INTELLIGENT SATELLITE TRACKER

CHAPTER 1

1. INTRODUCTION

A Satellite programmed to rotate on a fixed path called its orbit, but due to various
reasons the satellite does not do so, it drifts. The proposed project is model to track the
satellites path and get the drift metric and use algorithms to find the real-time correction to
feed the same to satellite to bring it back to its own orbit. A satellite usually transmits orbital
information in terms of longitude and latitude to earth station at certain intervals, the earth
station has a tracking system which uses this information to find the current position of the
satellite, speed and direction of the movement and compares with the static orbital database
and works out the correction.

In this project we develop a proto type model of satellite tracking system based on Pc,
using Visual Basics we plan to develop a satellite object and make it rotate in fixed orbit,
provided user control to drift the satellite, and design the backend software to work out the
correction and feed the same to front end to visually bring the satellite object to its original
orbit. Satellite communication is the most important mode of communication which covers
the large area of earth's surface. For satellite communication we use geostationary satellite
(GEO) which covers 1/3 area of earth's surface.

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1.1. GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES:

GEOs satellites provide the kind of continuous monitoring necessary for intensive
data analysis. They circle the earth in a geosynchronous orbit, which means they orbit the
equatorial plane of the earth at a speed matching the earth's rotation. This allows them to
hover continuously over one position on the surface. The geosynchronous plane is about
35800km (22300 miles) above the earth, high enough to allow the satellites a full-disc view
of the earth. Because they stay above a fixed spot on the surface, they provide a constant vigil
for the atmospheric "triggers" for severe weather conditions such as tornadoes, flash floods,
hail storms, and hurricanes.

1.2. PROJECT APPROACH:

Once the satellite is launched in the orbit various forces act on the satellite which
diverts the satellite away from its orbit. The forces include centripetal force, centrifugal force,
and gravitational forces of sun, moon and Earth. In our project, we track the satellite which is
out of the orbit due to the above said forces and bring it back to the original position. We use
microcontroller to keep the track of satellite by sending the information of its latitude and
longitude to the earth station at certain intervals of frequency. The block diagram description
is given in the chapter 4 which tells about the major components used in the project.

The basic design of a satellite communications system depends to great degree upon the
characteristics of the orbit of the satellite. In general terms, an orbit is either elliptical or
circular in shape. An antenna is adapted to receive radio frequency signals from a moving
satellite and an antenna pointing mechanism is adapted to point the antenna beam in the
direction of maximum received signal strength in response to command signals.

1.3. ORBIT DESCRIPTIONS:

Orbits generally are described according to the physical shape of the orbit and the
angle of inclination of the plane of the orbit. These terms are discussed in the following
paragraphs:

1.3.1. PHYSICAL SHAPE:

All satellite orbit the earth in elliptical orbits. (A circle is a special case of an ellipse.)
The shape of the orbit is determined by the initial launch parameters and the later deployment
techniques used. Latitude is used to express how far north or south you are relative to the
equator. If you on the equator your latitude is zero. If you are near the North Pole your
latitude is nearly 90 degrees north. If you are near the South Pole your latitude is almost 90
degrees south.

Conventionally latitude is expressed as degrees north or south. For inputting to the satellite
pointing calculator south latitude figures need to be input as negative numbers. Note that
from small regions around the north or south poles you cannot see geostationary satellites at
all. The geostationary satellites are below the horizon and directly above the equator, in a
circle all around.

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1.3.2. PERIGEE AND APOGEE:

These are two, of the three parameters used to describe orbital data of a satellite.
These are shown on figure 1.1. Perigee is the point in the orbit nearest to the centre of the
earth. Apogee is the point in the orbit the greatest distance from the centre of the earth. Both
distances are expressed in nautical miles.

fig 1.1: ELLIPTICAL SATELLITE ORBIT

1.3.3. ANGLE OF INCLINATION:

The ANGLE OF INCLINATION (angle between the equatorial plane of the earth and
orbital plane of the satellite) is the third parameter used to describe the orbit data of a
satellite. Most satellites orbit the earth in orbital planes that do not coincide with the
equatorial plane of the earth. A satellite orbiting in any plane not identical with the equatorial
plane is in an inclined orbit.

