Chapter 8

Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

OF
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0

1
DP
In this chapter, we present certain concepts, including soft intersection Lie algebras,
fuzzy soft Lie algebras, (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy soft Lie subalgebras, bipolar fuzzy soft
2 Lie algebras and (∈, ∈ ∨q)-bipolar fuzzy soft Lie algebras.
Author Proof

TE

3 8.1 Background Knowledge

4 8.1.1 Soft Sets

EC

5 There are many real-life problems in various fields, including social sciences, physi-
6 cal sciences, and life sciences, that contain uncertain and vague data. A lot of mathe-
7 matical theories, including probability theory, Zadeh’s fuzzy set theory, and Pawlak’s
8 rough set theory, are very useful for the purpose of handling different types of uncer-
RR

9 tain data. Molodtsov [103] pointed out some drawbacks of these theories. To over-
10 come these difficulties, he introduced the idea of soft sets. The theory of soft sets is
11 playing a very important role in many fields, including data analysis, and decision-
12 making. Maji et al. [98] introduced some fundamental algebraic operations for soft
13 sets. Ali et al. [3] presented some new operations for soft sets. Based on the idea of
CO

14 parametrization, a soft set gives a series of approximate descriptions of a compli-

15 cated object from various different aspects. Each approximate description has two
16 parts, namely predicatea subset of the universe. More specifically, we can define the AQ1

17 notion of soft set in the following way: Let X be the universe of discourse and E be
18 the universe of all possible parameters related to the objects in X . Each parameter
UN

19 is a word or a sentence. In most cases, parameters are considered to be attributes,

20 characteristics, or properties of objects in X . The pair (X, E) is also known as a soft
21 universe. The power set of X is denoted by P(X ).

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2018 221

M. Akram, Fuzzy Lie Algebras, Infosys Science Foundation Series,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3221-0_8

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 222 8 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

22 Definition 8.1 A pair FA = (F, A) is called soft set over X , where A ⊆ E, F

23 is a set-valued function F : A → P(X ). In other words, a soft set over X is a
24 parameterized family of subsets of X . For any x ∈ A, F(x) may be considered as
25 set of x-approximate elements of soft set (F, A). A soft set FA over the universe X
26 can be represented by the set of ordered pairs

OF
27 FA = {(x, F(x)) | x ∈ E, F(x) ∈ P(X )}.

28 By means of parametrization, a soft set produces a series of approximate descriptions

29 of a complicated object being perceived from various points of view. It is apparent

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30 that a soft set FA = (F, A) over a universe X can be viewed as a parameterized family
31 of subsets of X . For any parameter ε ∈ A, the subset F(ε) ⊆ X may be interpreted
32 as the set of ε-approximate elements.
33 Example 8.1 Let X = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 10} be a set of first ten positive integers and
34 E = {e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 , e5 } be the set of parameters, where
35

36

37
e1 stands for the parameter “divisibility by 2”
e2 stands for the parameter “divisibility by 3”
e3 stands for the parameter “divisibility by 4”
DP
38 e4 stands for the parameter “divisibility by 5”
39 e5 stands for the parameter “divisibility by prime numbers.”
Author Proof

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40

41 If A = {e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 }, then the soft set (F, A) is given by

42

43 S = {F(e1 ), F(e2 ), F(e3 ), F(e4 )},

EC

44 where

45 F(e1 ) = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, F(e2 ) = {3, 6, 9}, F(e3 ) = {4, 8}, F(e4 ) = {5, 10}.

46 Thus, the soft set (F, A) is a parameterized family of subsets of X . The tabular
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47 arrangement of the soft set (F, A) is (Table 8.1)

AQ2

Table 8.1 Tabular arrangement of the soft set

Parameters 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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e1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
e2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0
e3 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
e4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1
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48 Example 8.2 Let X = {h 1 , h 2 , h 3 , h 4 , h 5 , h 6 } be the set of houses under considera-

49 tion, and let E = {e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 , e5 } be the set of all parameters, where
50 e1 stands for the parameter “expansive”

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 8.1 Background Knowledge 223

51 e2 stands for the parameter “wooden”

52 e3 stands for the parameter “low cost”
53 e4 stands for the parameter “cheaper”
54 e5 stands for the parameter “green surroundings.”
55

Let A = {e1 , e2 , e3 } be the set parameters for selection of a house, then the soft

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56

57 set (F, A) is given by

58 S = {F(e1 ), F(e2 ), F(e3 )},

59 where F(e1 ) = {h 1 , h 3 } = expansive houses

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60 F(e2 ) = {h 1 , h 3 , h 6 } = wooden houses
61 F(e3 ) = {h 2 , h 4 } = low-cost houses.
62 The tabular arrangement of the soft set (F, A) is (Table 8.2)

Table 8.2 Tabular arrangement of the soft set

Parameters h 1
e1 1
h2
0
h3
1
DP h4
0
h5
0
h6
0
e2 1 0 1 0 0 1
e3 0 1 0 1 0 0
Author Proof

TE

63 Example 8.3 Suppose a soft set (F, A) describes attractiveness of the shirts which
64 the authors are going to wear. Here X = the set of all shirts under consideration
65 ={x1 , x2 , x3 , x4 , x5 } and A ={colorful, bright, cheap, warm} = {e1 , e2 , e3 , e4 }. F(e1 ) =
EC

66 {x1 , x5 }, F(e2 ) = {x2 , x4 }, F(e3 ) = {x2 , x5 } and F(e4 ) = {x1 , x2 , x5 }. So, the soft set
67 (F, A) is a subfamily {F(e1 ), F(e2 ), F(e3 ), F(e4 )} of P(X ), which represents the
68 attractiveness of shirts w. r. t the given parameters.
69 Definition 8.2 Let FA and G B be two soft sets over a common universe X . FA is a
 G B , if F(x) ⊆ G(x) for all x ∈ E.
said to be soft subset of G B , denoted by FA ⊂
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70

71 8.1.2 Fuzzy Soft Sets

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72 A soft set is a mapping from parameter to the crisp subset of universe. However, the
73 situation may be more complicated in real world because of the fuzzy characters of
74 the parameters. In fuzzy soft sets, the soft set theory is extended to a fuzzy one, and
75 the fuzzy membership is used to describe parameter approximate elements of fuzzy
soft set. Maji et al. [97] extended the idea of soft sets and introduced the hybrid model
UN

76

77 called fuzzy soft sets. By using this definition of fuzzy soft sets, many interesting
78 applications of soft set theory have been expanded by some researchers. Roy and
79 Maji [116] gave some applications of fuzzy soft sets. Son [122] defined soft relation
80 and fuzzy soft relation on the theory of soft sets.

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 224 8 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

81 Definition 8.3 A pair ( f, A) is called a fuzzy soft set over X , where f is a mapping
82 given by f : A → P(X ), P(X ) = I X , I = [0, 1]. In general, for every ε ∈ A,
83 f (ε) = f ε is a fuzzy set of X and it is called fuzzy value set of parameter ε. The set
84 of all fuzzy soft sets over X with parameters from E is called a fuzzy soft class, and
85 it is denoted by F S (X, E).

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86 Definition 8.4 Let X be a universe and E a set of attributes. Then the pair (X, E)
87 denotes the collection of all fuzzy soft sets on X with attributes from E and is called
88 fuzzy soft class.
89 Example 8.4 Let X = {a, b, c, d} be a set of houses under considerations. Let

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90 E = {very costly, costly, beautiful, in green surrounding, cheap}

91 be a set of parameters. Take A, B ⊂ E as A = {very costly, costly, cheap} and B =

92 {beautiful, in green surrounding}. Then
f (very costly) = {(a, 0.3), (b, 0.8), (c, 0.1), (d, 0.3)}
93

94

95

96
f (costly) = {(a, 0.5), (b, 1), (c, 0.2)(d, 0.1)} DP
f (cheap) = {(a, 0.5), (b, 0.4), (c, 0.3), (d, 0.1)}
Thus, fuzzy soft set (f,A) over X “describe cost of the houses.”
97 g(beautiful) = {(a, 0.2), (b, 0.3), (c, 0.4), (, 0.5)}
98 g(in green surrounding) = {(a, 0.4), (b, 0.2), (c, 0.4), (d, 0.1)}.
Author Proof

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99 Hence, fuzzy soft set (g, B) over X describes “attractiveness of the houses.” Clearly,
100 ( f, A) and (g, B) are fuzzy soft sets in a fuzzy soft class (X, E).
101 Definition 8.5 A fuzzy soft set ( f, A) over X is called a null fuzzy soft set, denoted
102 by Φ, if for all ε ∈ A, f (ε) is the null fuzzy set 0 of X , where 0(x) = 0 for all x ∈ X .
A fuzzy soft set (g, A) over X is called a whole (absolute) fuzzy soft set, denoted by
EC

103

104 X, if for all ε ∈ A, g(ε) is the whole fuzzy set 1 of X , where 1(x) = 1 for all x ∈ X .
105 Example 8.5 Let X = {c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 } be a set of four cars under consideration and
106 E = {e1 , e2 , e3 } be a set of parameters, where
e1 denotes costly,
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107

