Professional Documents
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HISTORY OF
ARCHITECTURE
Introduction
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE REFERENCES
DEFINITIONS
History of Architecture
• "It is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces
the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which
history of architecture
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian Chinese & Japanese
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-historic
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Pre-historic
• Humans spread from Africa into Southern Europe, Asia
• Could not settle far north due to the cold climate
• From Siberia by foot into North America
• From Southeast Asia by boat into Australia
ISLAMIC
• Some people needed not farm, so they spent time on
INDIAN other work - pot-making, metal-working, art and…
CHINESE & JAPANESE architecture!
FILIPINO
• The success of the human race was largely due to the RELIGION
development of tools – made of stone, wood, bone • No organized religion
• The dead are treated with respect - burial rituals and
monuments
Pre-historic
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER EXAMPLES
MATERIALS
• Animal skins, wooden frames, animal bones
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
• Existing or excavated caves
• Megalithic, most evident in France, England and Ireland
PRE-HISTORIC
MENHIR
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Carnac, France
Pre-historic
DOLMEN TUMULUS or PASSAGE GRAVE
• Tomb of standing stones usually capped with a large • Dominant tomb type
horizontal slab • Corridor inside leading to an underground chamber
CROMLECH
• Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground
in circular form
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Stonehenge, England (2800 – 1500 BC)
ROMANESQUE • Most spectacular and imposing of monolithic monuments
GOTHIC • Outer ring, inner ring, innermost horseshoe-shaped ring
RENAISSANCE with open end facing east
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN • Largest stones weigh 45 to 50 tons, came from Wales
200 km away
ISLAMIC
• Stones transported by sea or river then hauled on land
INDIAN with sledges and rollers by hundreds of people, raised
CHINESE & JAPANESE upright into pits, capped with lintels
FILIPINO
Genuine architecture - it defines exterior space
• A solar observatory - designed to mark the sun's path
during sunrise on Midsummer Day
Pre-historic
PRIMITIVE DWELLINGS
• Mostly had one room
• The development of more complex civilizations led to
division of the room into smaller ones for eating, sleeping,
socializing
Wigwam or Tepee
• conical tent with wooden poles as framework
• Covered with rush mats and an animal skin door
Hogan - primitive Indian structure of joined logs
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Natural or Artificial Caves Igloo - Innuit (Eskimo) house constructed of hard-packed
EARLY CHRISTIAN snow blocks built up spirally
BYZANTINE Nigerian hut - with mud walls and roof of palm leaves
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Beehive Hut
FILIPINO Trullo - dry walled rough stone shelter with corbelled roof Iraqi mudhif - covered with split reed mats, built on a reed
platform to prevent settlement
Sumatran house - for several families, built of timber and
palm leaves, the fenced pen underneath is for livestock
Near East
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Near East
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Sargon of Agade
Mesopotamian Empire
under King Hammurabi Mesopotamian
Assyrian Empire • City-states of Ur, Babylon, Agade, Ashur and Damascus
under King Ashurbanipal
• 2334 BC, King Sargon of Agade formed the first major
Persian Empire empire
under King Darius I
• 1792 BC, next by King Hammurabi
• Instituted laws to keep order
• Invention of writing - pictograms or cuneiform records on
clay tablets
Assyrian
ASHUR • Based in Ashur, biggest empire under King Ashurbanipal
DAMASCUS
PERSIA – conquered Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine and Egypt
AGADE
BABYLON
UR
MEMPHIS PERSEPOLIS
EGYPT
THEBES
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN Persian
• Started as villages on the flat land between Tigris and
EARLY CHRISTIAN
Euphrates rivers - “Mesopotamia” • Begun by Cyrus the Great from 559 to 529 BC
BYZANTINE • Turned into city-states with populations of thousands • Covered Mesopotamia, Anatolia, Eastern Mediterranean,
ROMANESQUE Bactria, Indus Valley and North Africa
GOTHIC • Each city-state surrounded by a wall and dominated by a • Darius I had provinces ruled by a satrap, who guarded
RENAISSANCE large temple the roads, collected taxes and controlled the army
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Society of kings, craftsmen, soldiers, farmers, priests • Local peoples were allowed to keep their religions and
20TH C MODERN • Fought and traded with each other customs
• Sometimes would conquer each other and form an • Capital moved from Susa to Persepolis
ISLAMIC
empire • Network of roads linking the royal court to other parts of
INDIAN the empire – from Susa in Persia to Sardis in Anatolia
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Traded raw materials, carpets and spices
FILIPINO
• Darius and Xerxes tried to conquer Greece
• Ended with the defeat of Darius III to Alexander the Great
of Macedonia
Near East
RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Each city-state worshipped their own god for protection
• People aimed to make peace with their wrathful god MATERIALS
• Only materials readily available was clay, soil, reeds,
rushes
• Bricks made of mud and chopped straw, sun-dried or
kiln-fired
• Timber, copper, tin, lead gold, silver imported
DECORATION
• Colossal winged-bulls guarding chief portals
• Polychrome glazed bricks in blue, white, yellow, green
• Murals of decorative continuous stone
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Fertile Crescent:
ISLAMIC
• Marshlands with few natural advantages aside from
INDIAN water and soil
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Import materials like hardwood and metals
FILIPINO
Also:
• Deserts of the Arabian Peninsula
• Mountains and plateaux from west to east
Near East
EXAMPLES PALACES
• Kings celebrated their victories, wealth and power by
ZIGGURATS building large palaces
• Religious buildings built next to temples
• On top was a small temple
ISLAMIC
INDIAN DWELLINGS
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Known as Megaron
FILIPINO • Entrance at end rather than on the long sides
• Portico - colonnaded space forming an entrance or
Ziggurat at Ur vestibule, with a roof supported on one side by columns
• 2000 BC • Suited to climate of Anatolian plateau
Egyptian
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian
Pre-Historic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Egyptian
HISTORY
• Wealthy country despite the desert - every year, Nile
would overflow, leaving the land fertile for growing crops
• Nile River was a trade route
• Gold from Nubia in the south
EGYPT
KARNAK
THEBES
NUBIA
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK Pharaohs:
GEOGRAPHY & CLIMATE
ROMAN
• Narrow stretch of fertile and arable land along the Nile • Seen as gods dwelling on earth
EARLY CHRISTIAN
• Beyond riverbanks, barren desert and rugged cliffs • Sole masters of the country and its inhabitants
BYZANTINE prevented attack from invaders • Builders and leaders
ROMANESQUE • Mediterranean and Red seas • Initiated the design, financing, quarrying and transporting
GOTHIC of materials, organization of labor and construction itself
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Society:
20TH C MODERN • Divided into groups, by order of importance: senior
priests, officials, noblemen, and army commanders
ISLAMIC
• Most ordinary Egyptians were farmers
INDIAN • Architects, engineers, theologians, masons, sculptors,
CHINESE & JAPANESE painters, laborers, peasants, prisoners
FILIPINO • Weaving, glass-making, pottery, metal, jewelry and
furniture
• Astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, music and writing
literature and history written on papyrus and stone tablets
Egyptian
RELIGION ROOF & OPENINGS
• Cult of many gods representing nature: sun, moon, stars, • Roof was not an important consideration
animals • Flat roofs sufficed to cover and exclude heat
• No windows
• Spaces were lit by skylights, roof slits, clerestories
NEAR EAST masked and bandaged • Unbroken massive walls, uninterrupted space for
EGYPTIAN hieroglyphics
GREEK ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
ROMAN DECORATIONS
EARLY CHRISTIAN DESCRIPTION • Mouldings such as "gorge" or "hollow and roll" was
BYZANTINE • Afterlife - life and house on earth is temporary, the tomb inspired by reeds
ROMANESQUE is permanent • Torus moulding
GOTHIC • For sustenance and eternal enjoyment of the deceased
RENAISSANCE • Religion is the dominant element in Egyptian architecture
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN MATERIALS
• Stone was abundant in variety and quantity
ISLAMIC
• Used for monuments and religious buildings
INDIAN • Durability of stone is why monuments still exist to this
CHINESE & JAPANESE day
FILIPINO
• Other materials, metals and timber were imported
• Mud bricks: for houses, palaces (reeds, papyrus, palm
branch ribs, plastered over with clay)
Egyptian
• Hieroglyphics were pictorial representations of religion, Common ornaments:
history and daily life
• Derived from the practice of scratching pictures on mud-
plaster walls
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST • Common capitals used were the lotus, papyrus, palm
EGYPTIAN which echoed indigenous Egyptian plants, and were
GREEK symbols of fertility as well
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN • The shaft represented bundle of stems
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Came in complexes:
• Offering chapel (north or east side)
PRE-HISTORIC
• Mortuary chapel
history of architecture
Pyramids at Gizeh
Step Pyramid of Zoser, Saqqara • Most magnificent of pyramids
• World's first large-scale monument in stone • Equilateral sides face cardinal points
• Designed by Imhotep • Forms a world-famous building group
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Bent Pyramid at Seneferu
FILIPINO
Egyptian
ROCK-CUT or ROCK-HEWN TOMBS TEMPLES
• Built along hillside
• For nobility, not royalty MORTUARY TEMPLES
• worship/ in honor of pharaohs
CULT TEMPLES
• worship/ in honor of god
Parts:
• Entrance pylon
• Large outer court open to sky (hypaethral court)
• Hypostyle hall
• Sanctuary surrounded by passages
• Chapels/chambers used in connection with the temple
service
PRE-HISTORIC
Tombs at Beni Hasan
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Temple of Khons
• Typical temple: pylons, court, hypostyle hall, sanctuary,
ISLAMIC
chapels all enclosed by high girdle wall
