (ME/15/25), is to the Department
of Mechanical Engineering of the National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh, as a
partial fulfillment of his/her B.Tech. Degree in Mechanical Engineering of the Institute is
absolutely based upon his/her own work, carried out during the period from January – May,
2019 under my supervision. Neither this dissertation nor any part of it has been submitted for
the award of any other degree of this Institute or any other Institute/University.

(Dr. Anup Paul)

Supervisor
Date: 26/04/2019
(Official Seal)

ii
 ABSTRACT

Nanofluid, a simple product of nanotechnology has become a topic of attraction due to its
extraordinary heat transfer performance in various areas including cooling, power generation,
defence, nuclear, space, microelectronics and biomedical appliances. In this project we have
tried to understand the behaviour of thermophysical properties of nanofluid under microwave
heating. For this we have taken three kinds of nanofluid Al2O3, TiO2 and SiO2-distilled water
and heated it under microwave at two different power levels of 450W and 600W for 30s. We
have used an experimental setup inspired by the paper of Robin Jacob et.al. [2]
“Experimental and Numerical Study on Microwave Heating Of Nanofluids”. Our
experimental setup consists of a microwave oven, six J type thermocouples, a cylindrical
borosilicate beaker and a data acquisition system. An arrangement has been made to place the
thermocouples in desired location in order to extract the data, showing temperature variation
with time. And then nanofluid of different concentration has been prepared using two step
method. After that an experimental procedure has been designed and is followed to extract
data which could serve our purpose in the project. After extracting data we have plotted
variety of graphs using origin pro software to understand the behaviour of fluid under
microwave heating. Nanofluids were expected to show the enhanced thermal property as
compared to the base fluid in which the nanoparticles has been suspended and it did
happened in our experimental data. The addition of nanoparticles results in enhanced heat
absorption of the fluid. From the analyzed data, the decreasing order of performance in terms
of rate of heat absorption was found to be Al2O3 > SiO2 > TiO2 ˃ Distilled Water. The radial
temperature response showed higher values towards the centre for the container size used.
The increased core heating might be due to concentration of energy at the core of the sample
domain. All in it can be concluded that nanofluid has the capability of finding its place in
various application including cooling technology, microelectronics etc.

iii
 Dated 26.04.2019

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I take this opportunity to express my heartfelt gratitude and sincere thanks to my project
supervisor Dr.Anup Paul, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
National Institute of Technology, Arunachal Pradesh for his constant guidance, suggestion
and gracious encouragement at my very crucial stage of this dissertation work without him it
could not become successful.
I would also like to acknowledge Mr.Dheeraj Kumar for his valuable suggestion constant
guidance and also for kind cooperation during the course of the entire project works. I am
also grateful to Dr.Shantonu Roy for his valuable support whenever required.
Lastly I want to thank my family for always being there for me. Their love, constant support
and encouragement to pursue my goals made this thesis possible.

Mr. CHOW KHUNSENG MANCHEKHUN (ME/15/01)

Mr. ARUN KUMAR VERMA (ME/15/15)

Mr. RANJAN YADAV (ME/15/18)

Mr. PASUPULETI MONISH (ME/15/25)

Place: Yupia, Papum Pare, Arunachal Pradesh

iv
 LIST OF CONTENTS
Page No.

Certificate of Approval i

Certificate of Supervisor ii

Abstract iii

Acknowledgement iv

List of Contents v

List of Figures vii

List of Tables ix

CHAPTER 1 1-4
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Nanofluid 1

1.1.1 Thermo-physical properties of nanofluid. 2

1.1.2 Stability of nanofluid. 2

1.1.3 Application of nanofluid. 2

1.1 Microwave heating 4

1.2.3 Sources of creation of heat 4

CHAPTER 2 6-10
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Nanofluid and microwave heating. 6

2.2 Nanofluid preparation. 8

2.3 Summary of literature review. 9

2.4 Objectives 10

v
CHAPTER 3 11-26
METHODOLOGY

3.1 Experimental setup 11

3.1.1 Microwave Oven 13

3.1.2 Materials 14

3.1.3 Data Acquisition System 15

3.1.4 Data Acquisition Software 15

3.1.5 Thermocouple 15

3.2 Thermocouple Calibration

3.2.1 Calibration Procedure 17

3.2.2 Calibration Results 18

3.3 Preparation of PTFE Lid and Nylon Support 22

3.4 Nanofluid Preparation 23

3.5 Experimental Procedure 25

CHAPTER 4 27-36
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Variation of temperature with respect to type of nanofluids 27

4.2 Variation of temperature with respect to concentration of nanofluids 30

4.3 Variation of temperature with respect to axial location 32

4.4 Variation of temperature with respect to radial location 34

CONCLUSIONS 37
REFERENCES 38-39

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.