108 e2 denotes beautiful,

109 e3 denotes fuel efficient.
110 (i) Let A = {e2 , e3 } ⊂ E. Then
111 f (e2 ) = {(c1 , 0.4), (c2 , 0.3), (c3 , 0.5), (c4 , 0.7)}
f (e3 ) = {(c1 , 0.5), (c2 , 0.2), (c3 , 0.4), (c4 , 0.1)}
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112

113 Hence, ( f, A) = {(e2 , f (e2 )), (e3 , f (e3 ))} is a fuzzy soft set over universe X.
114 (ii) Let B = {e1 , e3 } ⊂ E. Then
115 (g, B) = {g(e1 ) = {(c1 , 0), (c2 , 0), (c3 , 0), (c4 , 0)}, g(e3 )={(c1 , 0), (c2 , 0), (c3 , 0),
116 (c4 , 0)}} is a null fuzzy soft set over X.
117 (h, B) = {h(e1 ) = {c1 , 1), (c2 , 1), (c3 , 1),
UN

118 (c4 , 1)}, h(e3 ) = {c1 , 1), (c2 , 1), (c3 , 1), (c4 , 1)}} is an absolute fuzzy soft set.
119 Definition 8.6 Let ( f, A) be a fuzzy soft set over X . For each t ∈ [0, 1], the set
120 ( f, A)t = ( f t , A) is called a t-level soft set of ( f, A), where f εt = {x ∈ X | f ε (x) ≥
121 t} for all ε ∈ A. Clearly, ( f, A)t is a soft set over X .

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 8.1 Background Knowledge 225

122 Definition 8.7 Let f and g be any two fuzzy subsets of X . Then the product f ◦ g
123 is a fuzzy subset of X defined by

( f ◦ g)(z) = z=[x,y] ( f (x) ∧ g(y)) if there exist x, y ∈ X such that z = [x, y],
0 otherwise.

OF
Definition 8.8 Let f and g be any two fuzzy subsets of X . Then the sum f + g is
a fuzzy subset of X defined by

z=[x,y] ( f (x) ∧ f (y) ∧ g(x) ∧ g(y)) for z = [x, y],
( f + g)(z) =

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0 otherwise.

Definition 8.9 The extended product of two fuzzy soft sets ( f, A) and (g, B) over
X is a fuzzy soft set, denoted by ( f ◦ g, C), where C = A ∪ B and
⎧
⎨ f (ε) if ε ∈ A − B,
( f ◦ g)(ε) = g(ε)
⎩
DP
if ε ∈ B − A,
f (ε) ◦ g(ε) if ε ∈ A ∩ B,

124 for all ε ∈ C. This is denoted by ( f ◦ g, C) = ( f, A)

◦(g, B).
Author Proof

Definition 8.10 If A ∩ B = ∅, then the restricted product (h,C) of two fuzzy soft
TE
125

126 sets ( f ,A) and (g,B) over X is defined as the fuzzy soft set, (h,A ∩ B) denoted by
127 ( f ,A) o R (g,B) where h (ε) = f (ε) ◦ g (ε), for all ε ∈ A ∩ B. Here f (ε) ◦ g (ε) is
128 the product of two fuzzy subsets of X .
EC

129 8.1.3 Bipolar Fuzzy Soft Sets

130 Bipolar fuzzy sets and soft sets are two different methods for representing uncertainty
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131 and vagueness. The concept of hybrid model called bipolar fuzzy soft set was
132 originally proposed by Yang and Li [131]. Further, Abdullah et al. [1] discussed
133 bipolar fuzzy soft sets and its applications in decision-making problem. Let B F(X )
134 denotes the family of all bipolar fuzzy sets in X .
Definition 8.11 Let X be an initial universe and A ⊆ E be a set of parameters. A
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135

136 pair ( f, A) is called a bipolar fuzzy soft set over X , where f is a mapping given by
137 f : A → B F(X ). A bipolar fuzzy soft set is a parameterized family of bipolar fuzzy
138 subsets of X. For any ε ∈ A, f ε is referred to as the set of ε-approximate elements
139 of the bipolar fuzzy soft set ( f, A), which is actually a bipolar fuzzy set on X and
can be written as
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140

141 f ε = {x, (μ Pfε (x), μ Nfε (x)) | x ∈ X },

142 where μ Pfε (x) denotes the degree of x keeping the parameter ε, μ Nfε (x) denotes the
143 degree of x keeping the nonparameter ε.

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 226 8 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

144 Example 8.6 Let X ={c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 } be the set of four cars under consideration and
145 E ={e1 =Costly, e2 =Beautiful, e3 =Fuel Efficient, e4 =Modern Technology } be the
146 set of parameters and A ={e1 , e2 , e3 }⊆ E. Then,
⎧  ⎫
⎪ (c1 , 0.1, −0.5), (c2 , 0.3, −0.6), ⎪
⎪
⎪ f (e ) = ,⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
1
(c3 , 0.4, −0.2), (c4 , 0.7, −0.2) ⎪ ⎪

OF
⎪
⎨  ⎪
⎬
(c1 , 0.3, −0.5), (c2 , 0.4, −0.2),
( f, A) = f (e2 ) = ,
(c , 0.5, −0.2), (c4 , 0.4, −0.2) ⎪
147
⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪  3 ⎪⎪
⎪
⎪
⎪ (c , 0.8, −0.11), (c , 0.3, −0.6), ⎪
⎪
⎩ f (e3 ) = 1 2 ⎭
(c3 , 0.4, −0.3), (c4 , 0.6, −0.2)

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148 Definition 8.12 Let ( f, A) and (g, B) be two bipolar fuzzy soft sets over X. We
149 say that ( f, A) is a bipolar fuzzy soft subset of (g, B) and write ( f, A)  (g, B) if
150 A ⊆ B and f (ε) ⊆ g(ε) for ε ∈ A. ( f, A) and (g, B) are said to be bipolar fuzzy
151 soft equal sets and write ( f, A) = (g, B) if ( f, A)  (g, B) and (g, B)  ( f, A).

152

153 we define
DP
According to [131] for any two bipolar fuzzy soft sets ( f, A) and (g, B) over X

• the extended intersection (h, C) = ( f, A)

∩(g, B), where C = A ∪ B and
⎧
Author Proof

⎨ f ε if ε ∈ A − B,
TE

h(ε) = gε if ε ∈ B − A,
⎩
f ε ∩ gε if ε ∈ A ∩ B,

• the extended union (h, C) = ( f, A)

∪(g, B), where C = A ∪ B and
EC

⎧
⎨ f ε if ε ∈ A − B,
h(ε) = gε if ε ∈ B − A,
⎩
f ε ∪ gε if ε ∈ A ∩ B,
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154 • the operation ( f ,A) ∧ (g,B) = (h, A × B), where h(a, b) = h(a) ∩ g(b) for all
155 (a,b) ∈ A × B.

8.2 Soft Intersection Lie Algebras

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156

157 Definition 8.13 Let L be a Lie algebra. Let FA = (F, A) be a soft set over L. Then
158 FA is called a soft Lie subalgebra (resp. soft Lie ideal) over L if F(x) is a Lie
159 subalgebra (resp. Lie ideal) of a Lie algebra L for all x ∈ A.
UN

160 Example 8.7 Let 3 = {(x, y, z)|x, y, z ∈ R} be the set of all three-dimensional real
161 vectors. Then 3 with the bracket [., .] defined as the usual cross product, i.e., [x, y] =
162 x × y = (x2 y3 − x3 y2 , x3 y1 − x1 y3 , x1 y2 − x2 y1 ) forms a real Lie algebra over the
163 field R. Now we define a soft set F, 3  as F : 3 −→ P(3 ) by F ((0, 0, 0)) =

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 8.2 Soft Intersection Lie Algebras 227

164 {(0, 0, 0)}, F (x, 0, 0) = {(0, 0, 0) , (x, 0, 0) : x = 0} and F (x, y, z) = 3 . By rou-

165 tine computations, it is easy to see that (F, 3 ) is soft Lie subalgebra but not soft
166 Lie ideal of 3 .
167 Example 8.8 Let V be a vector space over a field F such that dim(V ) = 5. Let
V = {e1 , e2 , . . . , e5 } be a basis of a vector space over a field F with Lie brackets as

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168

169 follows:
170 [e1 , e2 ] = e3 , [e1 , e3 ] = e5 , [e1 , e4 ] = e5 , [e1 , e5 ] = 0,
171

172 [e2 , e3 ] = e5 , [e2 , e4 ] = 0, [e2 , e5 ] = 0, [e3 , e4 ] = 0,

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173

174 [e3 , e5 ] = 0, [e4 , e5 ] = 0, [ei , e j ] = −[e j , ei ]

175 and [ei , e j ] = 0 for all i = j. Then V is a Lie algebra over F. Let (F, V ) be soft over
176 V and define by ⎧
⎪
⎪ e7  if x = e1
177 F(x) =
⎨
⎪
⎪
⎩
V otherwise.
DP
e8  if x = e2 , e3
e7 , e8  if x = e4 , e5