1.3.4. LATITUDE:
Latitude is used to express how far north or south you are, relative to the equator. If
you are on the equator your latitude is zero. If you are near the North Pole your latitude is
nearly 90 degrees north. If you are near the South Pole your latitude is almost 90 degrees
south. Conventionally latitude is expressed as degrees north or south. For inputting to the
satellite pointing calculator south latitude figures need to be input as negative numbers. Note
that from small regions around the north or south poles you cannot see geostationary satellites
at all. The geostationary satellites are below the horizon and directly above the equator, in a
circle all around.

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1.3.5. LONGITUDE:
Longitude shows your location in an east-west direction, relative to the Greenwich
meridian. Places to the east of Greenwich (such as Middle East, India and Japan) have
longitude angles up to 180 degrees east. Places to the west of Greenwich (such as North and
South America) have angles up to 180 degrees west. For inputting to the satellite pointing
calculator longitude west figures need to be input as negative numbers.

Geostationary satellites are located in orbit directly above the equator and stay in the
same places in the sky since they go around the earth at the same angular speed as that of the
earth as it rotates. Satellite locations may thus be defined by longitude only. The use of east
and west longitudes is popular for public use since the numbers are smaller. Use of degrees
east only (0 to +360 deg, going east from Greenwich) however is my preferences since the
satellites go around this way and it makes sense for the numbers to keep increasing as the
satellite moves forwards. Many satellite operations also use the 0 to +360 deg method, but
may additionally provide the "deg west" notation for some output publications.

fig 1.2: LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE.

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1.3.6. ELEVATION:
Elevation refers to the angle between the dish pointing direction, directly towards the
satellite, and the local horizontal plane. It is the up-down angle. When your dish is pointed
low down near the horizon the elevation angle is only a few degrees. At low elevation angles,
below 5 deg at C band and 10 deg at Ku band, the path through the atmosphere is longer and
the signals are degraded by rain attenuation and rain thermal noise. This causes increases and
decreases in the signal level every several seconds for many hours, like the twinkling of a
star.

Fig. 1.3. ELEVATION.

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CHAPTER 2:

LITERATURE SURVEY
[1]According to Birn J et al (1997) particle injections associated with sub storms were
usually studied based on observations at the geosynchronous orbit (GEO). But the
Exploration of energization and Radiation in Geospace (ERG, nicknamed Arase) space craft
also observed a sub storm injection event at radial distances shorter than GEO during a
special period of the mission. The magnetospheric spacecraft, ERG, was successfully
launched by the Epsilon launch vehicle from the JAXA Uchinoura Space Center on
December 20, 2016. The apogee and perigee altitudes of ERG orbit were ∼6RE and
above ~ 400 km, respectively, and the orbital inclination was ~31° (Miyoshi et al. 2018a). So
ERG specifically observed the whole radiation belts region to explore the changes in the
radiation belts and dynamics of geospace storms. ERG started its regular observations in
March 2017 and observed near the magnetic equator for the season. In early April, ERG still
observed the inner magnetosphere near the equator. A relatively isolated sub storm occurred,
and a clear and sufficient evolution of the sub storm injection was observed by ERG ~ 22:30
UT on Apr. 5, 2017. [1]

[2] According to Birn J et al (2004) electron acceleration and energetic electron flux
increases in the inner tail are investigated on the basis of test-particle orbits in the dynamic
fields of a three-dimensional magneto hydro dynamic simulation of neutral line formation
and depolarization in the magneto tail. Past models have mostly considered equatorial orbits,
using the gyro enter drift approximation. In this paper, the investigation is extended to
include no equatorial drifts and full orbit integrations in regions where the drift
approximation breaks down. Typical acceleration mechanisms consist of betatron
acceleration at large pitch angles and Fermi acceleration at small pitch angles, resulting from
the depolarization and shortening of field lines moving earthward from the neutral line. In
comparison, acceleration at the near-Earth neutral line plays a negligible role in flux increases
observed in the near tail. Energetic electron fluxes appear preferentially enhanced around 90°
pitch angle, so that restriction to those pitch angles might lead to an overestimate of flux
increases. Otherwise, the results explain the observed limitation of the range of flux
enhancements between a few keV and a few hundred keV.[2]