Fig 1.1: Different applications of nanofluids 3

Fig. 1.2: Potential of nanofluid for thermal application. 3

Fig. 1.3: Conventional heating vs. Microwave heating 5

Fig. 3.1: Borosilicate glass beaker dimensions and temperature measurement locations. 12

Fig. 3.2: Arrangement of thermocouples to measure temperature at desired locations 12

Fig. 3.3: Schematic diagram of the experimental set up. 13

Fig. 3.4: Samsung™ MC32K7056 domestic microwave oven 14

Fig. 3.5: Sample of nanofluids of 0.5% concentration 14

Fig. 3.6 Data acquisition system along with microwave oven 15

Fig. 3.7: Thermocouple with designation and position from base 16

Fig. 3.8: Constant temperature water bath. 18

Fig. 3.9: Calibration graph for Thermocouple A21 19

Fig. 3.10: Calibration graph for Thermocouple R22 20

Fig. 3.11: Calibration graph for Thermocouple C23 20

Fig. 3.12: Calibration graph for Thermocouple M24 21

Fig. 3.13: Calibration graph for Thermocouple L25 21

Fig. 3.14: Calibration graph for Thermocouple I26 22

Fig. 3.15: Schematic representation of preparation procedure 24

Fig. 3.16: Magnetic Stirrer 24

Fig. 3.17: Probe Sonicator 24

vii
Fig. 3.18: Placed sample inside microwave with positioned thermocouples inside beaker. 26

Fig. 4.1: Temperature response with comparison b/w base fluid & nanofluids 27
at 0.25% conc. 450W (r=0mm h=62mm)

Fig. 4.2: Temperature response with comparison b/w base fluid & nanofluids 28
at 0.25% conc. 450W (r=39.5mm h=62mm)

Fig.4.3: Temperature response with comparison b/w base fluid & nanofluids 28
at 0.25% conc. 600W (r=0mm h=62mm)

Fig. 4.4: Temperature response with comparison b/w base fluid & nanofluids 29
at 0.25% conc. 600W (r=39.5mm h=62mm)

Fig. 4.5: Temperature-Time Plot with comparison b/w base fluid & different 30
concentrations of Al2O3.

Fig. 4.6: Temperature-Time Plot with comparison b/w base fluid & different 30
Concentrations of TiO2.

Fig. 4.7: Temperature-Time Plot with comparison b/w base fluid & different 31
concentrations of SiO2

Fig. 4.8: Axial temperature profile of water. 32

Fig. 4.9: Axial temperature profile of 0.5% Al2O3-water nanofluid. 32

Fig. 4.10: Axial temperature profile of 0.5% TiO2-water nanofluid 33

Fig. 4.11: Axial temperature profile of 0.5% SiO2-water nanofluid. 33

Fig. 4.12: Radial temperature profile of water. 34

Fig. 4.13: Radial temperature profile of 0.25% Al2O3-water nanofluid. 34

Fig. 4.14: Radial temperature profile of 0.25% TiO2-water nanofluid 35

Fig. 4.15: Radial temperature profile of 0.25% SiO2-water nanofluid. 35

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

Page No.

Table 3.1: Designation of Thermocouple 16

Table 3.2: Readings of temperature in constant temperature bath 19

ix
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Heat transfer is one of the most important processes in many industrial and consumer
products. The inherently poor thermal conductivity of conventional fluids puts a fundamental
limit on heat transfer. Therefore, for more than a century since Maxwell (1873), scientists and
engineers have made great efforts to break this fundamental limit by dispersing millimetre- or
micrometre-sized particles in liquids. However, rapid settling is one of the major problems
that come into picture when it comes to usage of such kind of particles in fluids. As it can be
easily observed that the extended surface technology is already at the verge of its limits in the
design of thermal management system, technologies with the potential to improve a fluid’s
thermal properties are of great interest. The concept and emergence of nanofluids is related
directly to trends in miniaturization and nanotechnology. Maxwell’s concept is old, but what
is new and innovative in the concept of nanofluids is the idea that particle size is of primary
importance in developing stable and highly conductive nanofluids [1].

1.1 Nanofluid

Nanofluids are the colloidal suspension of very fine metallic or non-metallic particles in a
base fluid. Metallic nanofluids are prepared by dispersing nanoparticle made from metals
such as aluminium, copper, nickel etc. and non-metallic nanofluids are made by dispersing
nanoparticles of non-metals i.e. metal oxides, various allotropes of carbon (Graphene, CNT)
etc. Despite all other properties, it is well known for its high thermal conductivity and better
response as heat transfer medium. Nanofluids can be of two kinds such as metallic nanofluids
and non-metallic nanofluids.

The theoretical efforts made by several research groups proposed mechanisms for the
enhanced thermal conductivity such as liquid/solid interfacial layer, particle Brownian
motion, particle aggregation and some other mechanisms [3].To understand the mechanism
of heat transfer enhancement of nanofluids and to accelerate practical applications of the
nanofluids, more investigations are needed on fundamental features of convective heat
transfer and flow performance of the nanofluids.

1
1.1.1 Thermo-physical properties of nanofluids:

Thermo physical properties of the nanofluid are found to be anomalously varying when
compared to the base fluid, and it is assumed to happen due to the presence of nanoparticles
in it. Suleiman Akilu et al. [12] shows that the existing thermo physical models for density
and specific heat are valid for all water based oxide nanofluids for both single material and
composites whereas models for thermal conductivity and viscosity shows elective response
but have the versatility for predicting the behaviour of single and composite nanofluids
within acceptable deviation.

1.1.2 Stability of nanofluids:

When compare to conventional cooling fluids having micro particle, nanofluids are found to
be more stable. However, the stability of the nanofluids is always been a challenge for the
emergence of this new technological facility. There are ways to achieve stability but it comes
with little compromise in its thermal behaviour. The attractive features of nanoparticles as
feasible candidates for suspensions in fluids are less weight, large surface area, less particle
momentum and high mobility. They are expected to give higher effective conductivity,less
sedimentation, less abrasion and less clogging.