178 Routine computations show that (F, V ) is a soft Lie ideal over V .
Author Proof

TE
179 Proposition 8.1 If FA and FB are soft Lie subalgebras (resp. soft Lie ideals) over
180 ∧ FB and FA
L, then FA  ∩ FB are soft Lie subalgebras (resp. soft Lie ideals) over L.
181 Definition 8.14 Let FA be a soft Lie subalgebra (resp. soft Lie ideal) over L.
EC

182 (i) FA is called the trivial soft Lie subalgebra (resp. soft Lie ideal) over L if
183 F(x) = {0} for all x ∈ A,
184 (ii) FA is called the whole soft Lie subalgebra (resp. soft Lie ideal) over L if
185 F(x) = L for all x ∈ A.
Definition 8.15 Let L 1 , L 2 be two Lie algebras and ϕ : L 1 → L 2 a mapping of Lie
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186

187 algebras. If FA and G B are soft sets over L 1 and L 2 , respectively, then ϕ(FA ) is a
188 soft set over L 2 where ϕ(F) : E → P(L 2 ) is defined by ϕ(F)(x) = ϕ(F(x)) for all
189 x ∈ E and ϕ −1 (G B ) is a soft set over L 1 where ϕ −1 (G) : E → P(L 1 ) is defined by
190 ϕ −1 (G)(y) = ϕ −1 (G(y)) for all y ∈ E.
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191 Proposition 8.2 Let ϕ : L 1 → L 2 be an onto homomorphism of Lie algebras.

192 (i) If FA is a soft Lie algebra over L 1 , then ϕ(FA ) is a soft Lie algebra over L 2 ,
193 (ii) If FB is a soft Lie algebra over L 2 , then ϕ −1 (FB ) is a soft Lie algebra over L 1
194 if it is non-null.
UN

195 Theorem 8.1 Let f : L 1 → L 2 be a homomorphism of Lie algebras. Let FA and

196 G B be two soft Lie algebras over L 1 and L 2 , respectively.
197 (a) If F(x) = ker(ϕ) for all x ∈ A, then ϕ(FA ) is the trivial soft Lie algebra over
198 L 2,

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 228 8 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

199 (b) If ϕ is onto and FA is whole, then ϕ(FA ) is the whole soft Lie algebra over L 2 ,
200 (c) If G(y) = ϕ(L 1 ) for all y ∈ B, then ϕ −1 (G B ) is the whole soft Lie algebra
201 over L 1 ,
202 (d) If ϕ is injective and G B is trivial, then ϕ −1 (G B ) is the trivial soft Lie algebra
203 over L 1 .

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204 We now introduce the concept of soft intersection Lie subalgebras (resp. soft inter-
205 section Lie ideals.
206 Definition 8.16 Let L = E be a Lie algebra and let A be a subset of L. Let FA be
207 a soft set over X . Then, FA is called a soft intersection Lie subalgebra over X if it

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208 satisfies the following conditions:
209 (a) F(x + y) ⊇ F(x) ∩ F(y),
210 (b) F(mx) ⊇ F(x),
211 (c) F([x, y]) ⊇ F(x) ∩ F(y)
212

213

214 (d) F([x, y]) ⊇ F(x)

DP
for all x, y ∈ A, m ∈ F. A soft set FA is called a soft intersection Lie ideal over X
if it satisfies (a), (b) and the following condition:

215 for all x, y ∈ A.

Author Proof

TE
216 Example 8.9 Assume that X =Z is the universal set. Let E = 2 = {(x, y)|x, y ∈ R}
217 be the set of all two-dimensional real vectors. Then 2 with the bracket [., .] defined
218 as the usual cross product, i.e., [x, y] = x × y = x y − yx forms a real Lie algebra
219 over the field R. Let A = {(0, 0), (0, x), x = 0} be a subset of E. Let FA be a soft
set over X. Then F(0, 0) = Z and F(0, x) = {−2, −1, 0, 1, 2}. It is easy to see that
EC

220

221 FA is a soft intersection Lie algebra (resp. soft intersection Lie ideal) over X .

222 From now on, we will always assume L = E unless otherwise specified.
223 The following propositions are obvious.
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224 Proposition 8.3 Let L be a Lie algebra and let A be Lie subalgebra (resp. Lie ideal)
225 of L. If FA is a soft intersection Lie subalgebra (resp. soft intersection Lie ideal) over
226 X , then F(0) ⊇ F(x) for all x ∈ A.

227 Proposition 8.4 Let L be a Lie algebra and let A be Lie subalgebra (resp. Lie ideal)
CO

228 of L. If FA is a soft intersection Lie algebra (resp. soft intersection Lie ideal) over
229 X , then F(−x) = F(x) for all x ∈ A.

230 Proposition 8.5 Let L be a Lie algebra and let A and B be Lie subalgebras (resp. Lie
231 ideals) of L. If FA and G B are soft intersection Lie subalgebras (resp. soft intersection
Lie ideals) over X , then FA  ∧G B is a soft intersection Lie subalgebras (resp. soft
UN

232

233 intersection Lie ideal) over X , where FA  ∧G B is defined by FA 

∧G B (x, y) = F(x) ∩
234 G(y) for all (x, y) ∈ A × B.

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 8.2 Soft Intersection Lie Algebras 229

235 Proof Let (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) ∈ A × B and m ∈ F. Then

236 (FA 
∧G B )((x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 )) = (FA 
∧G B )((x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ))
237 = F(x1 + x2 ) ∩ G(y1 + y2 )
238 ⊇ (F(x1 ) ∩ F(x2 )) ∩ (G(y1 ) ∩ G(y2 ))

OF
239 = (F(x1 ) ∩ G(y1 )) ∩ (F(x2 ) ∩ G(y2 ))
240 = (FA 
∧G B )(x1 , y1 ) ∩ (FA 
∧G B )(x2 , y2 ),
241 (FA 
∧G B )(m(x1 , y1 )) = (FA 
∧G B )(mx1 , my1 )
= F(mx1 ) ∩ G(my1 )

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242

243 ⊇ F(x1 ) ∩ G(y1 )

244 = (FA 
∧G B )(x1 , y1 ),
245 (FA 
∧G B )([(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )]) = (FA 
∧G B )([x1 , x2 ], [y1 , y2 ])
246 = F([x1 , x2 ]) ∩ G([y1 , y2 ])
247

248
DP
⊇ ([F(x1 ), F(x2 )] ∩ [G(y1 ), G(y2 )])
= [F(x1 ), G(y1 )] ∩ [F(x2 ), G(y2 )]
249 = (FA 
∧G B )[x1 , y1 ] ∩ (FA  ∧G B )[x2 , y2 ],
250 (FA 
∧G B )([(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )]) = (FA 
∧G B )([x1 , x2 ], [y1 , y2 ])
Author Proof

TE
251 = F([x1 , x2 ]) ∩ G([y1 , y2 ])
252 ⊇ F(x1 ) ∩ G(y1 )
253 = (FA 
∧G B )[x1 , y1 ].
EC

254 Hence, FA 
∧G B is a soft intersection Lie subalgebra (resp. soft intersection Lie ideal)
255 over X .

Theorem 8.2 Let {(Fi ) Ai | i ∈ Λ} be a family of soft intersection Lie subalgebras

256

257 (resp. soft intersection Lie ideals) over X . Then  i∈Λ (Fi ) Ai a soft intersection Lie
RR

258 subalgebra (resp. soft intersection Lie ideal) over X .

259 Proposition 8.6 Let L be a Lie algebra and let A be a Lie subalgebra (resp. Lie ideal)
260 of L. If FA and G A are soft intersection Lie subalgebras (resp. soft intersection Lie
261 ideals) over X , then FA
∩G A is a soft intersection Lie algebra (resp. soft intersection
Lie ideal) over X , where FA ∩G A is defined by FA ∩G A (x) = F(x) ∩ G(x) for all
CO

262

263 x ∈ A.

264 Proof Let x, y ∈ A and m ∈ F. Then

265 (FA
∩G A )(x + y) = F(x + y) ∩ G(x + y)
UN

266 ⊇ (F(x) ∩ F(y)) ∩ (G(x) ∩ G(y))

267 = (F(x) ∩ G(x)) ∩ (F(y) ∩ G(y))
268 = (FA
∩G A )(x) ∩ (FA
∩G A )(y),

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 230 8 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

269 (FA
∩G A )(mx) = F(mx) ∩ G(mx) ⊇ F(x) ∩ G(x)
270 = (FA
∩G A )(x),
271 
(FA ∩G A )([x, y]) = F([x, y]) ∩ G([x, y])
272 ⊇ (F(x) ∩ F(y)) ∩ (G(x) ∩ G(y))
= (F(x) ∩ G(x)) ∩ (F(y) ∩ G(y))

OF
273

274 = (FA
∩G A )(x) ∩ (FA
∩G A )(y),
275 (FA
∩G A )([x, y]) = F([x, y]) ∩ G([x, y])
276 ⊇ F(x) ∩ G(x)
= (FA

RO
277 ∩G A )(x).