INDIAN • Avenue of sphinxes and obelisks fronting pylons
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Temple of Ammon, Luxor
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
FORTRESSES
• Mostly found on west bank of Nile or on islands
• Close communications with other fortresses
Fortress of Buhen
• Headquarters & largest fortified town near Nubia
• From here they could trade and invade lands to the south
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN OBELISKS
EARLY CHRISTIAN • upright stone square in plan, with an electrum-capped
BYZANTINE pyramidion on top
ROMANESQUE • sacred symbol of sun-god Heliopolis
GOTHIC • usually came in pairs fronting temple entrances
RENAISSANCE • height of nine or ten times the diameter at the base
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • four sides feature hieroglyphics
20TH C MODERN
Obelisk, Piazza of S. Giovanni
ISLAMIC
• originally from Temple of Ammon, Karnak
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian
Pre-Historic Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
Greek Empire
under Alexander the Great of Macedonia
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Aegean Period (Minoan)
RENAISSANCE • Civilizations on Crete and Greek mainland from 1900 to
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 1100 BC
20TH C MODERN • The first great commercial and naval power in the • Among best soldiers in the ancient world – Hoplite Army
Mediterranean, founded on trade with the whole eastern defeated repeated invasions by Darius and Xerxes of
ISLAMIC
seaboard: Asia Minor, Cyprus, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Persia
INDIAN • Alexander the Great of Macedonia conquered Persia,
Libya, even South Italy and Sicily on the west
CHINESE & JAPANESE Asia Minor, Egypt, Syria, Afghanistan
• Trade and communications produced a unity of culture
FILIPINO
and economic stability • Greek language and culture reached an enormous area
• Knossos was the largest city, had a magnificent palace
Hellenistic Period (323 to 30 BC)
• Hellenistic Empire established, Greek civilization
extended
Greek
GEOLOGY & CLIMATE ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• On the mainland, rugged mountains made
communication difficult DESCRIPTION
• Mountains separated inhabitants into groups, clans,
states
• archipelago and islands: sea was the inevitable means of
trade and communications
RELIGION
Aegean
• Rough and massive
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
On mainland:
• Single-storeyed house with deep plan
• Columned entrance porch with central doorway
• Living apartment proper with sleeping room behind
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
TOMBS
• rock-cut or chamber tombs - “tholos” tomb
Treasury of Atreus, Mycenae
Greek
TEMPLES
• Chief building type
• Earliest ones resembled megaron in
plan and construction
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
Arris
MOULDINGS
• Architectural devices, which with Splay
light and shade, produce definition to
a building
• Could be refined and delicate in
contour, due to fineness of marble
and the clarity of atmosphere and light Fillet
Billet
Cove
Cavetto
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Ogee
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Cyma Recta
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Cyma Reversa
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC Beak
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Brace
Greek
• Certain refinements used to correct optical illusions: GREEK ORDERS
• Horizontal lines built convex to correct sagging • Shaft, Capital, and Horizontal entablature (architrave,
• Vertical features inclined inwards to correct appearance frieze, cornice)
of falling outwards
• On columns, entasis was used, swelling outwards to • Originally, Doric and Ionic, named after the two main
correct appearance of curving inwards branches of Greek race
• Then there evolved Corinthian, a purely decorative order
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • no windows
20TH C MODERN • clerestory - situated between roof and upper portion of
wall
ISLAMIC
• skylight - made of thin, translucent marble
INDIAN • temple door, oriented towards the east
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
DORIC ORDER
• Without base, directly on crepidoma
• Height (including capital) of 4 to 6
times the diameter at the base
• Shaft diminishes at top from 3/4 to
2/3 of base diameter
• Divided into 20 shallow flutes
separated by arrises
Doric entablature:
• Height is 1 and 3/4 times the lower
diameter in height
3 main divisions:
• Architrave, principal beam of 2 or 3
slabs in depth
PRE-HISTORIC
• Frieze
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
IONIC ORDER
• Volute or scroll capital (derived
from Egyptian lotus and Aegean
art)
Ionic column:
• More slender than Doric
• Needed a base to spread load
• Height was 9 times the base
diameter
• Has 24 flutes separated by
fillets
• Upper and lower torus
Ionic entablature:
• Height was 2 and 1/4 times the
diameter of column
Two parts:
• Architrave,with fasciae
PRE-HISTORIC
• Cornice
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
CORINTHIAN ORDER
• Decorative variant of Ionic Order
Corinthian column:
• Base and shaft resembled Ionic
• More slender
• Height of 10 diameters
• Capital: much deeper than Ionic, 1
and 1/6 diameters high
• Capital invented by Callimachus,
inspired by basket over root of
acanthus plant
3 parts:
• Architrave,
• Frieze,
• Cornice, developed type with dentils
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Greek
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Temple of Artemis Ephesus
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The Parthenon, Acropolis
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Erectheion, Acropolis
Greek
TEMENOS
• Enclosure designated as a sacred land
• Entire groups of buildings laid out symmetrically and
orderly
AGORA
Acropolis at Pergamon
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN STOA
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE The Acropolis, Athens
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 10 structures form a world-famous building group:
20TH C MODERN • Propylaea
• Pinacotheca
ISLAMIC
• Statue of Athena Promachos
INDIAN • Erectheion
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Parthenon
FILIPINO • Temple of Nike Apteros
• Old Temple of Athena
• Stoa of Eumeses PRYTANEION, BOULEUTERION, or ASSEMBLY HALL
• Theater of Dionysus
• Odeon of Herodes Atticus
Greek
THEATER or ODEION
• Carved or hollowed out of the hillside
• Acoustically-efficient
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN STADIUM or HIPPODROME
CHINESE & JAPANESE PROPYLAEA
FILIPINO PALAESTRA and GYMNASIUM
NAVAL BUILDING
TOMBS/ MAUSOLEUM
Theater of Epidauros
Roman
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Roman
Roman Empire in 114 AD
under Emperor Trajan
2 periods:
BRITAIN
Etuscan or Etruscan (750 BC to 146 BC)
LONDON
GERMANY
Roman (146 BC to 365 AD)
• Developed constitutional republic
FRANCE • Farmers & soldiers, concerned with efficiency and justice
ITALY
NIMES ROME
GREECE • For 500 years Rome was ruled by elected leaders called
SPAIN POMPEII
BYZANTIUM
consuls
• In 27 BC, Augustus crowned himself Emperor with total
SEGOVIA
(CONSTANTINOPLE)
ATHENS
CARTHAGE
power
ANTIOCH PERSIA • Succession of military dictatorships of which Julius
AFRICA Caesar’s was most famous
EGYPT
• Empire reached its greatest size in 114 AD under
Emperor Trajan - 4000km wide and 60 million inhabitants
• Used natural frontiers such as mountain ranges and
rivers to define their empire
• Otherwise they built fortified walls, such as Hadrian’s
Wall in England
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN • Romans had great constructive ability
GREEK • Complex, of several stories
ROMAN • Utilitarian, practical, economic use of materials
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE MATERIALS
ROMANESQUE • Stone: tufa, peperino, travertine, lava stone, sand, gravel
GOTHIC • Marble, mostly white
RENAISSANCE • Imported marble from all parts of the Empire to river
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Tiber
20TH C MODERN • Earth for terra cotta and bricks
ISLAMIC
• Etruscans introduced the use of concrete (300 AD to 400
INDIAN AD):
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Stone or brick rubble with pozzolana, a thick volcanic
FILIPINO earth material as mortar
• Used for walls, vaults, domes
• Concrete allowed Romans to build vaults of a magnitude
never equaled until 19th century steel construction
Roman
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
• Adopted columnar and trabeated style of Greeks
• Arch and vault system started by Etruscans - combined
use of column, beam and arch (arctuated)
• Were able to cover large spaces without the aid of
intermediate support
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Roman
TYPES OF VAULTS DECORATION
Mosaics
• Thousands of small stones or glass tiles set in mortar to
form a pattern
• Showed pictures of roman life
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
FORUM
• Roman cities were well-planned with straight streets
crossing the town in a grid pattern
• In the town center was an open space called the forum
RECTANGULAR TEMPLE • Surrounded by a hall, offices, law courts and shops
Maison Caree, Nimes
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO BASILICAS
Basilica in the Forum, Pompeii
CIRCULAR TEMPLE Basilica of Septimius Severus, Lepcis Magna
The Pantheon. Rome
Roman
THERMAE DOMUS
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Baths of Diocletian, Rome
FILIPINO
Roman
CIRCUS TRIUMPHAL ARCHES
Circus Maximus, Rome Arch of Septimius Severus, The Forum, Rome
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Early Christian
Christianized
by 600 AD
• Belief that Jesus was the Christ and the Son of God -
BRITAIN
Christianity was born
LONDON • Disciples spread stories of Jesus’ life and teaching by
word of mouth and by written account in the new
testament
FRANCE
ITALY
MARSEILLE ROME
GREECE
SPAIN NAPLES
CONSTANTINOPLE
SEVILLE
ATHENS ANTIOCH
CARTHAGE SYRIA
JERUSALEM DAMASCUS PERSIA
NORTH AFRICA BETHLEHEM JUDEA
ALEXANDRIA
EGYPT
DESCRIPTION
• Highly-influenced by Roman art and architecture
• This architecture hardly has the architectural value of a
style, simply because it was never really produced by the
solution of constructive problems
EXAMPLES
BASILICAN CHURCHES
• Roman basilicas as models
• Usually erected over the burial place of the saint to whom
it was dedicated
• Unlike Greek and Roman temples which sheltered gods,
the purpose of the Christian church was to shelter
PRE-HISTORIC
worshippers
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN • Came in a complex, with cathedral, belfry or campanile,
GREEK and baptistery
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Fine sculptures and mosaics worked into new basilicas