1.1.3 Application of nanofluids:

Nanofluids find significant applications in thermal processing especially as an innovative

cooling technology for high power applications. Nanofluids are primarily used for their
enhanced thermal properties as coolant in heat transfer equipment such as heat exchangers,
electronic cooling system (such as flat plate) and radiators. Heat transfer over flat plate has
been analysed by many researchers. However, they are also useful for their controlled optical
properties. Nanofluids in solar collectors are another application where nanofluids are
employed for their tuneable optical properties. [2].

Biomedical application, lubrication, surface coating, and petroleum industry are some of the
areas where nanofluids are used or have the potential to be used. In figure 1.1 various
potential application of nanofluid has been shown. As it has been reported that nanofluids
have the potential to be used in several biomedical and nano-medicine applications such as
nano-drug delivery, cancer therapeutics and sensing and imaging [22]. However at present
there are various applications that involve magnetic nanofluids such as hyperthermia,
magnetic cell separations and contrast improvement in magnetic resonance imaging.

2
 Biomedical

Surface
Thermal
Coating

Nanofluid Applications
Environmental
Lubrication
Remediation

Petroleum
Inkjet Printing
Industry

Fig 1.1: Different applications of nanofluids

In today’s industrial world, with the miniaturization of technical devices the performance of
cooling technology has become a topic of most essential scientific challenge. Fig. 1.2 shows
some of the potential thermal application of nanofluids. Nanofluids can be used in transport
systems such as automotive and automobile radiator. In metal processing they can be utilized
in metal cutting. They could also be used as efficient coolant in data centres and electronics
cooling systems.

Metal
Processing

Thermal Data
Transport Centres
Application

Energy

Fig. 1.2: Potential of nanofluid for thermal application.

3
1.2 Microwave Heating

When it comes to the utility of microwave heating, it mostly appears in cooking purposes in
day to day life. However, there are other uses of it as well like in medical, industries etc.
Microwave heating occurs due to the conversion of electromagnetic energy to thermal
energy, and it happen due to increased agitation of molecules and ions when exposed to
microwaves. The advantage of microwave heating over conventional heating is volumetric
heat generation, uniform heating and quick heating.

When an electric field is applied to metal, flow of electrons takes place in it but when
insulator is placed within that electrical field phenomenon of polarization occurs. In
phenomenon of polarization, positive and negative electric charges are displaced from the
equilibrium point, resulting in a separation of the charges. Substances with this kind of nature
are called a "dielectric." As frequency increases, the component electrons of a dielectric spin,
collide, vibrate, rub against each other, and otherwise move violently. Changes in polarity at
this time are intense, occurring several ten to several hundred million times per second. This
energy becomes "heat", which causes heat to be generated inside the dielectric.

1.2.1 Sources of creation of heat

There are four sources of creation of heat during the interaction between the radiation and the
material as stated below:

1. Electric field applied to a conductive material lead to the flow of current.

2. Varying electric field can cause dipolar molecules, which oscillates the molecules back and
forth.

3. Time varying magnetic field also induces current in conductive material.

4. Hysteresis loss could also be one of the reasons.

4
Fig. 1.3: Conventional heating vs. Microwave heating [4].

5
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Over the past many years many researchers have put forward their efforts of understanding
the new class of engineered fluid (nanofluid) in different form of publications and literary
work. Some of them are really good and are of profound interest in terms of their result and
discussions. In this chapter we have tried to get the useful bunch of knowledge by doing the
literature survey from the past 30-35 years. In first part of this chapter we will try to
understand “nanofluid and microwave heating” for this many past work has been identified
and is used to obtain the desired information about the topics. And in second part of the
chapter the preparation technique of nanofluid has been reviewed and the best way of
preparing it is identified along with best possible way to get desired stability. And then finally
objectives have been set after summarizing our literature survey.

2.1 Nanofluid& Microwave Heating

In this book S.K. Das. et al. [1] have made an effort to introduce a new class of engineered
fluid (nanofluid) that has the potential to replace the conventional cooling fluid to pierce the
current limitation of cooling technology. The content of this book includes introduction,
Synthesis of Nanofluids, and Conduction Heat Transfer in Nanofluids, Theoretical Modelling
of Thermal Conductivity in Nanofluids, Convection in Nanofluids, Boiling of Nanofluids,
Applications and Future Directions.

In 2012, Robin Jacob et al. [2] presented an experimental and numerical study to understand
thermal and fluid flow behaviour of Al2O3- water nanofluid. The results have been presented
through different isotherms and stream function. Two phase modelling revealed modified
flow patterns due to particle migration. The present studies demonstrate that additional fluid
flow behaviour in nanofluids is induced by the heated nanoparticles due to particle migration
effects.

In 2003, Bhagat Chandra Kota et al. [3] showed a paper of experimental and numerical
analysis of microwave heating. The result shows that the transient temperature profiles of the
experimented liquids were almost linear. The temperature increased with the axial height and
decrease with radius.

6
In 1995, Choi, S. U. S. et al. [5]presented a paper on theoretical study of carbon nanophase
based engineered nanofluid and the potential benefits of the fluids are estimated, and it is
shown that one of the benefits of nanofluids will be dramatic reductions in heat exchanger
pumping power.

In 2016, K. Abdul Hamid et al. [6] have done an experimental study on TiO2-water-ethylene
glycol nanofluid has been done. The addition of TiO2 nanoparticles in the base fluid of a
water and EG mixture will enhance the effective thermal conductivity of the nanofluid with
the increase in nanofluid concentration and temperature.