278 Hence, FA ∩G A is a soft intersection Lie subalgebras (resp. soft intersection Lie
279 ideal) over X .

Theorem 8.3 Let {(Fi ) Ai | i ∈ Λ} be a family of soft intersection Lie subalgebras

280

281

282

DP
(resp. soft intersection Lie ideals) over X . Then  i∈Λ (Fi ) Ai a soft intersection Lie
subalgebra (resp. soft intersection Lie ideal) over X .

283 Proposition 8.7 Let L be a Lie algebra and let A and B be Lie subalgebras (resp.
284 Lie ideals) of L. If FA and G B are soft intersection Lie subalgebras (resp. soft
Author Proof

 G B is a soft intersection Lie algebra (resp.

intersection Lie ideals) over X , then FA ×
TE
285

286 soft intersection Lie ideal) over X , where FA ×  G B is defined by FA ×  G B (x, y) =

287 F(x) × G(y) for all (x, y) ∈ A × B.

288 Proof Let (x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ) ∈ A × B and m ∈ F. Then

EC

289  G B )((x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 )) = (FA ×

(FA ×  G B )(x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
290 = F(x1 + x2 ) × G(y1 + y2 )
291 ⊇ (F(x1 ) ∩ F(x2 )) × (G(y1 ) ∩ G(y2 ))
RR

292 = (F(x1 ) × G(y1 )) ∩ (F(x2 ) × G(y2 ))

293  G B )(x1 , y1 ) ∩ (FA ×
= (FA ×  G B )(x2 , y2 ),
294  
(FA ×G B )(m(x1 , y1 )) = (FA ×G B )(mx1 , my1 )
295 = F(mx1 ) × G(my1 )
CO

296 ⊇ F(x1 ) × G(y1 )

297  G B )(x1 , y1 ),
= (FA ×
298   G B )([x1 , x2 ], [y1 , y2 ])
(FA ×G B )([(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )] ) = (FA ×
299 = F([x1 , x2 ]) × G([y1 , y2 ])
⊇ (F(x1 ) ∩ F(x2 )) × (G(y1 ) ∩ G(y2 ))
UN

300

301 = (F(x1 ) × G(y1 )) ∩ (F(x2 ) × G(y2 ))

302  G B )(x1 , y1 ) ∩ (FA ×
= (FA ×  G B )(x2 , y2 ),

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 8.2 Soft Intersection Lie Algebras 231

303  G B )([(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 )] ) = (FA ×

(FA ×  G B )([x1 , x2 ], [y1 , y2 ])
304 = F([x1 , x2 ]) × G([y1 , y2 ])
305 ⊇ F(x1 ) × G(y1 )
306 = (F(x1 ) × G(y1 ))
 G B )(x1 , y1 ).
= (FA ×

OF
307

308 Hence, FA × G B is a soft intersection Lie subalgebras (resp. soft intersection Lie
309 ideal) over X .

Theorem 8.4 Let {(Fi ) Ai | i ∈ Λ} be a family of soft intersection Lie subalgebras

RO

310

311 (resp. soft intersection Lie ideals) over X . Then  i∈Λ (Fi ) Ai a soft intersection Lie
312 subalgebra (resp. soft intersection Lie ideal) over X .

313 Proposition 8.8 Let L be a Lie algebra and let A, B and C be Lie subalgebras
314 (resp. Lie ideals) of L. If FA , G B and FC are soft intersection Lie subalgebras
315

316
(resp. soft intersection Lie ideals) over X , FA ⊂
over X .
DP  G B , then FA
 G B and FC ⊂ G B
∩ FC ⊂

317 Proof Straightforward.

Definition 8.17 Let FA and G B be two soft sets over the common universe X and
Author Proof

318
TE
319 let ϕ be a function from A to B. Then, soft image of FA under ϕ denoted by ϕ(FA )
320 is a soft set over X by

{F(x) | x ∈ A and ϕ(x) = y} if ϕ −1 (y) = ∅,
ϕ(F)(y) =
∅
321
EC

otherwise

322 for all y ∈ B, and soft pre-image (or soft inverse image) of G B under ϕ denoted by
323 ϕ −1 (G B ) is a soft set over X by ϕ −1 (G)(x) = G(ϕ(x)) for all x ∈ A.

Proposition 8.9 Let L be a Lie algebra and let A be Lie ideal of L. If FA is a soft
RR

324

325 intersection Lie subalgebra (resp. soft intersection Lie ideal) over X , then A F =
326 {x ∈ A | F(x) = F(0)} is a soft intersection Lie subalgebra (resp. soft intersection
327 Lie ideal) over X .

328 Theorem 8.5 Let L be a Lie algebra and A and B Lie ideals of L. Let ϕ be a Lie
CO

329 homomorphism from A to B. If G B is soft intersection Lie subalgebra (resp. soft

330 intersection Lie ideal) over X . Then ϕ −1 (G B ) is a soft intersection Lie subalgebra
331 (resp. soft intersection Lie ideal) over X .

332 Proof Let x, y, z ∈ A and m ∈ F. Then

UN

333 ϕ −1 (G B )(x + y) = G B (ϕ(x + y)) = G B (ϕ(x) + ϕ(y))

334 ⊇ G(ϕ(x)) ∩ G(ϕ(y))
335 = ϕ −1 (G)(x) ∩ ϕ −1 (G)(y),

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 232 8 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

336 ϕ −1 (G B )(mx) = G B (ϕ(mx)) ⊇ G(ϕ(x)) = ϕ −1 (G B )(x),

337 ϕ −1 (G B )([x, y]) = G(ϕ([x, y])) = G([ϕ(x), ϕ(y)] )
338 ⊇ G(ϕ(x)) ∩ G(ϕ(y))
339 = ϕ −1 (G)(x) ∩ ϕ −1 (G)(y),
ϕ −1 (G B )([x, y]) = G B (ϕ([x, y]) = G B ([ϕ(x), ϕ(y)] )

OF
340

341 ⊇ G(ϕ(x)) = ϕ −1 (G B )(x).

342 Hence, ϕ −1 (G B ) is a soft intersection Lie subalgebra (resp. soft intersection Lie
343 ideal) over X .

RO
344 Theorem 8.6 Let L be a Lie algebra and A and B Lie ideals of L, and let ϕ be a
345 Lie isomorphism from A to B. If FA is soft intersection Lie subalgebra (resp. soft
346 intersection Lie ideal) over X , then ϕ(FA ) is a soft intersection Lie subalgebra (resp.
347 soft intersection Lie ideal) over X .
348

349 for all a, b ∈ B. Then

DP
Proof Since ϕ is surjective, there exist x, y ∈ A such that a = ϕ(x) and b = ϕ(y)

350 ϕ(FA )(x + y) = ∪{F(z) | z ∈ A, ϕ(z) = a + b}

351 = ∪{F(x + y) | x, y ∈ A, ϕ(x) = a, ϕ(y) = b}
Author Proof

TE
352 ⊇ ∪{F(x) ∩ F(y) | x, y ∈ A, ϕ(x) = a, ϕ(y) = b}
353 = (∪{F(x) | x ∈ A, ϕ(x) = a}) ∩ (∪{F(y) | y ∈ A, ϕ(y) = b})
354 = ϕ(FA )(a) ∩ ϕ(FA )(b),
355 ϕ(FA )(mx) = ∪{F(z) | z ∈ A, ϕ(z) = ma}
EC

356 = ∪{F(mx) | x ∈ A, ϕ(x) = a}

357 ⊇ ∪{F(x) | x ∈ A, ϕ(x) = a}
358 = ϕ(FA )(a),
ϕ(F)([x, y]) = ∪{F(z) | z ∈ A, ϕ(z) = [a, b]}
RR

359

360 = ∪{FA ([x, y]) | x, y ∈ A, ϕ(x) = a, ϕ(y) = b}

361 ⊇ ∪{F(x) ∩ F(y) | x, y ∈ A, ϕ(x) = a, ϕ(y) = b}
362 = (∪{F(x) | x ∈ A, ϕ(x) = a}) ∩ (∪{F(y) | y ∈ A, ϕ(y) = b})
= ϕ(FA )(a) ∩ ϕ(FA )(b),
CO

363

364 ϕ(FA )([x, y]) = ∪{F(z) | z ∈ A, ϕ(z) = [a, b]}

365 = ∪{F([x, y]) | x, y ∈ A, ϕ(x) = a, ϕ(y) = b}
366 ⊇ ∪{F(x) | x ∈ A, ϕ(x) = a}
367 = ∪{F(x) | x ∈ A, ϕ(x) = a}
UN

368 = ϕ(FA )(a).