BYZANTINE • Paid little regard to external architectural effect
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC • Entrance at west
RENAISSANCE • Priest stood behind altar, facing east
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Early Christian
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Early Christian
St. Peter's, Rome Other examples:
• Erected by Constantine near the site of St. Peter's S. Apollinare, Ravenna
martyrdom S. Sabina
• The Circus of Nero was torn down to erect it S. Agnese Fuori Le Mura, Rome
St. Paulo Fuori Le Mura
S. Clemente, Rome
S. Maria Maggiore, Rome
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Early Christian
BAPTISTERIES
• Used only for sacrament of baptism, on festivals of
Easter, Pentecost and Epiphany
• Large separate building from church, sometimes
adjoined atrium
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE TOMBS or CATACOMBS
ROMANESQUE • Christians objected to cremation, insisted on burial on
GOTHIC consecrated ground
RENAISSANCE • Land for burials had become scarce and expensive
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN • Monumental tombs became expressions of faith in
immortality
ISLAMIC
• Cemeteries or catacombs were excavated below ground
INDIAN • Several stories extending downwards
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO • Usually domed and enriched with lavish mosaic
decorations
• Walls and ceilings were lavishly decorated with paintings
mixing pagan symbolism with scenes from the bible
Byzantine
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Byzantine
Byzantine Empire in 565 AD
under Emperor Justinian
ROME
GREECE
SPAIN
CORDOBA CONSTANTINOPLE
ASIA MINOR
ATHENS
CARTHAGE ANTIOCH
JERUSALEM SYRIA
DAMASCUS
AFRICA
ALEXANDRIA
EGYPT
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN • Under Emperor Justinian, regained control of lost lands
GREEK of the Western Roman Empire, such as Northwest Africa,
HISTORY
ROMAN Italy and Spain
• Fierce barbaric tribes such as the Goths and Vandals
EARLY CHRISTIAN
attacked from outside the empire • Attacks from Slav Barbarians and Bulgars from the
BYZANTINE • In 285 – 293 AD, the empire had split into two – an northwest were constantly being repelled
ROMANESQUE Eastern and Western empire • Persians, Arabs and Muslims from east
GOTHIC • Constantine, a converted Christian, changed the capital • Normans and Venetians
RENAISSANCE of the Empire from Rome to Constantinople in 330 AD • Ottoman Turks captured the city in 1453 and killed
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • The western empire based in Rome finally collapsed in Constantine XI the last emperor
20TH C MODERN 476 AD
• Eastern empire lasted another thousand years and was GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
ISLAMIC
known as the Byzantine empire • Where Asia and Europe meet, separated by a narrow
INDIAN strip of water
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• Constantinople stood on the site of an old Greek town • Art and architecture executed by original Greek
FILIPINO craftsmen
called Byzantium (present-day Istanbul)
• Known as the "new Rome", most commanding position • Influence reached Greece, Serbia, Russia, Asia Minor,
and most valuable part of eastern Roman empire North Africa, further west
• Bulwark of Christianity during the Middle Ages • Also Ravenna, Perigeux and Venice, through trade
Byzantine
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER DOMES
• The dome was the prevailing motif of Byzantine
DESCRIPTION architecture
• First buildings constructed were churches • Practice of using domes contrasts with Early Christian
• Dumped Early Christian style for new domical Byzantine timber truss system
style
• Byzantine is still official style for Orthodox church 3 types of dome:
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Compound
ROMANESQUE • Dome of separate sphere, rises independently over
GOTHIC sphere of pendentives or dome raised on high drum
RENAISSANCE distinction:
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Basilican plan - Early Christian
20TH C MODERN • Domed, centralized plan - Byzantine
ISLAMIC
CONSTRUCTION SYSTEM
INDIAN • Fusion of domical construction with classical columnar
CHINESE & JAPANESE style
FILIPINO • Domes of various types placed over square
compartments using pendentives
• Semi-circular arches rest directly on columns, with Special designs: melon, serrated, onion or bulbous shape
capitals able to support springing of arches
Byzantine
EXAMPLES S. Mark, Venice
• On the site of original Basilican church
CHURCHES • An exterior quality all its own: blending of features from
• Centralized type of plan many foreign lands
• Dome over nave, sometimes supported by semi-domes
• Entrance at west • Sits behind the Piazza of San Marco, vast marble-paved
open space serves as atrium to church
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC S. Sophia, Constantinople
RENAISSANCE • Hagia Sophia "divine or holy wisdom"
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Built by Justinian, designed by Anthemius of Tralles and
20TH C MODERN Isidorus of Miletus
• Rose on the site of 2 successive Basilican churches of
ISLAMIC
the same name
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Most important church in Constantinople
FILIPINO • Perfection of Byzantine style
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Romanesque
• The decline of the Roman Empire led to the rise of
independent states and nations across Europe
• Most states still had ecclesiastical and political ties to
Rome
• This went on for three centuries, from 500 to 800 AD
EXAMPLES
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Pisa Cathedral
BYZANTINE Cefalu Cathedral, Sicily • Forms one of most famous building groups in the world -
ROMANESQUE • Most distinct Romanesque church in Sicily Cathedral, Baptistery, Campanile, and Campo Santo
GOTHIC • Resembles other early Basilican churches in plan
RENAISSANCE • Exterior of red and white marble bands
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Baptistery
• 39.3 m circular plan by Dioti Salvi
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Campanile
CHINESE & JAPANESE • aka The “Leaning Tower of Pisa”
FILIPINO • 8 storeys, 16 m in diameter
• Due to failure of foundations, overhangs 4.2 m
Monreale Cathedral
• Most splendid under Norman rule in Sicily
• Basilican and Byzantine planning
Romanesque
FRANCE CENTRAL EUROPE
• Remains of old buildings were less abundant – they had
greater freedom of developing new style Worms Cathedral
• Rib-vaults and semi-circular or pointed arches over the • Eastern and western apses and octagons
nave and aisles • 2 circular towers flank each
• Timber-framed roofs of slate finish and steep slope to • Octagon at crossing, with pointed roof
throw off snow
SPAIN
PRE-HISTORIC
S. Madeleine, Vezelay • Use of both Basilican and Greek-cross forms
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris
• Among the first instances of using the pointed arch Santiago de Compostela
• Ribbed vault, pointed arch and flying buttresses • Finest achievement of Romanesque in Spain
successfully combined
Romanesque
ENGLAND MONASTIC BUILDINGS
Fountains Abbey, Yorkshire
3 foundations:
• Old foundation - served by secular clergy
• Monastic foundation - served by regular clergy or monks
• New foundation - to which bishops had been appointed
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Began as motte and bailey earthworks
FILIPINO • Later became citadels with stone curtain walls
Durham Cathedral
• Rib and panel vaulting with pointed arches
Romanesque
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
Gothic
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Gothic
NORWAY
SCOTLAND
SWEDEN
DENMARK ESTONIA
RUSSIA
ENGLAND
IRELAND LIVONIA
POLAND
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE LITHUANIA
FRANCE
HUNGARY
CASTILE PAPAL
STATES OTTOMAN EMPIRE • Some 4000 new towns were built to accommodate the
rising population
• Towns became centers of trade – Paris, Milan, Florence,
AFRICA Venice, Naples
Features:
• Use of pointed arch to cover
PRE-HISTORIC
rectangular bays
history of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Gothic
Chartres Cathedral
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Other cathedrals:
Beauvais Cathedral
Laon Cathedral
Soissons Cathedral
Gothic
CASTLES
• Built on mounds above rivers
• Thick walls and small windows to resist attack
Carcassone
• built in 13th Century AD
• double wall, inner one made in 600 AD
• 50 towers and moat
• two gateways guarded by machicolations, drawbridge
and portcullis
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Gothic
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Gothic
ENGLAND CATHEDRALS
• May have been attached to monasteries or to collegiate
NORMAN (1066 to 1154 AD) institutions
• Includes the raising of most of major Romanesque • Found in precincts with dormitories, infirmary, guest
churches and castles houses, cloisters, refrectory, other buildings
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Ulm Cathedral
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Penhurst Place, Kent
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Granada Cathedral
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE Toledo Cathedral
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Burgos Cathedral (1221 - 1457 AD)
ISLAMIC
• Irregular in plan
INDIAN • Most beautiful and poetic of all Spanish cathedrals
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Seville Cathedral (1402 to 1520 AD) Salamanca Cathedral
• Largest Medieval church in Europe
• Second largest church in the world, next to St. Peter's, Other cathedrals:
Rome • Avila Cathedral, Segovia Cathedral, Barcelona Cathedral
Gothic
ITALY
• Led the way in Europe, in terms of art, learning and
commerce
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Siena Cathedral
ROMANESQUE • One of most stupendous undertakings since the building
GOTHIC of the Pisa cathedral
RENAISSANCE • Outcome of civic pride - all artists in Siena contributed
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL their works to its building and adornment
20TH C MODERN • Cruciform plan
• Zebra marble striping on wall and pier
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Other cathedrals:
CHINESE & JAPANESE Florence Cathedral or S. Maria del Fiore
FILIPINO • Designed by Arnolfo di Cambio Milan Cathedral
• Essentially Italian in character, without the vertical • Largest Medieval cathedral in Italy
features of Gothic • 3rd largest cathedral in Europe
• Peculiar latin cross plan with campanile and baptistery
Renaissance
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
NORWAY
SWEDEN Renaissance
GREAT RUSSIA
BRITAIN DENMARK • Printing by Movable Types
DUTCH
• Led to the mass production of books
REP. POLAND • Contributed to the circulation of ideas and knowledge
HOLY ROMAN
EMPIRE LITHUANIA
FRANCE SWISS
CONF.