In 2015, Mauro Lomascolo et al. [7] have done a theoretical study on the nanofluids Al2O3,
CuO, SiC in water & ethylene glycol has been presented. An overview of how the important
parameters (size, shape, concentration, materials etc.) influence the expected thermal
performance of nanofluids.

In 2012, P.Sivashanmugam et al. [8] have done a theoretical study of thermo physical
properties and application of various nanofluids has been presented. In this paper it has been
concluded that the preparation technique plays a very vital role on results of experimentation.
And great quanta of attempts have been made to exactly predict them but large amount of
variations were found.

In 2011, Clement Kleinstreuer et al. [9] presented a theoretical and numerical study on Al2O3,
SiO2, Fe2O3, TiO2, and ZrO2&CuO in water has been done. The enhancement of thermal
conductivity has been explained by different mechanisms.

In 2009,Honorine Angue Mintsa et al. [10] have done a theoretical study on Al2O3&CuO in
water. Results show an increase in the effective thermal conductivity with an increase in
particle volume fraction and with a decrease in particle size. The relative increase in thermal
conductivity was found to be more important at higher temperatures.

In 2011, F.S. Oueslati et al. [11] investigated convective heat transfer using different
nanofluid. The domain was differentially heated and nanofluids are treated as heterogeneous
mixtures with weak solutal diffusivity. A modified formulation taking into account the
thermal conductivity, viscosity versus nanofluids type and concentration has been presented.
The resulting convective flows are found to be dependent on the local particle concentration.

7
In 2016, Suleiman Akilu et al. [12] studied thermo-physical properties of nanofluid, due to
the lack of reasonable agreement between theory and experimental results it has been a
limiting factor for the development of a unified nanofluid model for thermal conductivity in
nanofluids. The result of the study shows that the existing thermo-physical models for density
and specific heat are valid for all water based oxide nanofluids for both single material and
composites whereas models for thermal conductivity and viscosity shows elective response
but have the versatility for predicting the behaviour of single and composite nanofluids
within acceptable deviation.

In 2009, Ravikanth S. Vajjha et al. [13] presented the specific heat measurement of three
different nanofluids containing alumina, zinc oxide and silicon dioxide. The experiments
were done at a temperature range in which the operation of automobile coolant generally
occurs. The result does not show a close agreement with the data. Measurements show that
the specific heat value decreases as the volumetric concentration of nanoparticles increases.
This decrease is compatible with the lower specific heat of particles being added to the base
fluid. The specific heat increases with an increase in temperature.

A. K. M.Mahmudul Haque et al. [14] observed influence of microwave on properties of

Multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). The work has been conducted observing the effect
of different power levels of microwave as well as changing in heating time on MWCNTs in
order to perceive the effect of microwave on MWCNTs conspicuously. Temperature profile,
morphological analysis by FESEM, defect analysis by Raman spectroscopy, dispersibility
analysis of MWCNTs nanofluids by UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy as well as
sedimentation and change in density of MWCNTs expose some strong evidences of the effect
of microwave on MWCNTs. With the increase in power of microwave oven, the non-uniform
heating effect increases.

2.2 Nanofluid Preparation

In 2014, Nader Nikam et al. [15] have done an experimental study on nanofluid such as
MPSiO2, Cu, Al2O3, and CeO2 in diethylene glycol. Different nanofluid systems were
designed and evaluated at each stage with respect to their composition, crystal structure,
particle morphology and concentration of nanoparticles, along with the base liquid
composition.

8
In 2011, Wei Yu and Huaqing Xie [16] presented a paper on theoretical study of various
nanofluids. It presents an overview of the preparation methods, the evaluation methods for
their stability, ways to enhance their stability, and their potential applications in heat transfer.

In 2013, Sayantan Mukherjee et al. [17] presented a theoretical study on the preparation and
stability of the nanofluid. In this paper single step and two step method of preparation of
nanofluid has been reviewed along with the effect of techniques used to stabilize the
nanofluid. And it has been concluded that two step method is more accepted by researchers,
and development of suitable surfactant for better stability could be the topic of interest.

In 2012, Michał Drzazga et al. [18] presented a theoretical study of two step preparation
technique of nanofluid for metal oxide-water nanofluid has been presented. Nanopowders
were mixed with water and stabilizers and then sonicated by ultrasonic mixer Sonics®VCX
130 (20 kHz, 130 W) with amplitude of 123 μm a set period of time. These were prepared for
3 days – between three consecutive sonications nanofluid was mixed for a day. For the best
samples PSD (Malvern Zetasizer Nano S90) and zeta potential (Malvern Zetasizer Nano Z)
analyses were performed.

In 2014, M. Mahbubula et al. [19] prepared alumina water nanofluid of 0.5 volume percent
by two step method and an attempt has been made to understand the effect of ultrasonication
on the viscosity and stability of nanofluid. The result shows that the viscosity of Al2O3−water
nanofluid increases with the sonication time up to 60 min and then subsequently decreases. In
addition, the viscosity decreases with increase temperature.