369 Hence, ϕ(FA ) is a soft intersection Lie subalgebra (resp. soft intersection Lie ideal)
370 over X .

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 8.2 Soft Intersection Lie Algebras 233

371 8.3 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

372 Definition 8.18 Let ( f, A) be a fuzzy soft set over L. Then ( f, A) is said to be a
373 fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L if f (x) is a fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L for all x ∈ A,
374 that is, a fuzzy soft set ( f, A) on L is called a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra of L if

OF
375 (a) f ε (x + y) ≥ min{ f ε (x), f ε (y)},
376 (b) f ε (mx) ≥ f ε (x),
377 (c) f ε ([x, y]) ≥ min{ f ε (x), f ε (y)}
378 hold for all x, y ∈ L and m ∈ F.

RO
379 Example 8.10 Let 2 = {(x, y)|x, y ∈ R} be the set of all two-dimensional real
380 vectors. Then 2 with [x, y] = x × y is a real Lie algebra. Let N and Z denote the set
of all natural numbers and the set of all integers, respectively. Define f : Z → [0, 1]
2
381

382 by f (n) = f n :  → [0, 1] for all n ∈ Z,

2

383
⎧
DP
⎨ 0.6 if x = (0, 0) = 0,
f n (x) = 0.2 if x = (0, a), a = 0,
⎩
0 otherwise.

By routine computations, we can easily check that ( f, Z) is a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra
Author Proof

384
TE
385 of 2 .

386 The following propositions are obvious.

387 Proposition 8.10 Let ( f, A) be a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra of L, then
EC

388 (i) f ε (0) ≥ f ε (x) ∀ x ∈ L ,

389 (ii) f ε ([x, y]) = f ε (−[y, x]) = f ε ([y, x]) ∀x, y ∈ L.
390 We state the following propositions without their proofs.
Proposition 8.11 Let ( f, A) and (g, B) be fuzzy soft Lie subalgebras of L, then
RR

391

392 ˜
( f, A)∩(g, B) is a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra of L.

393 Proposition 8.12 Let ( f, A) and (g, B) be fuzzy soft Lie subalgebras over L, then
394 ( f, A) ∧ (g, B) is a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L.
CO

395 Proposition 8.13 Let ( f, A) and (g, B) be fuzzy soft Lie subalgebras over L. If
396 A ∩ B = ∅, then ( f, A)
∪(g, B) is a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra of L.

397 Proposition 8.14 Let ( f, A) be a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L and let
398 {(h i , Bi ) | i ∈ I } be a nonempty family of fuzzy soft Lie subalgebras of ( f, A). Then
UN

399 (i) ∩
i∈I (h i , Bi ) is a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra of ( f, A),
400 (ii) (h , B ) is a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra of i∈I ( f, A),
i∈I i i


401 (iii) If Bi ∩ B j = ∅ for all i, j ∈ I , then i∈I (Hi , Bi ) is a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra

402 of  i∈I ( f, A).

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 234 8 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

403 Theorem 8.7 Let ( f, A) be a fuzzy soft set over L. ( f, A) is a fuzzy soft Lie subal-
404 gebras if and only if ( f, A)t is a soft Lie subalgebra over L for each t ∈ [0, 1].

405 Proof Suppose that ( f, A) is a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra. For each t ∈ [0, 1], ε ∈ A
406 and x1 , x2 ∈ f εt , then f ε (x1 ) ≥ t and f ε (x2 ) ≥ t. From Definition 8.18, it follows
that f ε is a fuzzy Lie subalgebra over L. Thus

OF
407

408 f ε (x1 + x2 ) ≥ min( f ε (x1 ), f ε (x2 )), f ε (x1 + x2 ) ≥ t,

409
410 f ε (mx1 ) ≥ f ε (x1 ), f ε (mx1 ) ≥ t,

RO
411
412 f ε ([x1 , x2 ]) ≥ min( f ε (x1 ), f ε (x2 )), f ε ([x1 , x2 ]) ≥ t.

413 This implies that x1 + x2 , mx1 , [x1 , x2 ] ∈ f εt , that is, f εt is a Lie subalgebra over L.
414 According to definition, ( f, A)t is a soft Lie subalgebra over L for each t ∈ [0, 1].
Conversely, assume that ( f, A)t is a soft Lie subalgebra over L for each t ∈ [0, 1].
415

416

417
DP
For each ε ∈ A and x1 , x2 ∈ G, let t = min{ f ε (x1 ), f ε (x2 )}, then x1 , x2 ∈ f εt . Since
f εt is a Lie subalgebra over L, then x1 + x2 , mx1 , [x1 , x2 ] ∈ f εt . This means that

418 f ε (x1 + x2 ) ≥ min( f ε (x1 ), f ε (x2 )).

Author Proof

419
TE
420 f ε (mx1 ) ≥ f ε (x1 ),
421
422 f ε ([x1 , x2 ]) ≥ min( f ε (x1 ), f ε (x2 )),

that is, f εt is a fuzzy Lie subalgebra over L. According to Definition 8.18, ( f, A) is

EC

423

424 a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L. This completes the proof.

425 Definition 8.19 Let φ : X → Y and ψ : A → B be two functions, A and B are

426 parametric sets from the crisp sets X and Y , respectively. Then the pair (φ, ψ) is
427 called a fuzzy soft function from X to Y .
RR

428 Definition 8.20 Let ( f, A) and (g, B) be two fuzzy soft sets on X and Y , respec-
429 tively, and let (φ, ψ) be a fuzzy soft function from X to Y .
430 (1) The image of ( f, A) under the fuzzy soft function (φ, ψ), denoted by (φ, ψ)( f, A),
431 is the fuzzy soft set on Y defined by (φ, ψ)( f, A) = (φ( f ), ψ(A)), where for all
CO

432 k ∈ ψ(A), y ∈ Y
 
φ(x)=y ψ(a)=k f a (x) if x ∈ ψ −1 (y),
433 φ( f )k (y) =
0 otherwise.

(2) The pre-image of (g, B) under the fuzzy soft function (φ, ψ), denoted by
UN

434

435 (φ, ψ)−1 (g, B), is the fuzzy soft set on X defined by (φ, ψ)−1 (g, B) = (φ −1 (g),
436 ψ −1 (B)) where φ −1 (g)a (x) = gψ(a) (φ(x)), for all a ∈ ψ −1 (A), for all x ∈ X .

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 8.3 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras 235

437 Definition 8.21 Let (φ, ψ) be a fuzzy soft function from X to Y . If φ is a homo-
438 morphism from X to Y , then (φ, ψ) is said to be fuzzy soft homomorphism. If φ
439 is an isomorphism from X to Y and ψ is one-to-one mapping from A onto B, then
440 (φ, ψ) is said to be fuzzy soft isomorphism.

Theorem 8.8 Let (g, B) be a fuzzy soft Lie algebra on L 2 and let (φ, ψ) be a fuzzy

OF
441

442 soft homomorphism from L 1 to L 2 . Then (φ, ψ)−1 (g, B) is a fuzzy soft Lie algebra
443 on L 1 .

444 Proof Let x1 , x2 ∈ L 1 , m ∈ F then

RO
φ −1 (gε )(x1 + x2 ) = gψ(ε) (φ(x1 + x2 )) = gψ(ε) (φ(x1 ) + φ(x2 ))
≥ min{gψ(ε) (φ(x1 )), gψ(ε) (φ(x2 ))}
= min{φ −1 (gε )(x1 ), φ −1 (gε )(x2 )},
φ −1 (gε )(mx1 ) = gψ(ε) (φ(mx1 )) = gψ(ε) (mφ(x1 ))
≥ gψ(ε) (φ(x1 )) = φ −1 (gε )(x1 ),
445

−1
DP
φ (gε )([x1 , x2 ]) = gψ(ε) (φ([x1 , x2 ])) = gψ(ε) ([φ(x1 ), φ(x2 )] )
≥ min{gψ(ε) (φ(x1 )), gψ(ε) (φ(x2 ))}
= min{φ −1 (gε )(x1 ), φ −1 (gε )(x2 )}.

446 Hence, (φ, ψ)−1 (g, B) is a fuzzy soft Lie algebra on L 1 .

Author Proof

TE

447 Definition 8.22 Let ( f, A) be a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra on L. Define a sequence
448 of fuzzy soft Lie subalgebras on L by putting f 0 = f and f n = [ f n−1 , f n−1 ] for
449 n > 0. If there exists a positive integer n such that f n = 0, then a fuzzy soft Lie
450 subalgebra ( f, A) is called solvable.
EC

451 Theorem 8.9 Homomorphic image of a solvable fuzzy Lie subalgebra is a solvable
452 fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra.