OTTOMAN
SAVOY EMPIRE
SPAIN PAPAL
PORTUGAL STATES
AFRICA
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
• Previous trade routes to the east had now been blocked
EARLY CHRISTIAN
by the Ottoman Turks in Constantinople
BYZANTINE • 1450, series of voyages and explorations by sea led by
ROMANESQUE Spain and Portugal
GOTHIC • For trade mostly but also for the discovery of more lands
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
• Increased understanding of Science and the Arts
INDIAN • Medicine and Astronomy
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Human Anatomy by Andreas Vesalius
FILIPINO
• Attempt to understand the ancient world, its values,
• Warfare was changed by the invention of gunpowder literary, artistic forms and architectural forms
• This brought about the need for a new building type • "Treatise on Architecture" by Vitruvius in 1486
Renaissance
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER ROCOCO
• Style which is primarily French in origin
DESCRIPTION • Rock-like forms, fantastic scrolls, and crimped shells
• The Renaissance movement created a break in the • Profuse, often semi-abstract ornamentation
evolution of European church architecture • Light in color and weight
• Departure from Gothic, with the employment of Classic
Roman “Orders of Architecture”
• Byzantine structural and decorative practices, instead of
Gothic, were interwoven with those from Roman and
Romanesque succession
PERIODS
NEAR EAST high respect (represented by Andrea Palladio) • Rococo Architecture was a profusion and confusion of
EGYPTIAN • Proto-Baroque, where there was more confidence in detail, presenting a lavish display of decoration
GREEK using the acquired vocabulary freely (represented by
ROMAN Michelangelo)
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Mannerist, where practices which had no Roman
BYZANTINE precedent were interspersed with the usual buildings, or
ROMANESQUE entire buildings were conceived in a non-Roman way
GOTHIC • Mannerists used architectural elements in a free,
RENAISSANCE decorative and illogical way, unsanctioned by antique
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL precedent
20TH C MODERN
BAROQUE
ISLAMIC
• Architects worked with freedom and firmly-acquired
INDIAN knowledge
CHINESE & JAPANESE • The true nature of Renaissance as a distinctive style
FILIPINO began to emerge
• Baroque saw architecture, painting, sculpture and the
minor arts being used in harmony to produce the unified
whole
Renaissance
FLORENCE ROME
• Cities of Florence, Genoa, Milan - central, chief powers • Splendidly presented examples of High Renaissance and
of Italy Proto-baroque
• Medici family - founded by Giovanni de Medici, who was • Famous architect is Donato Bramante
a commercial and political power
• Vitality of social life at every level Tempietto in S. Pietro, Montorio
• Artists, who excelled in several arts, achieve high status • Resembling small Roman circular temple with Doric
in society columns
• Craft guilds, with both religious and lay connotations, • 4.5 m internal diameter
directed activities of studios and workshops
• Renaissance had its birth in Florence
PALAZZI
• With the development of gunpowder, palace-type building
evolved, taking the place of fortified castles
• Built around a cortile or interior court, like medieval
cloister • Site where S. Peter was martyred
• Ground floor and piano nobile • Designed by Donato Bramante
• Façade of massive, rugged, fortress-like character due to • Dome on drum pierced with alternating windows and
use of rusticated masonry and wall angles called quoins shell-headed niches
PRE-HISTORIC
• Large windows unnecessary and unsuitable
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Palazzo Strozzi
CHINESE & JAPANESE • By Benedetto da Majano
FILIPINO • Representative of the Florentine palace of that period
• Open cortile and piano nobile
• Astylar exterior of uniform rustication
• Cornice of 1/13 the height, 2.1 m projection
Renaissance
6. Antonio da Sangallo
• Slightly altered plan - extended vestibule and campanile,
and elaborated the central dome
• Died
7. Michelangelo
• Undertook the project at 72 years old - present building
owes most of its outstanding features to him
• Greek-cross plan, strengthened dome, redesigned
surrounding chapels
S. Peter, Rome
• Most important Renaissance building in Italy 8. Giacomo della Porta
• With cathedral, piazza and the Vatican, forms a world-
famous group 9. Domenico Fontana
• Completed dome in 1590
• 120 years, outcome of the works of many architects
under the direction of the pope 10. Vignola
• Added sided cupolas
12 Architects:
11. Carlo Maderna
PRE-HISTORIC
1. Bramante • Lengthened nave to form Latin cross and built the
history of architecture
NEAR EAST • His design was selected from several entries in a gigantic facade
EGYPTIAN competition
GREEK • He proposed a Greek cross plan and a dome similar to 12. Bernini
ROMAN the Pantheon in Rome • Erected noble entrance piazza 198 m wide with Tuscan
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Foundation stone laid in 1506 colonnade
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE 2. Giuliano da Sangallo
GOTHIC • Upon death of Julius II in 1513
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL 3. Fra Giocondo
20TH C MODERN
4. Raphael
ISLAMIC
• Proposed a Latin cross plan
INDIAN • Died
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO 5. Baldassare Peruzzi • Completed plan is a Latin cross with an internal length of
• Reverted to Greek cross 183 m, width of 137 m
• Died • At crossing, majestic dome of 41.9 m internal diameter
• Largest church in the world
Renaissance
FRANCE
COUNTRY HOUSES
• Country houses took the place of fortified castles
Some examples:
Chateau de Justice, Rouen
Chateau d'O, Mortree
Chateau de Josselin Chateau de Maisons
Chateau de Blois • One of the most harmonious of all chateaux
Chateau d'Azay-Rideau • Designed by Francois Mansart on a symmetrical E-plan
Chateau de Chenonceaux
PRE-HISTORIC
Palaise du Louvre, Paris
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Chateau de Chambord
• Designed by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona
• Semi-fortified palace, most famous in Loire district
Renaissance
Petit Trianon, Versailles CHURCHES
• Designed by JA Gabriel for Louis XV
• One of most superb pieces of domestic architecture of
the century
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN St. Gervais, Paris
EARLY CHRISTIAN • earliest wholly-classical church facade
BYZANTINE • by Salomon de Brosse
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
PERIODS
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE GEORGIAN HOUSES
FILIPINO
Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire
• Most monumental mansion in England
• Example of central block with wings
Renaissance
SPAIN & PORTUGAL
In Spain:
• Plateresque, rich and poetic style, so named for its
similarity to silversmiths' work – plateria
• Influenced by Moorish art - extremely florid and
decorative, from the minuteness of detail
in Portugal:
• Manueline Style (from King Manuel I, 1495 to 1521 AD)
• Decorative rather than structural in character, inspired by
the voyages of discoverers
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The University, Salamanca
• The facade is a Plateresque design masterpiece
• Admirable craftsmanship
Renaissance
GERMANY
Heidelberg Castle
• Exemplifies progressive developments of the Early
Renaissance on the castle
• Saalbau, Heinrichsbau, Friedrichsbau
• Great watchtower and irregular court
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Monastery, Melk
• One of most striking Baroque monuments
18th-19th C: Revival
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
Revival
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
18th-19th C: Revival
• Home-based cottage industries were rendered obsolete
by the invention of the steam engine by Watt in 1785
• Goods could be made more cheaply
• Factories sprouted all over Britain where coal was
available to fuel the engines, other countries followed suit
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC Technological innovations:
RENAISSANCE • Railways to easily transport people and goods
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL HISTORY • Improved drainage and sanitation
20TH C MODERN • Coal-gas and gas lamps, later electricity
• Revolutionary changes affecting every aspect of life • Lift or elevator
ISLAMIC
• Growth of communications
INDIAN • Ship-building and the Suez Canal
• The Industrial Revolution started in Britain - new
CHINESE & JAPANESE
machines and innovative processes helped change • International exhibitions of science and industry
FILIPINO
nations from agricultural to industrial ones
• Spread to continental Europe and to North America
• Created a new type of worker – the wage laborer or
proletarian
18th-19th C: Revival
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER Periods in Britain:
• The need to create an imposing effect – research into old EARLY VICTORIAN (1830 to 1850 AD)
styles HIGH VICTORIAN (1850 to 1870 AD)
• Conservation of historic relics or monuments had begun LATE VICTORIAN & EDWARDIAN (1870 to 1914 AD)
• Interest in Classicism, in the Romanesque, the Gothic, AFTERMATH (after World War I)
the Renaissance, the Baroque
• “age of revivals” - eclecticism, taste for exotic forms,
combining native and foreign styles
Westminster New Palace (Houses of Parliament), London The Conservatory, Carlton House, London
• Designed by Sir Charles Barry • Cast-iron for structural and decorative purpose
• Non-classical design: Gothic detail by Pugin
• Victoria tower, Clock tower “Big Ben”
• First major public building of Gothic revival
PRE-HISTORIC
St. Giles, Cheadle, Staffs
history of architecture
NEAR EAST • Designed by Pugin Palm House, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
EGYPTIAN • Designed by Decimus Burton and Richard Turner
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC The University Museum, Oxford
RENAISSANCE • Designed by Benjamin Woodward
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • landmark of High Victorian Gothic
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN Crystal Palace, London
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Designed by Sir Joseph Paxton
FILIPINO • One of the most remarkable buildings in 19th century
Britain – free of any traditional precedent
The Cathedral, Guilford • Housed the Great Exhibition of 1851, erected in Hyde
• Designed by Sir Edward Maufe Park, moved to Sydenham in 1852 to 1854
18th-19th C: Revival
Periods in Continental Europe:
1850 to 1870 AD
• Comparable to High Victorian in Britain
• Renaissance and Gothic revival
• Structural use of iron
1870 to 1914 AD
• Use of metals was intensified, especially in exhibitions
• Antique forms instead of Renaissance
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE • Deliberate simplification of structural elements in
ROMANESQUE buildings and interiors, handmade objects and furniture
GOTHIC • Forms of nature for ornamentation in the facade
RENAISSANCE • Floral style, freely-shaped writhing vegetal forms
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Versions:
• France – Le Modern Style
ISLAMIC
• Germany – Jugendstil
INDIAN • Austria – Sezessione
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Italy – Stile Liberty
FILIPINO • Spain - Modernismo
The Church of Sacre-Coeur, Paris
• Neo-Byzantine by Paul Abadie
18th-19th C: Revival
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN The Library of St. Genevieve, Paris
GREEK • Neo-Renaissance by Henri Labrouste
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE The Victor Emanuel II Monument, Rome
ROMANESQUE • Neo-Classical by Giuseppe Sacconi
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE Others:
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Reighstag, Berlin – Paul Wallot
20TH C MODERN Parliament, Budapest – Imre Steindl