2.3. Summary of Literature Review

 Nanofluid is a new class of engineered fluid which shows enhanced thermal properties
when compared to its base fluid.[1]

 In microwave heating, temperature increased with the axial height and decrease with
radius.[3]

 The effective thermal conductive conductivity of TiO2 in water and ethylene glycol
nanofluid increases with concentration and temperature. [6]

9
 Size, shape, concentration, materials etc. has a remarkable influence on the expected
thermal performance of nanofluids.[7]

 Convective flows are found to be dependent on the local particle concentration viscosity
and thermal conductivity.[11]

 The existing thermo physical models for density and specific heat are valid for all water
based oxide nanofluids for both single material and composites whereas models for
thermal conductivity and viscosity shows elective response but have the versatility for
predicting the behavior of single and composite nanofluids within acceptable
deviation.[12]

 There are basically two methods of preparing nanofluid: one step method and two step
method.[15]

 Two step method is more accepted by researchers.[16 ]

 The viscosity of Al2O3−water nanofluid increases with the sonication time up to 60 min
and then subsequently decreases. In addition, the viscosity decreases with increase
temperature.[19]

2.4 Objectives

 The main objective was to “investigate the heating of nanofluid under microwave”
to understand the nature and behavior of the fluid under heating.

 To prepare three different types of nanofluids of nanoparticles Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2 of
concentration 0.25 and 0.5 weight percent with sufficient stability to perform experiment.

 To choose a suitable experimental setup and implement it according to our requirement.

 To analyse the extracted data with the utilisation of different parameters such as nanofluid
type, concentration, axial position and radial position.

10
 CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In any project the methodology is the most important part which ensures the progress to be
heading in a right direction and also decides the experimentations to be correct in format. So
in this chapter the experimental setup which we have used is explained in a detailed manner
with explanation of each and every devices and components used. And then works which we
have done during our project is explained which includes thermocouple calibration,
preparation of PTFE lid and nylon support followed by preparation of nanofluid. In the later
part of the chapter experimental procedure which we have followed is explained in detailed
manner.

3.1 Experimental Setup

We have used an experimental setup inspired by the paper of Robin Jacob et al.[2]
“Experimental and Numerical Study on Microwave Heating of Nanofluids”. Our
experimental setup consists of a microwave oven, six J type thermocouples, a cylindrical
borosilicate beaker and a data acquisition system.

Experimentation was carried out in a microwave at two different power levels of 450W and
600W for 30 seconds. The incident rays on the container are assumed to be radially
symmetric. A cylindrical borosilicate beaker used was of 600ml having dimension, 8.5 cm in
diameter and 12 cm in height. A borosilicate container is used because it absorbs very less
amount of incident microwave energy, thus, allowing most of the energy to enter the fluid
inside the container.

We obtained the readings of temperature at six axial and four radial positions, giving us
temperature readings at twenty-four locations of a sample. To achieve this purpose of
extracting data in this way, an arrangement using nylon sheet and PTFE sheet was designed,
as shown in figure 3.2.

11
 8.5 cm

12 cm

Fig. 3.1: Borosilicate glass beaker dimensions and temperature measurement locations.

Thermocouples

PTFE Top Lid

Aluminium Foil

Nylon support

Fig. 3.2: Arrangement of thermocouples to measure temperature at desired locations

12
A slotted PTFE lid has been made and placed at the top, equipped with the axially arranged J
type thermocouples in nylon support to measure the temperature at axial position in different
radial positions. The purpose of using PTFE sheet is that it acts as insulating wall and its
melting point is also high and nylon absorbs very less amount of heat. The top and bottom
surface of the container is covered with aluminium foil so that the incident rays get reflected
inside the container itself.

A simple schematic representation of our experimental is shown below in fig. 3.3.

Fig. 3.3: Schematic diagram of the experimental set up.

3.1.1 Microwave Oven:

The microwave oven used in this work is a convection type Samsung™ domestic microwave
oven (Model No. MC32K7056) with cavity dimensions 34.8-cm x 21-cm x 37.7-cm and
power source of 230V/50Hz. As shown in figure 3.3 nanofluid samples were placed at the
centre of the microwave cavity. The microwave has a maximum power output of 1200 Watt
and consumes 1500W. The power levels used for this study were 450Wand 600W.

13
 Fig. 3.4: Samsung™ MC32K7056 domestic microwave oven

3.1.2 Materials:

Our test samples include water, Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2– distilled water based nanofluids.
These samples were placed in a beaker with dimensions of 8.5cm (diameter) x 12cm (height).
The test samples were placed at the centre of the microwave cavity with the turntable rotation
off.

Fig. 3.5: Sample of nanofluids of 0.5% concentration

14
3.1.3 Data Acquisition Module:

The time temperature data were collected using Keysight 34980A multifunctional switch/
measure unit data logger. The Keysight 34980A is a flexible, reliable switching and data
acquisition platform with more than 20 modules to help us to customize our test system.

Fig. 3.6 Data acquisition system along with microwave oven

3.1.4 Data Acquisition Software

In order to get continuous temperature time data Agilent Bench link Data logger software was
used in a computer for data acquisition. Data acquisition hardware is connected to Agilent
Bench link Data logger software.

3.1.5 Thermocouples:

Precision fine wire J type thermocouples were used to measure temperature at various
locations within the test samples. The thermocouples were made from iron-constantan alloy
and the diameter was around 2mm.

The thermocouples were designated the following names in accordance to their height from
the base of the beaker when attached to the nylon support.