[3] According to Christon SP et al (1991) spectral characteristics of central plasma

sheet ions and electrons observed during 71 hours when geomagnetic activity was at
moderate to high levels (AE ≥ 100 nT). Particle data from the low‐energy proton and electron
differential energy analyser and the medium energy particle instrument on ISEE 1 are
combined to obtain differential energy spectra (measured in units of particles/cm² s sir keV)
in the kinetic energy range ∼30 eve/e to ∼1 MeV at geocentric radial distances >12 Re.

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Nearly isotropic central plasma sheet total ion and electron populations were chosen
for analysis and were measured to be continuous particle distributions from our lowest to
highest energies. During these high AE periods the >24 keV particle fluxes and the
temperature of the entire particle distribution kT are significantly higher than during low AE
periods (AE < 100 nT). The temperatures kTi and kTe are highly correlated during both quiet
and disturbed periods. The active period spectral shape appears softer for ions and somewhat
harder for electrons than during quiet periods. We find that the observed active period
spectrum typically is complex and cannot be represented in general by a single functional
form, as during quiet periods when it can be represented by the kappa distribution function.
Although a power‐law shape is observed at higher energies, ion and electron spectral shapes
deviate from a strictly kappalike form in different ways. In a limited energy range near the
knee of the ion spectra (the knee is that portion of the spectrum at energies E ≳ Eo where the
flux starts to decrease swiftly with increasing energy), the spectral shape can often be fit with
a Maxwellian form, thus rolling over faster than the typical quiet time spectrum. At higher
energies this shape merges into a harder no thermal power law tail. Electron spectra also
display this spectral characteristic, although at a lower occurrence frequency than for ions.
The electron spectra are predominantly kappalike at energies near and above the knee. At
energies below the knee, both ions and electrons often have an excess of flux with respect to
the functional form that best fits the shape for energies at or above the knee, be it a kappa
distribution or a Maxwellian distribution; the electron flux excess is significantly greater than
the ion flux excess. We conclude that both ions and electrons participate in at least two
separate acceleration mechanisms as geomagnetic activity evolves from low AE to high AE
values. We suggest that both spectrum‐preserving and spectrum‐altering heating processes
(possibly involving nonlocal betatron acceleration and crosstail current sheet acceleration,
respectively) participate in overall particle energization during geomagnetic active periods.
Observations are compared to model predictions [3].

[4]According to Miyoshi Y at al (2013) Relativistic electron flux in the outer radiation

belt tends to increase during the high‐speed solar wind stream (HSS) events. However, HSS
events do not always cause large flux enhancement. To determine the HSS events that cause
such enhancement and the mechanisms that are responsible for accelerating the electrons, we
analysed long‐term plasma data sets, for periods longer than one solar cycle. We demonstrate
that during HSS events with the southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF)‐dominant
HSS (SBz‐HSS), relativistic electrons are accelerated by whistler mode waves; however,
during HSS events with the northward IMF‐dominant HSS, this acceleration mechanism is
not effective. The differences in the responses of the outer radiation belt flux variations are
caused by the differences in the whistler mode wave–electron interactions associated with a
series of sub storms. During SBz‐HSS events, hot electron injections occur and the thermal
plasma density decreases due to the shrinkage of the plasma pause, causing large flux
enhancement of relativistic electrons through whistler mode wave excitation. These results
explain why large flux enhancement of relativistic electrons tends to occur during SBz‐HSS
events [4].