Dresden Opera - neo-Renaissance by Gottfried Semper
ISLAMIC
The Altes Museum, Berlin - Greek-revival style
INDIAN Thorwaldsen Museum, Copenhagen - Greek-revival
CHINESE & JAPANESE The Opera House, Cologne - French Neo-Baroque
FILIPINO The Post Savings Bank, Vienna - Art Noveau by Otto
The Stock Exchange, Amsterdam Wagner
• Neo-Romanesque by HP Berlage
18th-19th C: Revival
Art Noveau Architects:
• Victor Horta in Brussels
• Antoni Gaudi in Barcelona
• Raimondo D’Aronco in Constantinople and Turin
• Joseph Hoffman in Vienna
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN The Entrance Pavilion, Exposition Universelle 1889
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Designed by Gustav Eiffel and maurice koechlin
BYZANTINE • Extensive use of iron, 300m high
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN Casa Mila, Barcelona
• Designed by Antoni Gaudi
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
The Galerie des Machines, Exposition Universelle 1889 Sagrada Familia, Barcelona
• By Victor Contamin, engineer, and CLF Dutert, architect • Art Noveau by Antoni Gaudi
18th-19th C: Revival
Periods in America: The White House, Washington DC
• President’s official residence
POST-COLONIAL (1790 to 1820 AD) • Designed by James Hoban, Irish architect
• Neo-Classic elements • English Palladian style
1st Stream:
• Romanesque and Gothic inspiration
• Influenced by Arts and Crafts movement in England
• HH Richardson, Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright
2nd Stream:
• Italian and French Renaissance, ancient Greek and Monticello, near Charlottesville, Virginia
Roman, late Gothic inspiration • Designed by Thomas Jefferson, 3rd American president
• Influenced by the Ecole des Beaux-Artes • Palladian style
PRE-HISTORIC
• Structural experiment and achievement: metal frame
history of architecture
Unity Temple, Oak Park, Illinois The State Capitol, Richmond, Virginia
• by Frank Lloyd Wright • Designed by Thomas Jefferson
• First neo-classical monument in America, based on
Maison Caree, Nimes
• Ionic order
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
The United States Capitol, Washington DC
ISLAMIC
• First designed by Dr. William Thorton along Palladian
INDIAN lines
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Numerous modifications after the war
FILIPINO • Crowning dome Lincoln Memorial, Washington DC
• One of the world's best known buildings • Designed by Henry Bacon
• Greek Doric style
18th-19th C: Revival
Merchants Exchange, Philadelphia
• Designed by William Strickland
• Greek-revival
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
20th C: Modern
FAMOUS ARCHITECTS
Marcel Breuer
• Architect and designer
• Best known for the design of tubular steel Wassily Chair
• Studied at the Bauhaus - become director of the school's
furniture department in 1924
• Designed a series of noted structures including
innovative houses and the Whitney Museum of Art
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN Eero Saarinen
GREEK Works include:
HISTORY
ROMAN - Dulles International Airport Building, near Washington
EARLY CHRISTIAN - The General Motors Technical Center, Warren, Michigan
More innovations:
BYZANTINE • Curtain wall
ROMANESQUE • Steel and plate-glass
GOTHIC • Folded slab by Eugene Freyssinet
RENAISSANCE • Flat slab by Robert Maillart
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Laminated timber
20TH C MODERN
• Functionalism in design
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE TWA Terminal, JFKennedy Airport
FILIPINO • Undulating shape was meant to evoke the excitement of
high speed flight
• Even interior details: lounges, chairs, signs, and
telephone booths harmonized with the curving “gull
winged” shell
20th C: Modern
Oscar Niemeyer Frank Lloyd Wright
• Worked with city planner Lucio Costa to conceive and
build Brasilia, Brazil's capital in a record time of just four Johnson Wax Co. Building
years
• Functionality and the use of pre-stressed concrete
dominate his designs
• Also designed the cathedral, the national theater and the
presidential palace
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Eric Mendelsohn
GREEK • Dynamic, sculptural quality
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Einstein Tower, Potsdam
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO Also designed:
- Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, NY
- Imperial Hotel in Tokyo – he played a decisive role in the
renewal of Japanese architecture
20th C: Modern
le Corbusier Buckminster Fuller
• Based in Switzerland and France, he dominated • Created the Dymaxion House, the first “machine for
European scene for nearly half-a-century living” - a portable home inside from metal alloys and
• He believed that "the house is a machine to live in" - the plastics
program for building a house should be set out with the • Designed all necessary mechanical systems and devices
same precision as that for building a machine in the center of the building, with living spaces around it,
open to the arrangement tastes of the owner
Five Points of New Architecture
1. Framework structurally independent of walls The United States Pavilion at Expo 67, Montreal
2. Free-standing façade - the free facade, the corollary of
the free plan in the vertical plane
3. Roof garden - restoring, the area of ground covered by
the house Walter Gropius
4. Open planning - the free plan, achieved through the • Created prototype of modern architecture: free-standing
separation of the load-bearing columns from the walls glass sheath suspended on a structural framework - aka
subdividing the space curtain wall
5. Cube form elevated on stilts or columns - pilotises • First used this on Hallidie Building, San Francisco in
elevating the mass off the ground 1918
• Established Bauhaus, a school or training intended to
relate art and architecture to technology and the practical
PRE-HISTORIC
needs of modern life
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE Chapel of Notre Dame, Ronchamp
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN Other Personalities:
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Otto Wagner, Austria
BYZANTINE • Richard Neutra, Austria
ROMANESQUE • Rudolf Schindler, Austria
GOTHIC • Peter Behrens, Germany
RENAISSANCE • August Perret, France
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Hendrik Berlage, The Netherlands
20TH C MODERN • JJP Oud, The Netherlands
• Victor Horta, Belgium
ISLAMIC
• Charles Rennie Mackintosh, UK
INDIAN • CFA Voysey, UK
CHINESE & JAPANESE • Louis Sullivan, USA
FILIPINO • Adolf Meyer Sports Hall for 1964 Tokyo Olympics
• Tony Garnier • Designed by Kenzo Tange
• Max Berg
• Mies van der Rohe
20th C: Modern
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO The Chrysler Building, NY
• Designed by William van Alen
• Art Deco style
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
Islamic
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Islamic
• Muhammad died in 632 AD, but his Muslim followers
were ready to spread his teachings
• Concerted efforts by conquering Arabic tribes to spread
Islam
• North into Central Asia
• Westward to Africa
• Along trade routes into India
• Among the Turks and Mongols
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
• The religion of Islam began in Arabia
EARLY CHRISTIAN SOCIETY
• 610 AD, Muhammad from Mecca saw visions of an angel
BYZANTINE • Message from Allah to stop worshipping false idols and • Tribal groups
ROMANESQUE to accept the will of god “Islam” • Public life was reserved for men (women had a
GOTHIC • Arabs of Mecca rejected this message secondary role - for domestic and agricultural work)
RENAISSANCE • Christians and Jews ("people of the book“) were given
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • 622 AD, the Hegira - Muhammad moved to Medina and the freedom of worship and self-government
20TH C MODERN converted the people into Islam
• Within 10 years, the framework of religion and military • Many of the conquered cities were already centers of
ISLAMIC
organization tasked with spreading the faith was learning
INDIAN • Muslims translated into Arabic many scholarly writings
established
CHINESE & JAPANESE from Greek, Persian and Indian
• Medina then fought Mecca and in 630 AD destroyed all
FILIPINO
its idols and converted it to Islam • Rulers and scholars were interested in mathematics,
astronomy, geography, medicine, philosophy and science
Islamic
RELIGION ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Last of 3 great religions of Middle East
• Complete philosophy of life and government DESCRIPTION
• One god Allah, Muhammad is the prophet • Countries already rich in building tradition
• Faith is held to be Allah's will for creation • Product of the rapid conquest of diverse territories by a
people with no architectural tradition
• Acceptance of the transitory nature of earthly life • Synthesis of styles under one philosophy but in many
• Personal humility different circumstances
• Abhorrence of image worship
Islam had a profound impact on its architecture:
• No essential difference in techniques between religious
and non-religious buildings
• Important architectural endeavor is normally expended
on buildings having a direct social or community purpose
• Decorations tend toward the abstract, using geometric,
calligraphic and plant motifs, with a preference for a
uniform field of decoration rather than a focal element
• Basic conservatism discourages innovations and favors
established forms
• Symmetry and balance (as in the concept of perfect
PRE-HISTORIC
creation)
history of architecture
MOSQUE
• The prophet Muhammad called on people to honor Allah
in prayer - mosques were built wherever Islam had spread
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Dar al-Imara and Mosque of Ibn Tulun, Cairo The Great Mosque, Cordoba
• 876 to 879 AD • 785 AD
Islamic
SARAY or SERAI TOMBS
• Palace with courtyard
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO The Alhambra, Granada (1338 to 1390 AD)
• Fortified palace and complex of buildings set in gardens
• One of most elaborate and richly decorated Islamic Tomb of Humayun, Delhi
palaces • 1565 AD
Indian
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Indian
• 1500 BC Aryans from the north moved into India
• Set-up 16 separate kingdoms all over
Mauryan Empire • Most powerful, the Magadha kingdom, conquered all
under King Ashoka
other kingdoms
• Established the Mauryan Empire in 300 BC under King
Ashoka
Links:
• Mesopotamian Cultures (from 2500 to 1500 BC)
• Central Asia (via mountain passes in the north)
• Persia and Greco-Roman Western Asia (via Baluchistan)
RELIGION
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
STAMBHAS or LATHS
• Monumental pillars standing free without any structural
function
• Circular or octagonal shafts
• Capital Persepolitan in form, bell-shaped and crowned
with animals carrying the Challra, wheel of law
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Indian
STUPAS
• Buddhist memorial mound erected to enshrine a relic of
Buddha, to commemorate special events or mark a sacred
spot
• Regarded as symbols of the universe
• Based on the pre-historic funerary tumulus
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK VIHARAS
ROMAN • Buddhist monasteries often excavated from solid rock
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Central pillared chamber or quadrangle surrounded by
BYZANTINE verandah
ROMANESQUE • Small sleeping cells on the sides
GOTHIC • In front stood the courtyard containing the stupa
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
CHAITYAS
• Buddhist shrine also carved out of solid rock
• Formed like an aisled basilica with a stupa at one end
Chinese
The Historical
Timeline of Architecture
Egyptian Byzantine
Pre-Historic Greek Roman Early Christian Romanesque Gothic Renaissance 18th-19th C: 20th C:
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
Revival Modern