15
 Table 3.1: Designation of Thermocouple

THERMOCOUPLE DESIGNATION HEIGHT FROM BASE (mm)

I26 100
L25 81
M24 62
C23 43
R22 24
A21 5

I26 (100mm)

L25 (81mm)

M24 (62mm)

C23 (43mm)

R22 (24mm)

A21 (5mm)

Fig. 3.7: Thermocouple with designation and position from base

16
3.2 Thermocouple Calibration

Calibration is the capability to adjust the instrument to zero to set the desired span. In other
words calibration is the comparison of an instrument against a standard equipment of higher
accuracy. It is done inside a calibration range which is defined as the region between the limit
within which the quantity is to be measured. The limits are defined by the zero and span
values. The zero value is the lower range and span is defined as the difference between the
lower and upper range.

In our project we were needed to calibrate J type thermocouple. For that we have used
constant temperature water bath and calibrated our thermocouples with respect to a standard
T15 thermocouple. Figure 3.8 shows the constant temperature water bath.

3.2.1 Calibration Procedure:

 The thermocouples to be calibrated are place in fixed positions inside the constant
temperature water bath along with a standard thermocouple (T15).

 Then we have on the constant temperature water bath and waited till it reaches a constant
temperature 20 ºC. And then against that temperature the temperature of thermocouples is
obtained with the help of data logger.

 The above procedure has been repeated for each 10 degree Celsius till 80 degree Celsius
and the data has been recorded accordingly as shown in the table below.

17
Fig. 3.8: Constant temperature water bath.

18
 Table 3.2: Readings of temperature in constant temperature bath

3.2.1 Calibration Results:

CBT Standard A21 R22 C23 M24 L25 I26

(T) (T15)
20 19.6 19.6 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.7 19.65

30 29.5 29.7 29.7 29.7 29.7 29.7 29.7

40 39.5 39.7 39.7 39.7 39.8 39.8 39.9

50 49.6 49.8 49.8 49.85 49.9 49.95 49.95

60 59.6 59.95 60 60 60 60.1 60

70 69.7 70.1 70.1 70.15 70.1 70.2 70.15

80 79.7 80.1 80.1 80.2 80.2 80.2 80.15

 After getting the data as shown above we have plotted graph for each thermocouple
against standard thermocouple as shown below in figures 3.9 to 3.14.

For A21:

90
80 y = 1.0055x - 0.0449
70
60
Standard
thermocouple 50
temperature 40 Series1
(ºC) 30 Linear (Series1)
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Thermocouple A21 temperature (ºC)

Fig. 3.9: Calibration graph for Thermocouple A21

19
For R22:

90
80 y = 1.0046x + 0.0205
70
60
Standard 50
thermocouple
temperature (ºC) 40 Series1
30 Linear (Series1)
20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Thermocouple R22 temperature (ºC)

Fig. 3.10: Calibration graph for Thermocouple R22

For C23:

90
80
y = 1.006x - 0.0216
70
60
Standard 50
thermocouple
temperature (ºC) 40 Series1
30 Linear (Series1)

20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Thermocouple C23 temperature (ºC)

Fig. 3.11: Calibration graph for Thermocouple C23

20
For M24

90
80 y = 1.0053x + 0.0282

70
60
Standard 50
thermocouple
temperature (ºC) 40 Series1

30 Linear (Series1)

20
10
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Thermocouple M24 temperature (ºC)

Fig. 3.12: Calibration graph for Thermocouple M24

For L25:

90

80 y = 1.0064x + 0.0109

70

60

Standard 50
thermocouple
temperature (ºC) 40 Series1
Linear (Series1)
30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Thermocouple L25 temperature (ºC)

Fig. 3.13: Calibration graph for Thermocouple L25

21
For I26:

90

80 y = 1.0053x + 0.0427

70

60

Standard 50
thermocouple
temperature (ºC) 40 Series1
Linear (Series1)
30

20

10

0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Thermocouple I26 temperature (ºC)

Fig. 3.14: Calibration graph for Thermocouple I26

 With the help of these graphs we have got the slope and y-intercept of each graph.

 Slope of the graph is gain for each thermocouple and the y-intercept is the offset for each
thermocouple.

3.3 Preparation of PTFE Lid and Nylon Support:

As the requirement of PTFE lid and nylon support has been stated in the section of
experimental details. A circular PTFE lid has been made out of a sheet of PTFE of 5mm
thickness and the nylon support is made from a nylon sheet of 6mm thickness. The lid and
nylon support has been made to serve the purpose of insulation from the top and to support
the thermocouples to remain in their decided and specified positions.

Details of the machining operation done on the job piece to obtain lid are explained below:

 Required dimensions of lid have been calculated using the size of the beaker and a square
shape has been taken out of the sheet by cutting the sheet through saw.

22
 After getting the calculated sized square piece of PTFE it has been grinded with the help
of grinding machine to make it round in shape and size.

 Then drilling has been done on the marked radial positions of -3mm from centre and then
at a gap of 13.2mm each over the piece of circular PTFE sheet to insert the nylon support
in it. The size drill beads used was 6mm in diameter. The PTFE lid is shown in fig. 3.1.

 For the nylon support the cuboid of dimension 6x6x10.5 mm has been taken out with the
help of saw.

 Drilling has been done at a height of 12mm from the top with a drill bead of diameter
2mm. and then same size of next five drilling has been done at every 19mm.

 The top 7mm of the nylon support has been made cylindrical in shape of diameter of
6mm to provide it a way to insert it in the slotted PTFE lid. As shown in fig. 3.1.