453 Proof Let f : L 1 → L 2 be a homomorphism of Lie algebras. Suppose that ( f, A)

is a solvable fuzzy Lie subalgebra in L 1 . We prove by induction on n that φ( f n ) ⊇
RR

454

455 [φ( f )] n , where n is any positive integer. First we claim that φ([ f ε , f ε ]) ⊇ [φ( f ε ),
456 φ( f ε )] . Let y ∈ L 2 , then

φ( f ε , f ε )(y) = sup{ f ε , f ε  (x) | φ(x) = y}

= sup{sup{min{ f ε (a), f ε (b)} | a, b ∈ L 1 , [a, b] = x, φ(x) = y}}
CO

= sup{min{ f ε (a), f ε (b)} | a, b ∈ L 1 , [a, b] = x, φ(x) = y}

457 = sup{min{ f ε (a), f ε (b)} | a, b ∈ L 1 , [φ(a), φ(b)] = x}
= sup{min{ f ε (a), f ε (b)} | a, b ∈ L 1 , φ(a) = u, φ(b)] = v, [u, v] = y}
≥ sup{min{supa∈φ −1 (u) f ε (a), supb∈φ −1 (v) f ε (b)} | [u, v] = y}
= sup{min(φ( f ε )(u), φ( f ε )(v)) | [u, v] = y} = φ( f ε ), φ( f ε )  (y).
UN

458 Thus,
459 φ([ f e , f e ]) ⊇ [φ( f e ), φ( f e )].

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 236 8 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

460 Now for n > 1, we get

461 φ( f en ) = φ([ f en−1 , f en−1 ]) ⊇ [φ( f en−1 ), φ( f en−1 )] ⊇ [(φ( f ε ))n−1 , (φ( f ε ))n−1 ] =
462 (φ( f ε ))n . This completes the proof.

463 Definition 8.23 Let ( f, A) be a fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra on L and let f n = [ f, f n−1 ]
for n > 0, where f 0 = f . If there exists a positive integer n such that f n = 0 then f

OF
464

465 is called nilpotent.

466 Theorem 8.10 Homomorphic image of a nilpotent fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra is a
467 nilpotent fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra.

RO
468 Theorem 8.11 If ( f, A) is a nilpotent fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra, then it is solvable.

469 Definition 8.24 Let ( f, A) be a fuzzy soft set over L. Then ( f, A) is said to be
470 an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L if f (x) is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy Lie
471 subalgebra of L for all x ∈ A.

472

473 functions f : A → P(L) and f q : A → P(L) by

DP
Definition 8.25 Given a fuzzy set μ in L and A ⊆ [0, 1], we define two set-valued

474 f (t) = {x ∈ L | xt ∈ μ}, f q (t) = {x ∈ L | xt qμ ∈ μ}

Author Proof

TE
475 for all t ∈ A, respectively. Then ( f, A) and ( f q , A) are soft sets over L, which are
476 called an ∈-soft set and a q-soft set over L, respectively.

477 Example 8.11 Let V be a vector space over a field F such that dim(V ) = 5. Let
478 {e1 , e2 , . . . , e5 } be a basis of a vector space over a field F with Lie brackets as
EC

479 follows:
480 [e1 , e2 ] = e3 , [e1 , e3 ] = e5 , [e1 , e4 ] = e5 , [e1 , e5 ] = 0,
481

482 [e2 , e3 ] = e5 , [e2 , e4 ] = 0, [e2 , e5 ] = 0, [e3 , e4 ] = 0,

RR

483

484 [e3 , e5 ] = 0, [e4 , e5 ] = 0, [ei , e j ] = −[e j , ei ]

485 and [ei , e j ] = 0 for all i = j. Then V is a Lie algebra over F. We define a fuzzy set
486 μ : V → [0, 1] by 
0.6 if x = 0,
μ(x) :=
CO

0.3 otherwise .
487

488 Then μ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L. Take A = (0, 0.5] and let ( f, A)
489 be an ∈-soft set over L. Then f (t) = V if t ∈ (0, 0.3], which is Lie subalgebras of
490 L. Hence, ( f, A) is a soft Lie algebra over L.
UN

491 Proposition 8.15 Let μ be a fuzzy set in a Lie algebra L and let ( f, A) be an ∈-soft
492 set on L with A =(0, 1]. Then ( f, A) is a soft L-algebra on L if and only if μ is a
493 fuzzy L-subalgebra of L.

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 8.3 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras 237

494 Proof Assume that ( f, A) is a soft Lie algebra on L. If μ is not a fuzzy Lie subalgebra
495 of L, then there exist a, b ∈ L such that μ(a + b) < min(μ(a), μ(b)). Take t ∈
496 A such that μ(a + b) < t ≤ min(μ(a), μ(b)). Then at ∈ μ and bt ∈ μ but (a +
497 b)min(t,t) =(a + b)t ∈
/ μ. Hence, a, b ∈ f (t), but a + b ∈ / f (t), a contradiction. Thus,
498 μ(x + y) ≥ min(μ(x), μ(y)) for all x, y ∈ L. The verification of other conditions

OF
499 is similar.
500 Conversely, suppose that μ is a fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L. Let t ∈ μ and x,
501 y ∈ f (t). Then xt and yt ∈ μ. It follows from Definition 8.25 that (x + y)t = (x +
502 y)min(t,t) ∈ μ so that x + y ∈ f (t). The verification of other conditions is similar.
503 Hence, f (t) is a Lie subalgebra of L, i.e., ( f, A) is a soft Lie algebra on L.

RO
504 Proposition 8.16 Let μ be a fuzzy set in a Lie algebra L and let ( f q , A) be a q-soft
505 set over L with A = (0, 1]. Then ( f q , A) is a soft L-algebra over L if and only if μ
506 is a fuzzy L-subalgebra of L.

507 Proof Suppose that μ is a fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L. Let t ∈ A and x, y ∈ f q (t).
508

509 1.12 that

DP
Then xtq μ and yt qμ, i.e., μ(x) + t > 1 and μ(y) + t > 1. It follows from Definition

510 μ(x + y) + t ≥ min(μ(x), μ(y)) + t = min(μ(x) + t, μ(y) + t) > 1

Author Proof

so that (x + y)t qμ, i.e., x + y ∈ f q (t). Likewise, mx ∈ f q (t), [x, y] ∈ f q (t). Hence,
TE
511

512 f q (t) is a Lie subalgebra of L for all t ∈ A, and so ( f q , A) is a soft Lie algebra over L.
513 The proof of converse part is obvious. This completes the proof.

514 Proposition 8.17 Let μ be a fuzzy set in a Lie algebra L and let ( f, A) be an ∈-soft
set on L with A = (0.5, 1]. Then the following assertions are equivalent:
EC

515

516 (A) ( f, A) is a soft Lie algebra over L,

517 (B) (1) min(μ(x + y), 0.5) ≥ min(μ(x), μ(y)),
518 (2) min(μ(mx), 0.5) ≥ μ(x),
(3) min(μ([x, y]), 0.5) ≥ min(μ(x), μ(y))
RR

519

520 x, y ∈ L, m ∈ F.

521 Proposition 8.18 Let μ be a fuzzy set in a Lie algebra L and let ( f, A) be an ∈-soft
522 set on L with A = (0, 0.5]. Then the following assertions are equivalent:
CO

523 (i) μ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L,

524 (ii) ( f, A) is a soft Lie algebra over L.

525 Proof Assume that μ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L. Let t ∈ A and x,
526 y ∈ f (t). Then xt ∈ μ and yt ∈ μ or equivalently μ(x) ≥ t and μ(y) ≥ t. It follows
from Lemma 10.1 that
UN

527

528 μ(x + y) ≥ min(μ(x), μ(y), 0.5) ≥ min(t, 0.5) = t,

529
530 μ(mx) ≥ min(μ(x), 0.5) ≥ min(t, 0.5) = t,

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 238 8 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

531

532 μ([x, y]) ≥ min(μ(x), μ(y), 0.5) ≥ min(t, 0.5) = t,

533 so that (x + y)t ∈ μ, (mx)t ∈ μ and [x, y]t ∈ μ or equivalently x + y, mx, [x, y] ∈
534 f (t). Hence, ( f, A) is a soft Lie algebra on L.
Conversely, suppose that (ii) is valid. If there exist a, b ∈ L such that

OF
535

536 μ(a + b) < min(μ(a), μ(b), 0.5),

537 then we take t ∈ (0, 1) such that

RO
538 μ(a + b) < t ≤ min(μ(a), μ(b), 0.5).

539 Thus, t ≤ 0.5, at ∈ μ and bt ∈ μ, that is, a ∈ f (t) and b ∈ f (t). Since f (t) is a
540 Lie subalgebra of L, it follows that a + b ∈ f (t) for all t ≤ 0.5 so that (a + b)t ∈ μ
or equivalently μ(a + b) ≥ t for all t ≤ 0.5, a contradiction. Verification of other
541

542

543
conditions is similar. Hence, DP
μ(x + y) ≥ min(μ(x), μ(y), 0.5) for all x, y ∈ L ,
544
μ(mx) ≥ min(μ(x), 0.5) for all x ∈ L , m ∈ F,
Author Proof

545
TE
546

547 μ([x, y]) ≥ min(μ(x), μ(y), 0.5) for all x, y ∈ L .

548 It follows from Definition 8.18 that μ is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L.
EC

549 Proposition 8.19 Let H be a Lie subalgebra of a Lie algebra L and let ( f, A) be a
550 soft set over L. If A = (0, 0.5], then there exists an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-fuzzy Lie subalgebra
551 μ of L such that
552 f (t) = {x ∈ H | xt ∈ μ} = H ∀ t ∈ A.
RR

553 Proof Obvious.

554 Proposition 8.20 Let μ be a fuzzy set in a Lie algebra L and let ( f q , A) be a q-soft
555 set over L with A = (0, 1]. Then the following assertions are equivalent:
(i) μ is a fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L,
CO

556

557 (ii) ( f q (t) = ∅ → f q (t)) is a Lie subalgebra of L for all t ∈ A.