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Near East Islamic
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
Indian Chinese & Japanese
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Chinese
Chin Kingdom
in 1000 BC
Shang Kingdom
in 206 BC
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Chinese
TEMPLES FORTIFICATIONS
PRE-HISTORIC
• Chief feature was the roof
history of architecture
NEAR EAST • Supported on timber uprights and independent of walls • 3700 miles long, from Pacific Ocean to Gobi Desert
EGYPTIAN • A sign of dignity to place roofs one over the other
GREEK • Up-tilted angles, with dragons and grotesque ornaments • Mostly gray granite blocks, but also used whatever
ROMAN materials were available in the locality
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Lofty pavilions, 1 storey each • 6 to 9 m high, with 1.5 m high parapets
BYZANTINE • Successive open courts and porticoes, kitchens, • Base is 7.6 m thick, 4.5 m thick at top
ROMANESQUE refectories, sleeping cells for priests • Paved road wide enough for 5 horses to run abreast
GOTHIC • 25,000 towers, 12 m high and 700 ft apart (2 bow shots
RENAISSANCE PALACES & HOUSES apart)
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Imperial places and official residences
20TH C MODERN • Isolated, 1-storeyed pavilions resembling temples
ISLAMIC
• Governed by building regulations limiting the dimensions
INDIAN and number of columns
CHINESE & JAPANESE • emperor - 9 bays
FILIPINO • prince - 7
• mandarin - 5
• ordinary citizen - 3
Japanese
• In 16th century, Portuguese traders came to trade and
Extent of Chinese Empire Christian missionaries came to convert the Japanese
in 1760 AD • The threatened shoguns expelled foreigners, killed
Japan Christian converts, stopped trade, closed Japan to the
outside world until 19th century
• Little contact with Europe, more of Chinese influence
RELIGION
• Shinto, indigenous poly-demonism
• Buddhism
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
HISTORY
ROMAN
• Created in the 3rd century AD by ancestors of the
EARLY CHRISTIAN
present emperor
BYZANTINE • 7th century, was divided into provinces each with a ruler
ROMANESQUE • Feudalism, with a caste system of emperor and nobles,
GOTHIC military, people
RENAISSANCE • More powerful were the shoguns or warrior lords, each
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fighting with each other
20TH C MODERN
• In 1603 AD, under the shogun Ieyasu Tokugawa, Japan
ISLAMIC
was united and brought to peace
INDIAN
• The Tokugawa dynasty ruled for 250 years
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Japanese
EXAMPLES PAGODAS
TEMPLES
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
INFLUENCES
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Spanish Rule:
ROMANESQUE HISTORY • 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed
GOTHIC • 1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi brought Christianity
RENAISSANCE Pre-Colonial: • Systematically and efficiently Christianized most part of
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • Immigration via land-bridges as early as 250,000 years the country
20TH C MODERN ago, and later, sea-vessels • Introduced European institution and thought
• Immigrants of Malay origin, food gatherers and hunters • Economically linked Manila with Mexico and the rest of
ISLAMIC
• 3000 BC, joined by advanced agricultural race from the world - via the Spanish Galleon Trade
INDIAN
Indonesia, with barangays as tribal system
CHINESE & JAPANESE
• laws on marriage, inheritance, ownership, crime, and • Brief occupation by the British forces (1762-1764);
FILIPINO attempted seizure by Dutch and Chinese
behavior
• elaborate animistic religion • Spanish colony until 1900's
• Nationalist movement by Jose Rizal, unsuccessful revolt
by Aguinaldo
Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
DESCRIPTION
Building Capability:
• Even with ties to nearby countries, our ancestors saw no
American Rule: need for large megalithic structures, etc
• Islands were sold or ceded to America, as a result of • Nevertheless showed engineering capability and
Spanish war with USA prowess with the Rice Terraces of Northern Luzon
• Continued fighting
• Democracy was introduced - allowed a self-government Settlements
called the Commonwealth Era • big villages along key trade centers
• near the sea-shore, beside rivers and streams – for
Japanese Invasion: purposes of travel, communication and sanitation
• December 1941
• Established a puppet government Filipino Architecture:
• Liberation when Gen. McArthur returned in July 1945 •shaped by the climate, terrain, vegetation, and fauna
• Independence in 1946 around it
• two elements in making a house: 1) tradition or following
• 3rd largest English-speaking country in the world the generally accepted form and structural patterns; and 2)
PRE-HISTORIC
• Citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia chance or “playing it by ear”, allowing minor modifications
history of architecture
NEAR EAST • Mixture of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish, American for the builder and his family
EGYPTIAN
GREEK RELIGION • Tropical architecture
ROMAN • Islam • Light
EARLY CHRISTIAN • Roman Catholicism • Open and transparent
BYZANTINE • Protestantism, Aglipayan, Iglesia ni Kristo
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY
RENAISSANCE • Archipelago of 7100 islands – mountainous and
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL fragmented
20TH C MODERN • 3 main island groups: Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao
• Southeast Asia, Pacific Ocean - strategic position - in the
ISLAMIC
path of Far East trade
INDIAN • major earthquake and volcanic belt
CHINESE & JAPANESE • in the path of typhoons from the Pacific
FILIPINO
CLIMATE
• Dry and wet season
• Typhoons and tropical storms
Filipino
EXAMPLES • usually with steep thatch roof
• varies across regional and ethnic lines
CAVE DWELLINGS
• earliest human habitation Cordillera Region
• Tabon Cave, Palawan had been inhabited for 30,000
years
• caves in Angono, Rizal with ancient petroglyphs
TREE HOUSES
• perched on forked branches of trees, up to 60 feet above
the ground
ISNEG
• prevented attack by animals and human enemies KALINGA
• by the Gaddang and Kalinga of Luzon
• Manobo and Mandaya of Mindanao
• Moros of Lake Lanao KANKANAI
LEAN-TOS
• winbreaks or windscreens as the first attempt at building IFUGAO
• served as shelters during a hunting or food-gathering BONTOC
journey
PRE-HISTORIC
• made of light branches and fronds, but strong enough to Mindanao & Sulu Region
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE
ROMANESQUE
GOTHIC
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Filipino
SPANISH CHURCHES Taal Church, Batangas
• by Fr. Martin Aguirre
Calasiao, Pangasinan • biggest church
• 2nd best bell tower
• by Fr. Ramon Dalinao Sta. Ana Church, Manila
• by Fr. Vicente Ingles
Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte • restored by Juan Nakpil
• by Fr. Joseph Ruiz
• sinking belltower Sto. Domingo Church, QC
• by Jose Maria Zaragosa
Las Pinas Church
• by Fr. Diego Cera Sto. Nino, Cebu
• by Diego de Herrera
Loboc, Bohol
• biggest number of murals on walls and ceilings UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST
• San Agustin, Intramuros
Manila Cathedral • Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
• by Bishop Domingo Salazar • San Agustin, Paoay, Ilocos Norte
• Sta. Monica, Ilocos Sur
Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo
PRE-HISTORIC
• by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Morong Church, Rizal
GREEK • exquisite Spanish Baroque style
ROMAN • by Fr. Blas dela Madre
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE Panay Church
ROMANESQUE • largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by
GOTHIC townspeople
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL Quiapo Church
20TH C MODERN • restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa
ISLAMIC
San Agustin Church
INDIAN • by Fr. Juan Macias
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO San Sebastian
• one of first steel buildings
• steel from Belgium by Eiffel
Filipino
ARCHITECTURAL HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES
SCHOOLS
Liceo de Manila
• MO-P “Maestros de Obra-Practica”
• MO-A “Maestros de Obra-Academia”
Adamson University
• 2nd school of architecture
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Filipino
EARLY AMERICAN PERIOD
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN Intendencia Building
GREEK • adjacent to Manila Cathedral
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN Luneta Hotel
BYZANTINE • 2nd hotel in Asia
ROMANESQUE • French Baroque style
GOTHIC UST Main Building
RENAISSANCE Army and Navy Club • by Roque Rueno
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL • rest and recreation for American soldiers
20TH C MODERN
De La Salle College
ISLAMIC
• by Tomas Mapua
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE Rizal Monument
FILIPINO • obelisk
Quezon Institute
• By Juan Nakpil
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
NEAR EAST
EGYPTIAN
GREEK
ROMAN
EARLY CHRISTIAN
BYZANTINE The Central Bank of the Philippines
ROMANESQUE Philippine Heart Center • by Gabriel Formoso
GOTHIC • by Jorge Ramos
RENAISSANCE
18TH-19TH C REVIVAL
20TH C MODERN
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
PRE-HISTORIC
history of architecture
ISLAMIC
INDIAN
CHINESE & JAPANESE
FILIPINO
Robinson’s Galleria
• by William Coscolluela The Philippine Stock Exchange
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches
QUIZ: 1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
3. 3. 3.
4. 4. 4.
5.
5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry
1. Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
2. 1.
3.
4. Types of Domes 2.
5. 1.
2.
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Types of Crosses
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. Periods of Renaissance
1. Types of roofs
Gateways 2. 1.
1. Egyptian – 3. 2.
2. Greek – 4. 3.
3. Indian – 4.
4. Chinese – 12 Architects of St. Peter’s 5.
history of architecture
5. Japanese – 1. 6.
2. 7.
Pyramid vs. Ziggurat 3.
1. 4. 5 Points of New Architecture
5. 1.
2. 6.
7. 2.
3. 8. 3.
9. 4.
10. 5.
11.
Hellenic vs Hellenistic 12.
Art Noveau Styles
Architects of Stuart Period, Britain 1. France –
1st Phase - 2. Germany –
2nd Phase - 3. Austria –
4. Italy –
5. Spain -
Types of Vaults Famous Building Groups Biggest Churches
QUIZ: 1. Wagon/ Barrel/ Tunnel Vault
2. Wagon with Intersecting Vault
1. Pyramids at Giza
2. The Acropolis, Athens
1. St. Peter’s, Rome
2. Seville Cathedral
3. Cross Vault 3. Pisa Cathedral 3. Milan Cathedral
4. Hemispherical Dome/ Cupola 4. St. Peter’s, Rome 4. Cologne Cathedral
5. St. Paul’s, London
5 Orders of Architecture Campanile vs Belfry
1. Doric Belfry - attached to church Chinese vs Japanese Pagodas
2. Ionic Campanile - detached from church 1. Chinese - octagonal plan, Japanese
3. Corinthian - square
4. Tuscan Types of Domes 2. Chinese - 9 or 13 storeys,
5. Composite 1. Simple Japanese - 5 storeys
2. Compound
Egypt Methods of Natural Lighting 3. Melon, Serrated, Onion or Bulbous Types of Crosses
1. Clerestory shape 1. Latin cross
2. Skylight 2. Greek cross
3. Temple door Periods of Renaissance
1. Early Renaissance Types of roofs
Gateways 2. High Renaissance 1. Gable
1. Egyptian - Pylon 3. Baroque 2. Hip
2. Greek - Propylaeum 4. Rococo 3. Hipped gable
3. Indian - Torana 4. Mansart
4. Chinese - Pai-lou 12 Architects of St. Peter’s 5. Gambrel
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
Rising above the city skyline are the pinkish hues of the
Baguio Cathedral completed on 1936. The cathedral is but
one of religious landmarks which dot the city. There is the
Bell Temple, north of the city the Maryhurst Seminary with its
brilliant gardens, and Lourdes Grotto with its 252 steps to
heaven.