3.4 Nanofluid Preparation

The suspension of particles to improve thermal conductivity of fluid has been in use for more
than 100 years now. Maxwell proposed a model for thermal conductivity enhancement in
suspensions in 19th century. However, the associated disadvantages which comes with the use
of suspension of solids in fluids are stability, need of high concentration of particles for little
enhancement, surface abrasion etc. Earlier, microparticles were used to achieve the purpose
but with the recent advancement in the technology we have the facility to prepare
nanoparticle and hence nanofluid as well. In terms of stability and thermal conductivity
enhancement nanofluid has shown better results when compared to the suspension of
microparticles in fluids. Nanofluids may be prepared by either one step method or two step
method. In one step method nanoparticles are synthesized in base fluid mainly by means of
chemical methods. And in two step method, nanoparticles are firstly prepared in form of
powders by physical or chemical methods, e.g. grinding, laser ablation, sol-gel processing,
etc. and then suspended in base fluid [20].

In our project we have used nanofluids of three different nanoparticles Al2O3, TiO2 and SiO2
and each of three concentration i.e. 0.25, 0.5, 1 by weight percent. Silicon Dioxide and
alumina nanopowder with average particle size of 15nm and titanium oxide with average
particle size of 7nm were purchased. To prepare nanofluid we adapted two step preparation

23
technique of nanofluid, the figure below shows a schematic representation of the procedure
we followed.

Surfactant
Nanoparticle
Direct Mixing Sonication
Mixture Nanofluid

Base fluid

Fig. 3.15: Schematic representation of preparation procedure

Fig. 3.16: Magnetic Stirrer Fig. 3.17: Probe Sonicator

Details of the nanofluid preparation procedure that we followed are explained below:

 Calculated amount of nanoparticle is measured by a digital weighing machine. For

example 1.5g of nanoparticle is measured for 600 ml of base fluid to get 0.25 weight

24
 percent of nanofluid. Similarly, for 0.5 weight percent 3g and for 1 percent 6g of
nanoparticle is used.

 To enhance the stability of the nanofluid suitable surfactant is added, by weight 0.12g of
SDS is added to each solution of 600ml.

 Then the measured quantity is added to the base fluid and is stirred by the help of
magnetic stirrer for about 30 minutes as shown in Fig. 3.16.

 After stirring we have sonicated the mixture in a probe sonicator to break the
agglomeration of nanoparticles for more than one hour as shown in fig 3.17.

 After sonication it has been observed that the stability which we got was enough for our
experimentation period. And among Al2O3, TiO2, and SiO2, SiO2 is found to be the most
stable one followed by Al2O3 and TiO2.

3.5 Experimental procedure

 The six thermocouples have been fixed at their position in our customized attachment to
the beaker.
 Prepared solution of nanofluid has been stirred for sometimes and placed inside the
microwave at a marked position with the thermocouples inside it as shown in fig. 3.18.

25
 Fig. 3.18: Placed sample inside microwave with positioned thermocouples inside beaker.

 After placing the samples inside the microwave oven, thermocouples have been
configured in the Agilent Benchlink data logger software to extract the data.

 After configuring the thermocouples, microwave has been started for 30s of time at our
desired power levels i.e. either 450W or 600W.

 The temperature data is collected by the data acquisition module and is sent to the
software for extraction and analysis.

 The same steps have been repeated for each power, concentration, and radial positions.

 Then the extracted data has been examined carefully.

26
 CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In this section, the graphs resulting from the performed experiments have been presented.
The transient variation of temperature response of a point in the domain of base fluid
(distilled water) and different nanofluids (Al2O3, TiO2& SiO2) have been compared. After
that, the comparison between different concentrations (0%, 0.25% & 0.5%) of each nanofluid
is done to show the relation of thermal performance on the concentration of nanoparticles.
Variation of temperature with the axial and radial dimensions is also compared for each
nanofluid. The temperature response was found to initially rise and then decrease after a
certain period depending on the power due to the on-off duty cycle of the microwave oven.

4.1 Variation of temperature with respect to type of nanofluids:

Figures 4.1 to 4.4 show the transient temperature change of base fluid (distilled water) and
different nanofluids (Al2O3, TiO2& SiO2) at 450W and 600W power levels at centre and
periphery of the beaker.

60
0.25% NFs at 450W (r=0mm h=62mm) TiO2
SiO2
50 Al2O3
Water

40
Avg Temp (°C)

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)

Fig. 4.1: Temperature response with comparison b/w base fluid & nanofluids at 0.25% conc.
450W (r=0mm h=62mm)

27
 60
0.25% NFs at 450W (r=39.5mm h=62mm) TiO2
SiO2
50 Al2O3
Water
Temperature (°C)
40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)

Fig. 4.2: Temperature response with comparison b/w base fluid & nanofluids at 0.25% conc.
450W (r=39.5mm h=62mm)

60
0.25% NFs at 600W (r=0mm h=62mm) TiO2
SiO2
50
Al2O3
Water
Temperature (°C)

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)

Fig.4.3: Temperature response with comparison b/w base fluid & nanofluids at 0.25% conc.
600W (r=0mm h=62mm)

28
 60
0.25% NFs at 600W (r=39.5mm h=62mm) TiO2
SiO2
50
Al2O3
Water

Temperature (°C)
40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)

Fig. 4.4: Temperature response with comparison b/w base fluid & nanofluids at 0.25% conc.
600W (r=39.5mm h=62mm)

From our observation of the graphs, it is evident that the performance of nanofluids is better
than their base fluid i.e. distilled water. Among the nanofluids, the performance of Al2O3 is
found to be the best.