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[5]According to Takefumi Mitani, Takeshi Takashima, Satoshi Kasahara, Wataru

Miyake & Masafumi Hirahara ,Here this paper reports the design, calibration, and operation
of high-energy electron experiments (HEP) aboard the exploration of energization and
radiation in geospace (ERG) satellite. HEP detects 70 keV–2 MeV electrons and generates a
three-dimensional velocity distribution for these electrons in every period of the satellite’s
rotation. Electrons are detected by two instruments, namely HEP-L and HEP-H, which differ
in their geometric factor (G-factor) and range of energies they detect. HEP-L detects 70 keV–
1 MeV electrons and its G-factor is 9.3 × 10−4 cm2 sir at maximum, while HEP-H observes
0.7–2 MeV electrons and its G-factor is 9.3 × 10−3 cm2 sir at maximum. The instruments
utilize silicon strip detectors and application-specific integrated circuits to readout the
incident charge signal from each strip. Before the launch, we calibrated the detectors by
measuring the energy spectra of all strips using γ-ray sources. To evaluate the overall
performance of the HEP instruments, we measured the energy spectra and angular responses
with electron beams. After HEP was first put into operation, on February 2, 2017, it was
demonstrated that the instruments performed normally. HEP began its exploratory
observations with regard to energization and radiation in geospace in late March 2017. The
initial results of the in-orbit observations are introduced briefly in this paper [5].

[6]According to the Arase spacecraft Yoichi Kazama, Bo-Jhou Wang, Shiang-Yu

Wang, Paul T. P. Ho, Sunny W. Y. Tam, Tzu-Fang Chang, Chih-Yu Chiang & Kazushi
Asamura, Low-energy electron instrument LEPe (low-energy particle experiments–electron
analyser) on board the Arase (ERG) spacecraft. The instrument measures a three-dimensional
distribution function of electrons with energies of ∼19 eve–19 keV. Electrons in this energy
range dominate in the inner magnetosphere, and measurement of such electrons is important
in terms of understanding the magnetospheric dynamics and wave–particle interaction. The
instrument employs a toroidal tophat electrostatic energy analyser with a passive 6-mm
aluminium shield. To minimize background radiation effects, the analyser has a background
channel, which monitors counts produced by background radiation. Background counts are
then subtracted from measured counts. Electronic components are radiation tolerant, and 5-
mm-thick shielding of the electronics housing ensures that the total dose is less than 100
kRad for the one-year nominal mission lifetime. The first in-space measurement test was
done on February 12, 2017, showing that the instrument functions well. On February 27, the
first all-instrument run test was done, and the LEPe instrument measured an energy
dispersion event probably related to a substorm injection occurring immediately before the
instrument turn-on. These initial results indicate that the instrument works fine in space, and
the measurement performance is good for science purposes [6].

[7]According to the Arase (ERG) satellite Yoshiya Kasahara, Yasumasa Kasaba, the
Exploration of energization and Radiation in (ERG) project aims to study acceleration and
loss mechanisms of relativistic electrons around the Earth. The Arase (ERG) satellite was
launched on December 20, 2016, to explore in the heart of the Earth’s radiation belt. In the
present paper, we introduce the specifications of the Plasma Wave Experiment (PWE) on
board the Arase satellite.

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In the inner magnetosphere, plasma waves, such as the whistler-mode chorus,

electromagnetic ion cyclotron wave, and magneto sonic wave, are expected to interact with
particles over a wide energy range and contribute to high-energy particle loss and/or
acceleration processes. Thermal plasma density is another key parameter because it controls
the dispersion relation of plasma waves, which affects wave–particle interaction conditions
and wave propagation characteristics. The DC electric field also plays an important role in
controlling the global dynamics of the inner magnetosphere. The PWE, which consists of an
orthogonal electric field sensor (WPT; wire probe antenna), a triaxial magnetic sensor (MSC;
magnetic search coil), and receivers named electric field detector (EFD), waveform captures
and on board frequency analyser (WFC/OFA), and high-frequency analyser (HFA), was
developed to measure the DC electric field and plasma waves in the inner magnetosphere.
Using these sensors and receivers, the PWE covers a wide frequency range from DC to 10
MHz for electric fields and from a few Hz to 100 kHz for magnetic fields. We produce
continuous ELF/VLF/HF range wave spectra and ELF range waveforms for 24 h each day.
We also produce spectral matrices as continuous data for wave direction finding. In addition,
we intermittently produce two types of waveform burst data, “chorus burst” and “EMIC
burst.” We also input raw waveform data into the software-type wave–particle interaction
analyser (S-WPIA), which derives direct correlation between waves and particles. Finally, we
introduce our PWE observation strategy and provide some initial results [7].

