Name: - Sayel wahab Roll No:-11 Section A

MID TERM PROJECT

Submitted To: Engineer Salman

Submitted By:

SAYEL WAHAB
Section: A

Class No.: 11

Reg. No.: 13PWCIV3949

Dept.: Civil

Subject: MOS 1 LAB

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SUBJECT :-MOS 1 LAB REG NO:-13PWCIV3949

 Name: - Sayel wahab Roll No:-11 Section A

Question No:-1

Shear test on Steel

Shear test is implemented by ASTM D1002 standard. In the Shear Test, the forces are
applied parallel upper and lower surfaces of specimen different from tensile and
compression test. Material will behave different from tensile and compression test under
the influence of these forces and exhibit different strength and stiffness values. (ASTM
D1002: Standard Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint
Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Tension Loading (Metal-toMetal).

1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent shear strengths of
adhesives for bonding metals when tested on a standard single-lap-joint specimen and
under specified conditions of preparation and test.

1.2 The values stated in SI units are considered to be the standard. The values given in
parentheses are for information only.

1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.

Compression Test
Compression test is implemented by ASTM A370, ASTM E9 standards. Compression
test is used to determine behaviour of material such as plastic flow behaviour, ductile
fracture limits under compressive loads. This test is used for determining workability of
metallic materials, in bulk deformation processes, etc.
A lot of materials are subjected to compression test such as; concrete, metals, plastics,
ceramics, composites, etc. (ASTM A370:Standard Test Methods and Definitions for
Mechanical Testing of Steel Products, ASTM E9:Standard Test Methods of
Compression Testing of Metallic Materials at Room Temperature).

1.1 These test methods cover the testing of mechanical splices for reinforcing bars. The
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various tests herein described can be specified in total or individually.

SUBJECT :-MOS 1 LAB REG NO:-13PWCIV3949

 Name: - Sayel wahab Roll No:-11 Section A

1.2 The test methods herein described are applicable to any type of mechanical splice
manufactured to join steel reinforcing bars of any grade (specified minimum yield
strength), uncoated or coated.
1.3 This standard describes only the methods for testing mechanical splices for steel
reinforcing bars, but does not quantify the parameters for testing nor acceptance
criteria, which must be specified.
Note 1—Various code-writing bodies specify various parameters, such as test loads,
number of cycles and test temperature, for testing.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded
separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact
equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the
standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
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SUBJECT :-MOS 1 LAB REG NO:-13PWCIV3949

 Name: - Sayel wahab Roll No:-11 Section A

Question No:-2

Mechanical Properties of different material

Material Elastic Modulus(GPa) Shear Modulus(GPa) Poisson's

Ratio

Aluminum [Al] 70 26 0.33

Aluminum Alloy 70 - 79 26 - 30 0.33

Brass 96 - 110 36 - 41 0.34

Bronze; Regular 96 - 120 36 - 44 0.34

Bronze; Manganese 100 39 0.34

Carbon [C] 6.9 - -

Ceramic 300-400 - -

Concrete 18 - 30 - 0.1 - 0.2

Copper [Cu] 110 - 120 40 - 47 0.33 - 0.36

Copper Alloy 120 47 -

Glass 48 - 83 19 - 34 0.2 - 0.27

Gold [Au] 83 - 0.44

Iron (Cast) 83 - 170 32 - 69 0.2 - 0.3

Magnesium [Mg] 41 15 0.35

Nickel [Ni] 210 80 0.31

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Silver [Ag] 76 - -
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SUBJECT :-MOS 1 LAB REG NO:-13PWCIV3949

 Name: - Sayel wahab Roll No:-11 Section A

Steel 190 - 210 75 - 80 0.27 - 0.3

Material Yield Stress(MPa) Ultimate Stress(MPa) Elongation

(%)

Aluminum [Al] 20 70 60

Aluminum Alloy 35 - 500 100 - 550 1 - 45

Brass 70 - 550 200 - 620 4 - 60

Bronze; Regular 82 - 690 200 - 830 5 - 60

Bronze; Manganese 170 - 450 450 - 620 10 - 35

Concrete - 10 - 70 -

Copper [Cu] 55 - 330 830 4

Glass - 30 – 1000 -

Iron (Cast) 120 - 290 69 - 480 0-1

Magnesium [Mg] 20 - 70 100 - 170 5 - 15

Nickel [Ni] 140 - 620 310 - 760 2 - 50

Steel 280 - 1600 340 – 1900 3 - 40

Question NO:-3

How to impart different properties to steel industrially?

Answer:-

Following are some of the industrial method to improve different properties of

steel

Anealing:-
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SUBJECT :-MOS 1 LAB REG NO:-13PWCIV3949

 Name: - Sayel wahab Roll No:-11 Section A

The purpose of the anneal process is to increase the metal’s ductility.During cold-
working there is damage to the metal on the microscopic level that causes a metal’s
yield strength to increase and its ductility to decrease. After a certain amount of cold

work, a metal cannot be cold worked anymore without cracking. The specific amount of
cold work that a particular metal can withstand depends on its composition.

Annealing a metal restores it to its pre-cold-worked state, whereupon, the metal can be
subjected to further cold working. During the annealing process, metallurgical changes
occur within the metal that results in a reduction of the metal’s yield strength and an
increase in its ductility. In order for these changes to occur the metal must be heated
above its recrystallization temperature, which depends on the composition of the metal.
The annealing process is sometimes called a recrystallization anneal, though other
names like process anneal are also used.

During a recrystallization anneal new grains form in the metal. The final grain size
depends on the annealing temperature and annealing time. For a particular annealing
temperature, as the time at the temperature increases the grain size increases. For a
particular annealing time, as the temperature increases the grain size increases. A
particular alloy with larger grains has lower strength and more ductility than the same
alloy with smaller grains.

Machinibility:-

There are a variety of chemicals, both metal and non-metal, that can be added to steel
to make it easier to cut. These additives may work by lubricating the tool-chip interface,
decreasing the shear strength of the material, or increasing the brittleness of the chip.
Historically, sulphur and lead have been the most common additives, but bismuth and
tin are increasingly popular for environmental reasons.

Lead can improve the machinability of steel because it acts as an internal lubricant in
the cutting zone.[9] Since lead has poor shear strength, it allows the chip to slide more
freely past the cutting edge. When it is added in small quantities to steel, it can greatly
improve its machinability while not significantly affecting the steel's strength.

Sulphur improves the machinability of steel by forming low shear strength inclusions in
the cutting zone. These inclusions are stress risers that weaken the steel, allowing it to
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deform more easily.

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SUBJECT :-MOS 1 LAB REG NO:-13PWCIV3949

 Name: - Sayel wahab Roll No:-11 Section A
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SUBJECT :-MOS 1 LAB REG NO:-13PWCIV3949