The decreasing order of performance is Al2O3> SiO2 > TiO2 ˃ Distilled Water.

At 600W shown in figures 4.3 & 4.4, the results show similar performance trend of
nanofluids with slightly higher temperatures due to higher power.

29
4.2 Variation of temperature with respect to concentration of nanofluids:

60
Al2O3 at 450W (r=13.2mm h=62mm) 0.5 % Al2O3
0.25 % Al2O3
50
Water
Temperature (°C)

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)

Fig. 4.5: Temperature-Time Plot with comparison b/w base fluid & different concentrations
of Al2O3.

60
TiO2 at 450W (r=13.2mm h=62mm) 0.5 % TiO2
0.25 % TiO2
50
Water
Temperature (°C)

40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)

Fig. 4.6: Temperature-Time Plot with comparison b/w base fluid & different concentrationsof
TiO2.

30
 60
SiO2 at 450W (r=13.2mm h=62mm) 0.5 % SiO2
0.25 % SiO2
50
Water

Temperature (°C) 40

30

20

10

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time (sec)

Fig. 4.7: Temperature-Time Plot with comparison b/w base fluid & different concentrations
of SiO2

Figures 4.5 to 4.7 show the transient temperature change for a particular location (r=13.2mm,
h=62mm) of base fluid water and different concentrations (0.25% & 0.5%) of nanofluids. It
is apparent that there is an enhancement of thermal properties with the increase in the
concentration of the nanoparticle in the base fluid. This can be attributed to the enhanced heat
absorption due to modified dielectric properties of the nanofluid by the addition of
nanoparticles.

31
4.3 Variation of temperature with respect to axial location:

6 sec 18 sec Water at 450W (r=0mm)

100

80
Axial position (mm)

60

40

20

0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Temperature (°C)

Fig. 4.8: Axial temperature profile of water.

0.5% Al2O3 NF at 450W (r=0mm) 6 sec 18 sec

100

80
Axial position (mm)

60

40

20

0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Temperature (°C)

Fig. 4.9: Axial temperature profile of 0.5% Al2O3-water nanofluid.

32
 0.5% TiO2 NF at 450W (r=0mm) 6 sec 18 sec
100

80

Axial position (mm)

60

40

20

0
20 25 30 35 40 45

Temperature (°C)

Fig. 4.10: Axial temperature profile of 0.5% TiO2-water nanofluid

6 sec 18 sec 0.5% SiO2 NF at

100 450W (r=0mm)

80
Axial position (mm)

60

40

20

0
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Avg temperature (deg celsius)

Fig. 4.11: Axial temperature profile of 0.5% SiO2-water nanofluid.

From figures 4.8 to 4.11, the temperature profiles show higher rate of heating at the axially
higher location when compared to the lower points. Water shows lower temperature variation
axially. This is due to the absence of nanoparticles that have higher heat transfer capabilities.

It is to be noted from figures 4.9 and 4.11 that the at the temperature is higher at the central
location at initial time of 6 seconds and then is highest in the topmost location after a time

33
interval of 18 seconds of heating. This is due to the fact that heat is generated at the central
location of the sample due to microwave radiation and then the heated mass of fluid rises up
to the top due to density differences within the sample domain.

4.4 Variation of temperature with respect to radial location:

50
Water at 450W (h=62mm) 6 sec
18 sec
45
Temperature (°C)

40

35

30

25

20
0 10 20 30 40
Radial Position (mm)

Fig. 4.12: Radial temperature profile of water.

50
0.25% Al2O3 NF at 450W (h=62mm) 6 sec
18 sec
45
Temperature (°C)

40

35

30

25

20
0 10 20 30 40
Radial Position (mm)

Fig. 4.13: Radial temperature profile of 0.25% Al2O3-water nanofluid.

34
 50
0.25% TiO2 NF at 450W (h=62mm) 6 sec
18 sec
45

Temperature (°C)
40

35

30

25

20
0 10 20 30 40
Radial Position (mm)

Fig. 4.14: Radial temperature profile of 0.25% TiO2-water nanofluid

50
0.25% SiO2 NF at 450W (h=62mm) 6 sec
18 sec
45
Temperature (°C)

40

35

30

25

20
0 10 20 30 40
Radial Position (mm)

Fig. 4.15: Radial temperature profile of 0.25% SiO2-water nanofluid.

35
From figures 4.12 to 4.15, it can be seen that the temperature profile with respect to radial
position has a negative slope. This shows that more heat is generated in the centre of the
cylinder, and less in the periphery.

It can also be noted that the difference in temperature values between the two extreme
positions r=0mm and r=39.5mm is more prominent after 18 sec in comparison to 6 sec. This
is due to gradual heat transfer from the centre to the boundary in the span of time.

36
 CONCLUSIONS
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Nanofluids showed enhanced thermal properties when compared to their base

fluids.The addition of nanoparticles results in enhanced heat absorption of the fluid.

 The temperature profile was higher for nanofluids of higher concentration, keeping
other parameters same.

 From the analyzed data, the decreasing order of performance in terms of rate of heat
absorption was found to be Al2O3 > SiO2 > TiO2 ˃ Distilled Water.

 Axial variation showed increase in temperature values with increase in height. This is
due to circulation of warmer fluid towards the top.

 The radial temperature response showed higher values towards the centre for the
container size used. The increased core heating might be due to concentration of
energy at the core of the sample domain.

37
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