[8]According to Yasumasa Kasaba, J.L Bougeret, The Bepi Colombo Mercury

Magneto spheric Orbiter (MMO) spacecraft includes the plasma and radio wave observation
system called Plasma Wave Investigation (PWI). Since the receivers for electric field, plasma
waves, and radio waves are not installed in any of the preceding spacecraft to Mercury, the
PWI will provide the first opportunity for conducting in-situ and remote-sensing observations
of electric fields, plasma waves, and radio waves in the Hermean magnetosphere and
exosphere. These observations are valuable in studying structure, dynamics, and energy
exchange processes in the unique magnetosphere of Mercury. They are characterized by the
key words of the non-MHD environment and the peculiar interaction between the relatively
large planet without ionosphere and the solar wind with high dynamic pressure. The PWI
consists of three sets of receivers (EWO, SORBET, and AM2P), connected to two sets of
electric field sensors (MEFISTO and WPT) and two kinds of magnetic field sensors (LF-SC
and DB-SC). The PWI will observe both waveforms and frequency spectra in the frequency
range from DC to 10 MHz for the electric field and from 0.3 Hz to 640 kHz for the magnetic
field. From 2008, we will start the development of the engineering model, which is
conceptually consistent with the flight model design. The present paper discusses the
significance and objectives of plasma/radio wave observations in the Hermean
magnetosphere, and describes the PWI sensors, receivers and their performance as well as the
on board data processing [8].

[9]According to Mitsunori Ozaki, Satoshi Yagitani (2008) In order to considerably

reduce circuit resources (mass, volume, and power) for the analog front ends of plasma wave
measurement systems, a current-sensitive preamplifier for magnetic search coils (MSCs) is

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designed with standard 0.25- μm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)

technology. Since the input noise current determines the output noise levels around the
resonant frequency of an MSC, a CMOS preamplifier operating with low noise current is
suitable when combined with an MSC instead of using bipolar junction transistors. The
current-sensitive CMOS preamplifier consists of a current amplifier for the detection of
current flowing through the MSC and an equalizer for adjusting the transfer function. A
prototype of the circuit structure was fabricated on a 1.9 × 3.3- mm2-silicon chip. The noise
equivalent magnetic induction of the CMOS preamplifier combined with a 100-mm-long
MSC is 3.5 pT/Hz1/2 at 10 Hz and 30 fT/Hz1/2 at 2 kHz with a power consumption of 4.6
mW for a 3.3-V supply. This paper is the first to examine a current-sensitive CMOS
preamplifier for probing plasma waves [9].

[10]According to Hajime Fukuhara, Hirotsugu Kojima (2012), Plasma waves are

important observational targets for scientific satellite missions to investigate electromagnetic
phenomena that occur in space. For future scientific missions, reduction in the resource
requirements of plasma wave receivers without loss of performance is important. This paper
introduces a miniaturized on-board instrument for the observation of plasma waves using
analogue application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) techniques. The developed ASIC
functions as a system chip to filter and amplify signals detected by plasma wave sensors.
Miniaturization of the analogue circuit using the ASIC leads to the realization of a tiny
plasma wave receiver. The overall size of the developed plasma wave receiver circuit board
is less than 1/20 that of a conventional receiver used in previous scientific missions. The
power consumptions of the system chip and the plasma wave receiver are 165 and 525 mW,
respectively [10].

[11]According to Liping Yan, G.Hanson (2009), Fundamental wave propagation

mechanisms for intra-chip communications in a multilayered IC chip structure are studied
theoretically and numerically. The well-known Green's function representation in terms of
branch cuts (continuous spectrum), residues (discrete spectrum), and direct source-receiver
radiation is used to clarify important wave processes for typical intra-chip antenna structures.
It is found that surface waves may or may not provide the dominant propagation channel
contribution, depending on frequency and chip structure. We generalize the concept of
multipath to include multiple spectral (e.g., discrete and continuous) wave components,
appropriate for the near- and intermediate-field problems of interest for chip-scale
propagation. The effect of a guiding layer placed either below or above the silicon substrate is
considered. It is found that a guiding layer can provide enhanced single-channel signal
transmission via the surface wave channel, and thereby reduce dispersion associated with
multi wave component effects [11].