BARASOAIN CHURCH, Malolos, Bulacan
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
history of architecture
History of UAP
10. Angel R. Lazaro, Jr. 11. Richeto C. Alcordo 12. Jaime C. Marquez
(1989) (1990-1991) (1992-1993; 1993-1994)
history of architecture
19 Edric Marco C. Florentino 20. Medeliano T. Roldan Jr. 21. Ana S. Mangalino-Ling
(FY 2005-2006 ; 2006-2007) (FY 2007-2008 ; 2008-2009) (FY 2009-2010)
history of architecture
AWARDS:
• 1976 Conferred the rank and title of
National Artist of the Philippines by
history of architecture
DICTUM:
"Buildings should be planned with austerity in mind and its stability
forever as the aim of true architecture, that buildings must be
progressive, simple in design but dignified, true to a purpose without
resorting to an applied set of aesthetics and should eternally
recreate truth"
ANTONIO, PABLO S.
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
OTHER WORKS:
In 1927, he took a study leave and went to the United States where he
was greatly influenced by Art Deco architecture. Arellano retired in
1956 and went back to painting. In 1960, he exhibited his work at the
Manila YMCA.
ARELLANO, JUAN MARCOS Y DE GUZMÁN
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
Manila Central Post Office Legislative Building (1926) Cebu Provincial Capitol-part
(1926) (National Museum of the Phils) (1937)
history of architecture
AWARDS:
1970 Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan
1977 PRC Outstanding Architect of the Year
ARELLANO, OTILLO A.
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
OTHER WORKS:
OTHER WORKS:
a. Baguio City Planning
b. Army-Navy Club Landscaping
c. Post Office Landscape
d. World's Columbian Exposition
AWARDS:
2010 Most Outstanding Kapampangan Award in Arts & Architecture
2006 Philippine Institute of Interior Design – Hall of Fame
1998 Founding Member & College of Fellow (PIID)
1997 Phil. Regulatory Commission – Outstanding Professional of the year in Interior Design
1997 Lifetime Award for Interior Design & Architecture
1993 Gintong Ama Award for Art & Culture
1992 Philipine Institute of Interior Design – Hall of Fame Award
1988 Outstanding Interior Designer Award – Araw ng Maynila
1985 Founder Member of the Philippine Institute of Interior Design
1963 Art & Architecture Interior Design Award for Outstanding
Contribution in the field of Interior Design & Allied Arts
CALMA, LORENZO LICAD
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
history of architecture
OTHER WORKS
DICTUM:
“The structure must be well oriented.”
CONCIO, CESAR
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
OTHER WORKS:
AWARDS
OTHER WORKS:
AWARDS:
1990 He was proclaimed a National Artist of the Philippines for
Architecture by the late former President Corazon C. Aquino.
DICTUM:
“Creating Architecture that is both modern & undeniably
Filipino.”
LOCSIN, LEANDRO V.
FAMOUS PROJECTS:
OTHER WORKS:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Malacanang Palace
2. San Vicente de Paul Chapel
3. Luis-Perez-Samanlilio Building
Crystal Arcade (1928)
MANOSA, FRANCISCO TRONQUED
OTHER WORKS:
1. Shrine of Our Lady Queen of Peace
2. Mary Immaculate Parish Church
3. Quezon Memorial Circle
4. Landscaping of Corregidor Island
5. San Miguel (1984)
Tahanang Filipino/Coconut palace (1978 )
MAPUA, TOMAS
AWARDS:
Pier 7 (1918)
MENDOZA, FELIPE MARCELINO
AWARDS:
history of architecture
DICTUM:
“He makes the fullest possible use of natural light & ventilation.”
MENDOZA, FELIPE MARCELINO
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Former Head Office of PLDT
2. Lopez Museum Bldg
NAKPIL, JUAN FELIPE de JESUS
(May 26, 1899 - May 7, 1986)
DICTUM:
“He makes the fullest possible use of natural light & ventilation.”
AWARDS:
•Architect of the Year, 1939, 1940, 1946
•1950 Philippine Institute of Architects Gold Medal of Merit Award,
•Most Outstanding Professional in Architecture, 1951 (from the Philippine Association
of Board Examiners)
•1952 Honorary correspondent member ng Societe de Architectes par le
Gouvernement Francais,
•1955 Chevalier de la legion d'Honneur,
•1955 Presidential Medal of Merit from President Ramon Magsaysay,
•1968 Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan Award,
•1971 Republic Cultural Heritage Award,
•1972 Rizal Pro Patria Award,
•1973 The first National Artists for Architecture,
•1973 Dean of Filipino Architects.
FAMOUS PROJECT:
history of architecture
OTHER WORKS:
1. Quiapo Church
2. Rufino Bdg. Ayala
Ave.,
3.QuezonInstitute
Administration
4.Capitol Theater
(1930s)
OTHER WORKS:
1. Cathl. of Immaculate
Concepcion
2. Church of Our lady of Most
Holy Rosary
3. Central Seminary Bldg. U.S.T.
Campus
4. Calvo Building (1933)
Angela Apartments
PARSONS, WILLIAM E.
(1872-1939)
OTHER WORKS:
1. Baguio Plan together w/ Burnham
2. Philippine Normal School & Women’s
3. Manila Hotel
history of architecture
4. First UP Bldg.
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Childrens Park, UP Diliman
2. Manila Polo Club
3. Mirador Shrine
4. Gateway Business park
He was trained in Europe in 1884 and spent his early career in England
and India. When he returned to the Philippines, he developed an affection
for Revivalist architecture. For the San Ignacio Church he imagined a new
neoclassical building more in temper to the legacy of the Jesuits.
OTHER WORKS:
1. Reconstructed Parish Church of
2. Dominican Church , England 1750
RUANO, ROQUE
(August 16, 1877 – March 5, 1935)
OTHER WORKS:
1. Church of our lady of Manaoag
2. Sta. Teresita Church , Yokohama
AWARDS:
June 9, 2006 He was awarded as national artist for his outstanding
achievement in architecture and allied arts.
SANTOS, ILDEFONSO PAEZ
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Batulao Village Club, Batangas
2. Rizal Park (part)
AWARDS:
June 9, 2006 He was awarded as national
artist for his outstanding achievement in
architecture and allied arts.
history of architecture
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Farmers Plaza
Shopping Center
2. 43- Storey Pacific
Plaza
3. 22- Storey Metro Bank
Plaza
4. 20- Storey Cebu Plaza
5. 28 Storey La
Farmer’s Plaza Shopping SM Megamall Mandaluyong Metropole
Center 6. Harrison Plaza
Shopping Center
TOLEDO, ANTONIO M.
Along with Carlos Baretto, Juan Arellano,
and Tomas Mapua, Antonio Toledo was
one of the first Pensionados for
Architecture. He graduated with the
Degree of Architecture at Ohio State in
1911. He was one of the pioneer
professors of Mapua Institute of
Technology founded by his fellow
pensionado Tomas Mapua and taught
there until 1967
AWARD:
1961 Philippine Institute of Architects Gold
history of architecture
His first exposure to the Iglesia Ni Cristo group was executed under
Nakpil's company through the Bishop's Palace in San Juan, Manila.
AWARD:
1961 Philippine Institute of Architects Gold Medal of Merit Award.
VIOLA, CARLOS A.
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Our Lady of Lourdes
2. Franciscan Church of
Singalong
3. Nuestra Senora de Guia
AWARDS:
1957 Royal Gold Medal for Architecture from the
Royal Institute of British Architects
1963 Gold Medal from the American Institute of
Architects
DICTUM:
“Architecture must create buildings which are conceived as a total
artistic expression.” His buildings has always a touch of “
emotion beyond sentimentality & human beyond whimsy.”
ALVAR, AALTO
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Town Hall of Saynatsalo
2. Pension Bank
3. Convalescent Home @ Paimio
4. Hall of Residence,
5. Massachusset’s Institute of
Technology
6. Finlandia Concert Hall, Helsinki
Riola Parish Church 1975-1978 7. Library at Vipuri
BEHRENS, PETER
(April 14, 1868 – February 27, 1940)
DICTUM:
“ When a time comes for a change, the “
outsider ” is needed because it has preserved
history of architecture
FAMOUS PROJECT:
AWARDS:
AIA Gold Medal (1968)
history of architecture
DICTUM:
“A Building has straight geometrical lines. Even when these lines
are free, it must always be evident that they have been studied &
that they did not spring up simultaneously.”
1. OTHER WORKS:
2. Harneshmasher House
3. Tubular steel cantilever chair,
Bauhaus Bldg.
4. Pirelli Tire Building, 1969
5. Atlanta central library, 1980
AWARDS:
• IStructE Gold Medal
• Augusto Perret prize of the Architects
International Union
• 1968 AIA Gold Medal
CANDELA, FELIX
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
FAMOUS PROJECT:
Casa Mila
1906–1912
His public buildings in the Beaux Arts style reflect the optimistic American
sense that the nation was heir to Greek democracy, Roman law and
Renaissance humanism.
GILBERT, CASS
FAMOUS PROJECT:
AWARDS:
1959 AIA Gold Medal
1961 Goethe Prize
DICTUM:
“Architecture begins where engineering ends”
GROPIUS, WALTER
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
AWARDS:
1978 American Institute of Architects Gold Medal
1979 Pritzker Architecture Prize
DICTUM:
“Architecture is the art of how to waste space ”
JOHNSON, PHILIP CORTELYOU
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
AWARDS:
• AIA Gold Medal
• RIBA Gold Medal
DICTUM:
“Architecture is the reaching out for the truth”
KHAN, LOUIS
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
DICTUM:
“ Architecture should have the element of growth and change
” Architecture should not be a world to be thought of as an end
to itself .It should be considered as a theater stage setting
where the leading actors were the people opened to the
technique of designing
KORUKAWA, KUSHO
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Capsule House at the Celestial Theme
Pavillion
2. Takara Group , Pavillion , Expo ‘70
3. Sony Tower , Osaka , Japan
4. Ishikawa , Cultural Center
5. Peace Memorial Gamagori , Japan
6. Headquarters of the Japanese
Red Cross Society
7. National Museum of Ethnology
Los Manatiales Restaurant, Mexico
LATROBE , BENJAMIN H.
(May 1, 1764 – September 3, 1820)
DICTUM:
“A bldg. is the combination of different geometric figures.”