558 Proof Assume that μ is a fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L. Let t ∈ A be such that f q (t) =
559 ∅. Let x, y ∈ L and m ∈ F be such that x + y ∈ f q (t), mx ∈ f q (t) and [x, y] ∈
560 f q (t). Then (x + y)t qμ, (mx)∈ μt q and [x, y]t qμ or equivalently, μ(x + y) + t > 1,
UN

561 μ(mx) + t > 1 and μ([x, y]) + t > 1. Using Definition 8.18, we have

562 μ(x + y) + t ≥ min(μ(x), μ(y)) + t = min(μ(x) + t, μ(y) + t) > 1,

563

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 8.3 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras 239

564 μ(mx) + t ≥ μ(x) + t > 1,

565

566 μ([x, y]) + t ≥ min(μ(x), μ(y)) + t = min(μ(x) + t, μ(y) + t) > 1,

567 and so (x + y)t qμ, (mx)t qμ, [x, y]t qμ, i.e., x + y, mx, [x, y] ∈ f q (t). Thus, f q (t)

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568 is a Lie subalgebra of L.
569 Conversely, assume that (ii) is valid. Suppose there exist a, b ∈ L such that
570 μ(a + b) < min(μ(a), μ(b)). Then μ(a + b) + s ≤ 1 < min(μ(a), μ(b)) + s for
571 some s ∈ A. It follows that (a)s qμ and bs qμ, i.e., a ∈ f q (s) and b ∈ f q (s). Since
572 f q (s) is a Lie subalgebra of L, we get a + b ∈ f q (s), and so (a + b)s qμ or equiv-

RO
573 alently μ(a + b) + s > 1, a contradiction. Thus, μ(x + y) ≥ min(μ(x), μ(y)) for
574 all x, y ∈ L. The verification for other conditions is similar. Hence, μ is a fuzzy Lie
575 subalgebra of L.

576 8.4 (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-Fuzzy Soft Lie Subalgebras DP

577 We now present generalized fuzzy soft Lie subalgebras and describe some of their
578 properties.
Author Proof

Definition 8.26 A fuzzy set μ in a Lie algebra L is called an (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy
TE
579

580 soft Lie subalgebra of L if it satisfies the following conditions:

581 (d) xr , ys ∈α f ε → (x + y)min(r,s) ∈α ∨qβ f ε ,
582 (e) xr ∈α f ε → (mx)r ∈α ∨qβ f ε ,
xr , ys ∈α f ε → [x, y]min(r,s) ∈α ∨qβ f ε
EC

583 (f)
584 for all x, y ∈ L, m ∈ F, r , s ∈ (α, 1].

585 Example 8.12 Let 3 = {(x, y, z)|x, y, z ∈ R} be the set of all three-dimensional
586 real vectors. Then 3 with [x, y] = x × y is a real Lie algebra. Let E = (0.2, 0.6].
RR

587 Define a fuzzy soft set ( f, A) over L as follows.


e if x = (0, 0, 0),
588 f ε (x) =
589
0.2 otherwise.
CO

590 Then it is now routine to verify that ( f, A) is an (∈0.2 , ∈0.2 ∨q0.6 )-fuzzy soft Lie
591 subalgebra of 3 .

592 For any fuzzy soft set ( f, A) over a Lie algebra L, e ∈ A and r ∈ (α, 1],
593 denote f er = {x ∈ G|xr ∈α f ε }, ( f ε )r = {x ∈ L|xr qβ f ε }, and [ f ε ]r = {x ∈ L|xr ∈α
∨qβ f ε }.
UN

594

595 Theorem 8.12 Let L be a Lie algebra and ( f, A) a fuzzy soft set on L. Then
596 (1) ( f, A) is an (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra on L if and only if nonempty
597 subset f εr is a Lie subalgebra of L for all ε ∈ A and r ∈ (α, β],

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 240 8 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

598 (2) If 2β = 1 + α, then ( f, A) is an (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra on L

599 if and only if nonempty subset ( f ε )r is a Lie subalgebra of L for all ε ∈ A and
600 r ∈ (β, 1],
601 (3) ( f, A) is an (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra on L if and only if nonempty
602 subset [ f ε ]r is a Lie subalgebra of L for all ε ∈ A and r ∈ (α, min{2β − α, 1}].

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603 Proof We prove only (2) and (3).
604 (2) Assume that 2β = 1 + α. Let ( f, A) be an (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy soft Lie sub-
605 algebra on L and assume that ( f ε )r = ∅ for some e ∈ A and r ∈ (β, 1]. Let x, y ∈
606 ( f ε )r . Then xr qβ f ε and yr qβ f ε , that is, f ε (x) + r > 2β and f ε (y) + r > 2β. Since
( f, A) is an (α, β)-fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra on L, we have min{ f ε (x + y), α} ≥

RO
607

608 min{ f ε (x), f ε (y), β}. Thus, by r > β,

609 min{ f ε (x + y) + r, α + r } = min{ f ε (x + y), α} + r ≥ min{ f ε (x), f ε (y), β} + r
610 = min{ f ε (x) + r, f ε (y) + r, β + r } > 2β. From r ≤ 1 = 2β − α, that is, r + α ≤
611 2β, we have f ε (x + y) + r > 2β and so x + y ∈ ( f ε )r . Similarly, we can show that
mx ∈ ( f ε )r , [x, y] ∈ ( f ε )r . Therefore, ( f ε )r is a Lie subalgebra of L.
612

613

614

615
DP
Conversely, assume that the given conditions hold. If there exist e ∈ A and x, y ∈
L such that min{ f ε (x + y), α} < min{ f ε (y), β}. Take r = 2β − min{ f ε (x + y), α}.
Then r ∈ (β, 1], f ε (x + y) ≤ 2β − r, f ε (x) > min{G(e)(x + y), α} = 2β − r,
616 f ε (y) > min{G(e)(x + y), α} = 2β − r , that is, x ∈ ( f ε )r , y ∈ ( f ε )r but x + y ∈ /
617 ( f ε )r , a contradiction. The verification for other conditions is similar. Hence, ( f, A)
Author Proof

TE
618 satisfies above condition. Therefore, (F, A) is an (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy soft Lie sub-
619 algebra on L.
620 (3) Let ( f, A) be an (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra on L and assume
621 that [ f ε ]r = ∅ for some ε ∈ A and r ∈ (α, min{2β − α, 1}]. Let x, y ∈ [ f ε ]r . Then
xr ∈α ∨qβ f ε and yr ∈α ∨qβ f ε , that is, f ε (x) ≥ r > α or f ε (x) > 2β − r ≥ 2β −
EC

622

623 (2β − α) = α and f ε (y) ≥ r > α or f ε (y) > 2β − r ≥ 2β − (2β − α) = α. Since

624 ( f, A) is an (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra on L, we have min{ f ε (x +
625 y), α} ≥ min{ f ε (x), f ε (y), β} and so f ε (x + y) ≥ min{ f ε (x), f ε (y), β} since α <
626 min{ f ε (x), f ε (y), β} in any case.
RR

627

628 We now consider the following cases.

629 Case 1: r ∈ (α, β]. Then 2β − r ≥ β ≥ r . If f ε (x) ≥ r and f ε (y) ≥ r or f ε (x) >
630 2β − r and f ε (y) > 2β − r , then f ε (x + y) ≥ min{ f ε (x), f ε (y), β} ≥ r. Hence,
631 (x + y)r ∈α f ε .
Case 2: r ∈ (β, min{2β − α, 1}]. Then r > β > 2β − r . If f ε (x) ≥ r and f ε (y) ≥
CO

632

633 r or f ε (x) > 2β − r f ε (y) > 2β − r , then f ε (x + y) ≥ min{ f ε (x), f ε (y), β} >
634 2β − r. Hence, (x + y)r qβ f ε . Thus, in any case, (x + y)r ∈α ∨qβ f ε , that is, x + y ∈
635 [ f ε ]r . Similarly, we can show mx ∈ [ f ε ]r , [x, y] ∈ [ f ε ]r . Therefore, [ f ε ]r is a Lie
636 subalgebra.
637 Conversely, assume that the given conditions hold. If there exist ε ∈ A and
UN

638 x, y ∈ L such that min{ f ε (x + y), α} < r = min{ f ε (x), f ε (y), β}. Then xr ∈α f ε ,
639 yr ∈α f ε but (x + y)r ∈α ∨qβ f ε , that is, x ∈ [ f ε ]r , y ∈ [ f ε ]r but x + y ∈ / [ f ε ]r , a
640 contradiction. The verification for other conditions is similar. Hence, ( f, A) satis-

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 8.4 (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-Fuzzy Soft Lie Subalgebras 241

641 fies above condition. Therefore, (F, A) is an (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra
642 on L.
643 Corollary 8.1 Let L be a Lie algebra and α, α  , β, β  ∈ [0, 1] such that α < β,
644 α  < β  , α < α  and β  < β. Then any (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L is an
(∈α , ∈α ∨qβ  )-fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra on L.