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CHAPTER 3:

PROBLEM IDENTIFICATION
On-orbit servicing is the process of improving a space-based capability through a
combination of in-orbit activities which may include inspection; rendezvous and docking;
and value-added modifications to a satellite’s position, orientation, and operational status. As
a means to extend the useful life or operational flexibility of spacecraft, on-orbit servicing
constitutes one pathway to a responsive space enterprise. Following launch, traditional
satellite operations are tightly constrained by an inability to access the orbiting vehicle. With
the exception of software upgrades from ground controllers, operators are wedded to
supporting payload technologies that become rapidly obsolete and to bus structures that
deform during the stress of launch and degrade in the harsh environment of space. On-orbit
servicing offers satellite operators an option for maintaining or improving space-based
capabilities without launching a new spacecraft.
The Exploration of energization and Radiation in Geo-Space (ERG) project study
acceleration and loss mechanisms of relativistic electrons around the Earth. The
specifications of the Plasma Wave Experiment (PWE) on board the orbiting satellite. In the
inner magnetosphere, plasma waves, such as the whistler-mode chorus, electromagnetic ion
cyclotron wave, and magneto sonic wave, are expected to interact with particles over a wide
energy range and contribute to high-energy particle loss and/or acceleration processes of
satellite. Thermal plasma density is another key parameter because it controls the dispersion
relation of plasma waves, which affects wave–particle interaction conditions and wave
propagation characteristics on orbiting satellite. Once the satellite is launched in the orbit
various forces act on the satellite which diverts the satellite away from its orbit. The forces
include centripetal force, centrifugal force, and gravitational forces of sun, moon and Earth.
In our project, we track the satellite which is out of the orbit due to the above said forces and
bring it back to the original position. We use microcontroller to keep the track of satellite by
sending the information of its latitude and longitude to the earth station at certain intervals of
frequency. The block diagram description is given in the chapter 4 which tells about the
major components used in the project. The circuit implementation is also given in the same
chapter.

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CHAPTER 4:

OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGY

OBJECTIVES:

 Track the satellite path & get drift metric in terms orbit and position.
 Microcontroller compares this data with the database and gives out the corrected
value and brings the satellite to the orbit.
 To bring the satellite antenna towards the in such a manner that we can the proper
carrier signals after the satellite launch.
 To develop a prototype model of satellite tracking system based on personal computer
using visual basic.
 Develop a satellite object and make it rotate in a fixed orbit, Providing the user
control the drift of satellite

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METHODOLOGY:

4.1. DESCRIPTION OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM:

4.1.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION:

Fig 4.1: BLOCK DIAGRAM OF SATELLITE TRACKING SYSTEM

We use an 89C52 ATMEL MICROCONTROLLER. This is a single chip, 8-bit, low

power high performance device in advanced technology. The microcontroller belongs to the
8051 family and contains 8kb of flash memory. It uses a serial communication mode. This is
the heart of the system which controls the entire operation. In satellite tracking system orbital
database is used to store the orbital parameter of a satellite such as eccentricity, apogee point,
perigee point, inclination, latitude, longitude, elevation etc.

RS232 is a standard which is used for serial binary data interconnection between a
DTE (data terminal equipment) and a DCE (data circuit termination equipment). It is
commonly used in computer serial ports. Here we use this to exchange location of satellite
between satellite-and microcontroller.

When the error occurs the satellite drifts from the orbit. The tracking processor keeps
track of present position of a satellite. It detects the deviation of satellite from actual orbit due
to external forces acting on satellite.

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The orbital correction engine corrects the error in orbit of satellite by bringing back
the satellite to its original orbit. In satellite tracking system orbital database is used to store
the orbital parameter of a satellite such as eccentricity, apogee point, perigee point,
inclination, latitude, longitude, elevation etc.