LATROBE , BENJAMIN H.
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Capitol Richmond,
Virginia
2. Bank of Pennysylvania
3. Sedgeley House
4. Baltimore Exchange
5. Decatur House
6. Old West, Dickinson College
7. Hammerwood Park
Latrobe Gate, Washington Navy Yard
LE CORBUSIER
Charles-Édouard Jeanneret-Gris
(October 6, 1887 – August 27, 1965)
AWARDS:
Frank P. Brown Medal
1961 AIA Gold Medal
DICTUM:
“The house is a Machine to live in.”
LE CORBUSIER
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Le Pavillion de L’Esprit Nouveau
2. Swiss Pavillion, Cite Universities, Paris
3. U.N. Secretariat
4. Dominican Monastery of La Tourette
5. Visual Arts Center, Harvard University
6. Villa Cook, France
7. Villa La Roche, France
8. Dom-ino House, prototype
Unité d'Habitation 1947-1952 9. Villa Jeanneret-Perret,
LOOS , ADOLF
(December 10, 1870 – August 23, 1933)
DICTUM:
“Supply and demand regulate architecture form”
LOOS , ADOLF
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. American Bar
2. Scheu House, Vienna
3. Sugar mill
4. Moller House
5. Ruffer House
6. Villa Moller, Vienna
7. Khuner Villa
Cafe Museum Vienna 1899 8. Villa Winternitz
MACKINTOSH, CHARLES RENNIE
(June 7, 1868 – December 10, 1828)
FAMOUS PROJECT:
Hill House Glasgow school of art 1898- The Willow Tearooms 1903
1907
MAILLART , ROBERT
(February 6, 1872 – April 5, 1940)
DICTUM:
“A bridge is like a house. Each bridge & each house is a
special case; each must be constructed & shaped accdg.
to the environment w/ w/c it must cope & the function it is
to have.”
MAILLART , ROBERT
FAMOUS PROJECT:
history of architecture
DICTUM:
“Architecture seizes upon space, encompasses space and is
space itself.”
“Architecture depends on the sensuous seizure by means of
touch and sight.”
MENDELSOHN, ERICH
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Metal Worker’s Union
2. No. 64 Old Church St.
Chelsea
DICTUM:
“Less is more.”
“Architecture is the will of an epoch translated into space.”
LUDWIG, MIES VAN DER ROHE
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Tugendhat House
2. Illinois Institute of Technology
3. Cullinan Hall (1958)
4. Chicago Convention Hall
AWARDS:
1964 won the AIA Gold Medal.
DICTUM:
“Structural correctness, w/c is identical w/ functional,
technical & economic is a necessary & sufficient condition
of satisfactory aesthetic result.”
NERVI, PIER LUIGI
FAMOUS PROJECT:
Louis (1962)
OTHER WORKS:
1. UNESCO Auditorium (1958)
2. Italian Embassy
3. Australian Embassy
4. Artemio Franchi Municipal
Stadium (1932)
5. Hangar in Orvieto (1935)
DICTUM:
“Form follows beauty.”
“Architecture is invention.”
NIEMEYER, OSCAR
FAMOUS PROJECT:
(1964)
OTHER WORKS:
1. The Miniatry of Education
2. Brazilian Pavillion with Lucio
Costa
3. Presidents Palace
4. St.Francis Church
AWARDS:
1979 won the AIA Gold Medal.
1989 the first Praemium Imperiale for Architecture
2003 won the Lifetime Achievement Award from
the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum.
1983 won the Pritzker Prize.
I.M. PEI
FAMOUS PROJECT:
(1989)
OTHER WORKS:
1. Park Hotel, Shanghai
2. Gulf Oil Bldg.
3. Mile High Center
4. Collins Place Dev’t.
5. Hongkong and Shanghai Bank
DICTUM:
“Truth is indispensible to Architecture & architectural lie
concepts.”
PERRET, AUGUSTE
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. French Atomic Research Center
2. Garage Ponthieu
3. The Concert Hall of the École
Normale de Musique de Paris
4. reconstruction of the French city of
Le Havre
(1882)
Paul Rudolph donated his archive, spanning his entire career, to the
Library of Congress, as well as all intellectual property rights to the
American people. His bequest also helped to establish the Center for
Architecture, Design, and Engineering at the Library of Congress.
Rudolph was known to be gay.
CANDELA, FELIX
FAMOUS PROJECT:
(1963)
OTHER WORKS:
1. Endo Laboratories, Garden
City
2. Cocoon House
3. The Greely Forest Laboratory
DICTUM:
“Function influence but does not dictate form.”
SAARINEN, EERO
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. U.S. Embassies, London &
Oslo
2. Chapel & Kresge Auditoruim
3. General Motors Technical
Center
4. TJ Watson Research Center
5. Chapel of Concordia Senior
College
TWA “The World Airlines”
Terminal (1962)
SAARINEN, ELIEL
Gottlieb Eliel Saarinen
(August 20, 1873 – July 1, 1950)
AWARDS:
1947 received the AIA Gold Medal.
DICTUM:
“Beauty grows from necessity not from repetition of formulas.”
SAARINEN, ELIEL
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Cranbrook Educational
Community (1940s)
2. Helsinki Central Railway
Station (1909)
OTHER WORKS:
1. Connecticut General Life
Insurance Bldg.
2. Air Force Academy
3. Shaklee Terraces
4. John Hancock Western Home
Office Bldg.
5. Banque Pambert
6. Yale Rare Book Library (with
G. Bunshaft)
Sears Tower (1973)
SULLIVAN, LOUIS HENRY
(September 3, 1856 – April 14, 1924)
AWARDS:
1944 posthumously received the AIA Gold Medal.
Carson Pirie and Scott Store (1899 Auditorium Bldg., Chicago (1889)
history of architecture
AWARDS:
1987 winner of Pritzker Prize for architecture.
DICTUM:
“Modern Architecture need not be Western.”
TANGE, KENZO
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Tokyo City Hall (1991)
2. Kagawa Prefectural
Government Building the
east & main offices (1958/2000)
3. National Gymnasium 1964
Olympic Games
4. Tokyo Plan (1960)
De Architectura
history of architecture
DICTUM:
“Nothing that is not practical can be beautiful.”
“Our starting point for artistic creation is to be found only in Modern
Life.”
WAGNER, OTTO KOLOMAN
FAMOUS PROJECT:
AWARDS:
1967 received the AIA Gold Medal.
WALLACE, HARRISON KIRKMAN
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Rockefeller Apartments (1936)
2. The Corning Museum of Glass
(1951)
3. The New York Hall of Science
(1964)
4. Trylon and Perisphere for the
1939 New York World's Fair
(1712)
OTHER WORKS:
1. Whitehall Palace (1675)
2. Winchester Palace
AWARDS:
1939 Royal Institute of British Architects gold
medal
1949 American Institute of Architects gold medal
DICTUM:
“Less is only more where more is no good.”
“Form follows function - that has been misunderstood. Form
and function should be one, joined in a spiritual union.”
WRIGHT, FRANK LLOYD
FAMOUS PROJECT:
OTHER WORKS:
1. Imperial Hotel, Tokyo (1923)
2. Johnson Wax Company
Bldg. (1939)
3. Larkin Administration Bldg.
(1906)
4. Tokyo Plan 1960
5. Unity Temple (1908)
6. Taliesin (studio)
Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (1959) 7. Taliesin West
YAMASAKI, MINORU
(December 1, 1912 – February 7, 1986)
history of architecture
SUMMARY OF FOREIGN what changes are necessary,
whereas the specialist may prove
ARCHITECTS’ PHILOSOPHIES to be too inflexible.”
& FAMOUS WORKS :
•He influenced the works of Gropius
1. Alvar Aalto (Hugo Alvar Henrik) 1898 & Mies van der Rohe.
– 1976, Finland
•“Architecture must create bldgs. w/c Famous works:
are conceived as a total artistic •AEG Turbine Factory (Industrial Bldg.)
expression.”
•His bldgs. has always a touch of “ 3. Breuer , Marcel (1902), Hungary
emotion beyond sentimentality” & •“A Bldg. has straight geometrical
human beyond whimsy.” lines. Even when these lines are free,
it must always be evident that they
Famous works : have been studied & that they did not
1. Paimio Sanatorium, Finland spring up simultaneously.”
2. Town Hall of Saynatsalo •“Nature & Architecture are two
history of architecture
designing.
always been.”
Famous works:
“ Man’s first sense must have
1. Capsule House at the Celestial
been beauty, a sense of total
Theme Pavillion , Expo ’70 Osaka ,
harmony.”
Japan
Famous works:
2. Nagakin Capsule Tower , Bldg. ,
1. Yale Art Gallery
2. Alfred Newton Richard’s Tokyo , Japan
Medical Center 3. Takara Group , Pavillion , Expo ‘70
3. University of Pennysylvania 4. Sony Tower , Osaka , Japan
(original version of Brutalism 5. Ishikawa , Cultural Center
Architecture) 6. Peace Memorial Gamagori , Japan
4. Unitarian Church, 7. Toshiba , Pavillion , Expo ‘70
Ronchester,N.Y.
5. Salk Institute Laboratories,
14. Latrobe, Benjamin H. (1764 – 1820) , “Architecture is masterly, correct &
U.S. magnificent play of masses brought
“A bldg. is the combination of together into light.”
different geometric figures.” “Modular System”– also known as
“Architecture form proceed from “ Divine Proportion,” it is a grid
the character of the institution it base on the stature of man, 89” in
was intended to house rather from length & 112 cu.in. of space are
books of design.” standard of a 6 foot man.
“Forms & space were conceived as Also “Cubism”.
being situated in a land-scape & Famous works :
most instances in a specific 1. Le Pavillion de L’Esprit Nouveau
landscape.” (1925) – his first famous structure
Famous works: w/c was an exhibition bldg. He
1. Capitol Richmond, Virginia (He called this a “ Cube w/ in a
design the exterior of this bldg,as Cube, a charming arrangement of
commissioned by Jefferson ) solids & voids ).
history of architecture
Famous works :
1. American Concrete Institute Bldg., U.S.
2. Bank of Oklahoma Office Bldg., Williams
Center, Oklahoma
3. Century Plaza Towers & Garage,
Century City, L.A., California
4.World Trade Center
history of architecture
end