4.1.2. ORBITAL CORRECTION ENGINE:

Low altitude Earth satellites are subjected to aerodynamic forces that can vary
considerably in a short time, making precise prediction of orbital parameters difficult. It is
possible to correct low elliptical orbits so as to compensate for these forces using low thrust
engines such as iron reaction motors. The unpredictability of atmospheric density
nevertheless necessitates the use of ongoing measurements of actual orbital parameters and
the utilization of this data in a computer flight control system. Control algorithms are
developed based on analytical and semi analytical models of the controlled motion, which
allow the updating of the control parameters with each orbit. The proposed correction
algorithms provided for the step-by-step compensation of the perturbing forces via direct
measurements and the calculation of the controlling data from approximate equations. The
technique is illustrated with a comparative analysis of the approximate and precise
determination of control parameters for the case when the orbital period and perigee are
corrected, for the cases of both high and low solar activity levels, for an orbit having an
apogee of 350km and a perigee of-l-6mcm.

4.1.3. TRACKING PROCESSOR:

A precision satellite tracking system incorporating a novel smoothing processor.
The satellite tracking system estimates an angle between antennas bore sight and a desired
line of sight to a moving satellite. The processor then executes a sequential, discounted least
mean square algorithm to estimate the satellite's angular position, velocity, and acceleration
as a function of time.

Based on these estimates, the processor determines incremental adjustments to

azimuth and elevation pointing angles of the antenna to maintain the centre of an antenna
beam on the moving satellite. The information is used in a program track mode to continually
update the pointing of the antenna beam during the measurement process. The satellite
tracking system provides continuous tracking of the antenna, which minimizes the
instantaneous error between the reported direction of the line of sight and the actual direction
to the satellite.

4.1.4. RS-232 INTERFACE:

The serial port is harder to interface than the parallel port. In most cases, any device you
connect to the serial port will need the serial transmission converted back to parallel so that it
can be used. This can be done using a DART. On the software side of things, there are many
more registers that you have to attend to than on a standard parallel port. (SPP) Devices
which use serial cables for their communication are split into two categories.
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These are DCE (Data Communication Equipment) and DTE (Data Terminal
Equipment.) Data communications equipment are devices such as your modem, TA adapter,
plotter etc while Data Terminal Equipment is computer or terminal.

A null modem is used to connect two DTE's together. This is commonly used as a
cheap way to network games or to transfer files between computers using Z Modem protocol,
X modem protocol etc. This can also be used with many Microprocessor Development
systems .Null modem. It only requires 3 wires (TD, RD & SG) to be wired straight through
thus is more cost effective to use with long cable runs. The theory of operation is reasonably
easy. The data terminal ready is looped back to data set ready and carrier Detect on both
computers. When the data terminal ready is asserted active, then the data set ready and carrier
detect immediately become active. At this point the computer thinks the virtual modem to
which it is connected is ready and has detected the carrier of the other modem.

All left to worry about now is the request to send and clear to send. As both
computers communicate together at the same speed, flow control is not needed thus these two
lines are also linked together on each computer. When the computer wishes to send data, it
asserts the Request to send high and as it's hooked together with the Clear to send, it
immediately gets a reply that it is ok to send.

4.1.5. ORBITAL DATABASE:

It is a database which maintains ALMANOC database i.e. satellite position with
respect to time. This data base is backbone of the tracking system to maintain the satellite in
the track; this data base is used by the tracking processor to generate the correction messages
using least match path find algorithm.

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fig 4.2: TRANSMITTER

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fig 4.3: RECEIVER

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4.1.6. LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY UNIT

fig 4.4: DUAL LINE DISPLAY

fig 4.5: SNAP SHOT OF LCD

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LCD display is a double-line, 16 character units. This is a standard unit available in

market. Interface with micro controller is accomplished via four data lines D7 -D4 and two
control lines RS & Reusing these six lines, microcontroller displays all messages. The signal
names used here are the same as used by LCD module/driver manufacturers. Some LCD
modules come with additional one or two pins. These extra pins are used for backlighting.
There is no fixed standard for the additional pins. LCD controller is a flexible controller and
can be used with 8-bit microcontroller. In 4-bit mode, only D4-D7 are used, leaving DO-D3
open.
To avoid problems, extra delays in software are provided after every write command
so that before writing another command/data, LCD module should be ready (not busy).
Further, only four data lines (D4-D7) have been used while the other four data lines (DO-D3)
are left disconnected. Thus even though we are using an 8-bitmicrocontroller, the LCD
module has been interfaced for 4-bit mode. Again, to save pin count, RS line is shared with
SDA (serial data) line for memory (IC3) since---at--any given moment microcontroller will
either interface with the LCD module or the memory, and this does not affect the system
operation liquid crystal displays have materials, which combine the properties of both liquids
and crystals. LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid Crystal material sandwiched in
between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes,
which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed.

The LCD is lightweight with only a few millimetre thicknesses. Since the LCD
consumes less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits and can be
powered for long durations. The LCD doesn't generate light and so light is needed to read the
display. By using the backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCD has long life and
wide operating range. A brighter display can be obtained by providing backlighting. LCD has
single line display, two-line display, four-line display.

4.1.7. VISUAL BASICS

VISUAL BASICS is a high level programming language evolved from the earlier
DO Version called BASIC. BASIC means Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
It is fairly easy programming language to learn. The codes look a bit like English Language.
Different software companies produced different version of BASICS, such as Microsoft
QBASIC, QUICKBASIC, GWBASIC, IBM BASICA and so on. VISUAL BASIC is
VISUAL events driven Programming Language. These are the main divergence from the old
BASIC. In BASIC, programming is done in a graphical environment. Because users may
click on a certain object randomly, so each object has to be programmed independently to be
able to response to those actions (events). Therefore, a VISUAL BASIC program is made up
of many subprograms, each has its own program codes, and each can be executed
independently and at the same time each can be linked together in one way or another.

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CHAPTER 5

ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS

The advantages of satellite tracking system are:

 Its resolution is increased from millisecond to microsecond.

 The design of this system has less complexity.

 The cost of this system is less as embedded system is used.

The applications of satellite tracking system are:

 It is used for global communication.

 It is used for geostationary positioning system.

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REFERENCES
1. Birn J et al (1997) Sub storm ion injections: geosynchronous observations and test
particle orbits in three-dimensional dynamic MHD fields. J Geophys Res 102:2325.

2. Birn J et al (2004) Electron acceleration in the dynamic magneto tail: test particle
orbits in three dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulation fields. Phys Plasmas
Res. 75, 7075 (1970).

3. Christon SP et al (1991) Spectral characteristics of plasma sheet ion and electron

populations during disturbed geomagnetic conditions. J Geophys Res 96:1.

4. Miyoshi Y et al (2013) High-speed solar wind with southward interplanetary

magnetic field causes relativistic electron flux enhancement of the outer radiation belt
via enhanced condition of whistler waves. Geophys Res Lett 40:4520–4525.

5. High-energy electron experiments (HEP) aboard the ERG (Arase) satellite, Takefumi
Mitani, Takeshi Takashima, Satoshi Kasahara, Wataru Miyake & Masafumi Hirahara
Earth, Planets and Space volume 70, Article number: 77 (2018).

6. Low-energy particle experiments–electron analyser (LEPe) on board the Arase

spacecraft Yoichi Kazama, Bo-Jhou Wang, Shiang-Yu Wang, Paul T. P. Ho, Sunny
W. Y. Tam, Tzu-Fang Chang, Chih-Yu Chiang & Kazushi Asamura.

7. Earth, Planets and Space volume 69, Article number: 165 (2017).
The Plasma Wave Experiment (PWE) on board the Arase (ERG) satellite
Yoshiya Kasahara, Yasumasa Kasaba.

8. The Plasma Wave Investigation (PWI) on board the BepiColombo/MMO: First

measurement of electric fields, electromagnetic waves, and radio waves around
Mercury Yasumasa Kasaba, J.-L. Bougeret.

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9. Current-Sensitive CMOS Preamplifier for Investigating Space Plasma Waves by

Magnetic Search Coils Mitsunori Ozaki, Satoshi Yagitani,-2008.

10. Tiny waveform receiver with a dedicated system chip for observing plasma waves in
space
Hajime Fukuhara, Hirotsugu Kojima-2012.

11. Wave Propagation Mechanisms for Intra-Chip Communications

Liping Yan, G. Hanson-2009.