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645

646 We state the following Lemmas without their proofs.

647 Lemma 8.1 Let L be a Lie algebra and ( f, A) and (g, B) fuzzy soft sets on L. If
648 ( f, A) and (g, B) are (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy soft Lie subalgebras on L, then so are
( f, A)  (g, B) and ( f, A)
∩(g, B).

RO
649

650 Lemma 8.2 Let L be a Lie algebra and ( f, A) and (g, B) fuzzy soft sets on L. If
651 ( f, A) and (g, B) are (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy soft Lie subalgebras on L, then so are
652 ( f, A)  (g, B) and ( f, A)
∪(g, B).
Denote by FSI(L , E) the set of all (∈α , ∈α ∨qβ )-fuzzy soft Lie subalgebras on L.
653

654

655
Theorem 8.13 Let L be a Lie algebra. (FSI(L , E), 
lattice under the ordering relation (α,β) .
DP
∪, ) is a complete distributive

Proof For any ( f, A), (g, B) ∈ FSI(L , E), by Lemmas 8.1, 8.2, ( f, A) ∪(g, B) ∈
FSI(L , E) and ( f, A)  (g, B) ∈ FSI(L , E). It is obvious that ( f, A) ∪(g, B) and
Author Proof

TE
( f, A)  (g, B) are the least upper bound and the greatest lower bound of ( f, A)
and (g, B), respectively. There is no difficulty in replacing {( f, A), (g, B)} with an
arbitrary family of FSI(L , E) and so (FSI(L , E),  ∪, ) is a complete lattice. Now
we prove that the following distributive law
EC

( f, A)  ((g, B)
∪(h, C)) = (( f, A)  (g, B))
∪(( f, A)  (h, C))

656 holds for all ( f, A), (g, B), (h, C) ∈ FSI(L , E). Suppose that ( f, A)  ((g, B) ∪
657 (h, C)) = (J, A ∩ (B ∪ C)), (( f, A)  (G, B)) ∪(( f, A)  (h, C)) = (K , (A ∩ B)
RR

658 ∪ (A ∩ C)) = (K , A ∩ (B ∪ C)).

659 Now for any ε ∈ A ∩ (B ∪ C), it follows that ε ∈ A and ε ∈ B ∪ C. We consider
660 the following cases. Case 1: ε ∈ A, ε ∈ / B and ε ∈ C. Then Jε = f ε ∩ h ε = K ε .
661 Case 2: ε ∈ A, ε ∈ B and ε ∈ / C. Then Jε = f ε ∩ gε = K ε .
662 Case 3: ε ∈ A, ε ∈ B and ε ∈ C. Then Jε = f ε ∩ (gε ∪ h ε ) = ( f ε ∩ gε ) ∪ ( f ε ∩
CO

663 hε ) = Kε .
664 Therefore, J and F are the same operators, and so (h, A)  ((g, B) ∪(h, C)) =
665 (( f, A)  (g, B))
∪(( f, A)  (h, C)). It follows that ( f, A)  ((g, B)
∪(h, C)) =(α,β)
666 (( f, A)  (g, B))
∪(( f, A)  (h, C)). This completes the proof.
667 We state the following theorem without its proof.
UN

668 Theorem 8.14 (FSI(L , E), ,  ∩) is a complete distributive lattice under the order-
669 ing relation (α,β) , where for any ( f, A), (g, B) ∈ FSI(L , E), ( f, A) (α,β) (g, B)
670 if and only if B ⊆ A and f ε ⊆ ∨q(α,β) gε for any ε ∈ B.

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 242 8 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

671 8.5 Bipolar Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

672 Definition 8.27 Let ( f, A) be a bipolar fuzzy soft set over L. Then ( f, A) is said to
673 be a bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L if f (x) is a bipolar fuzzy Lie subalgebra
674 of L for all x ∈ A, that is, a bipolar fuzzy soft set ( f, A) over L is called a bipolar

OF
675 fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra of L if the following conditions are satisfied:
676 (1) μ Pfε (x + y) ≥ min{μ Pfε (x), μ Pfε (y)},
677 (2) μ Nfε (x + y)  max{μ Nfε (x), μ Nfε (y)},
678 (3) μ Pfε (mx) ≥ μ Pfε (x), μ Nfε (mx)  μ Nfε (x),

RO
679 (4) μ Pfε ([x, y]) ≥ min{μ Pfε (x), μ Pfε (y)},
680 (5) μ Nfε ([x, y])  max{μ Nfε (x), μ Nfε (y)}
681 for all x, y ∈ L and m ∈ F.
682 Example 8.13 The real vector space 2 with [x, y] = x × y is a real Lie algebra. Let
683

684

685
DP
N and Z denote the set of all natural numbers and the set of all integers, respectively.
By routine computations, we can easily check that ( f, Z), where f : Z → ([0, 1] ×
[−1, 0]) with f (n) = (μ Pfn , μ Nfn ) : 2 → [0, 1] × [−1, 0] for all n ∈ Z,
2

⎧
⎨ 0.6 if x = (0, 0) = 0,
Author Proof

μ Pfn (x) = 0.2 if x = (0, a), a = 0,

TE
686
⎩
0 otherwise,
687 ⎧
⎨ −0.3 if x = (0, 0) = 0,
688 μ Nfn (x) = −0.2 if x = (0, a), a = 0,
⎩
EC

−1 otherwise,

689 is a bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra of 2 .

690 We state the following propositions without their proofs.
RR

691 Proposition 8.21 Let ( f, A) be a bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra on L, then
692 (i) μ Pfε (0) ≥ μ Pfε (x), μ Nfε (0)  μ Nfε (x),
693 (ii) μ Pfε ([x, y]) = μ Pfε (−[y, x]) = μ Pfε ([y, x]),
694 (iii) μ Nfε ([x, y]) = μ Nfε (−[y, x]) = μ Nfε ([y, x])
CO

695 for all x, y ∈ L.

696 Proposition 8.22 Let ( f, A) and (g, B) be bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebras over
697 L , then ( f, A)
∩(g, B) and ( f, A) ∧ (g, B) are bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalge-
698 bras over L . If A ∩ B = ∅, then also ( f, A)∪(g, B) is a bipolar fuzzy soft Lie
UN

699 subalgebra. 
700 Proposition 8.23 Let ( f, A) be a bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L and let
701 {(h i , Bi ) | i ∈ I } be a nonempty family of bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebras of ( f, A).
702 Then

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 8.5 Bipolar Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras 243


∩
703 (a) i∈I (h i , Bi ) is a bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra of ( f, A),
704 (b) (h , B ) is a bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra of i∈I ( f, A),
i∈I i i


705 (c) If Bi ∩ B j = ∅ for all i, j ∈ I, i = j, then i∈I (Hi , Bi ) is a bipolar fuzzy soft

706 Lie subalgebra of  i∈I ( f, A).

Definition 8.28 Let ( f, A) be a bipolar fuzzy soft set over X. For each s ∈ [0, 1],

OF
707

708 t ∈ [−1, 0], the set ( f, A)(s,t) = ( f (s,t) , A), where

( f, A)(s,t)
ε = {x ∈ X | μ Pfε (x) ≥ s, μ Nfε (x)  t} for all ε ∈ A,
709 is called an (s, t)-level soft set of ( f, A). Clearly, ( f, A)(s,t) is a soft set over X .

RO
710 Theorem 8.15 Let ( f, A) be a bipolar fuzzy soft set over L. ( f, A) is a bipolar fuzzy
711 soft Lie subalgebra if and only if ( f, A)(s,t) is a soft Lie subalgebra over L for each
712 s ∈ [0, 1], t ∈ [−1, 0].

Proof Suppose that ( f, A) is a bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra. Then for each s ∈
713

714

715
[0, 1], t ∈ [−1, 0], ε ∈ A and x1 , x2 ∈ ( f, A)(s,t) DPε we have μ Pfε (x1 ) ≥ s, μ Pfε (x2 ) ≥ s,
and μ fε (x1 )  t, μ fε (x2 )  t. From Definition 8.28, it follows that ( f, A)(s,t)
N N
ε is a
716 bipolar fuzzy Lie subalgebra over L. Thus, μ fε (x1 + x2 ) ≥ min(μ fε (x1 ), μ fε (x2 )),
P P P

717 μ Pfε (x1 + x2 ) ≥ s, μ Nfε (x1 + x2 )  max(μ Nfε (x1 ), μ Nfε (x2 )), μ Nfε (x1 + x2 )  t. This
implies that x1 + x2 ∈ f εs . The verification for other conditions is similar. Thus,
Author Proof

718
TE
719 ( f, A)(s,t) is a soft Lie subalgebra over L for each s ∈ [0, 1], t ∈ [−1, 0].
720 Conversely, assume that ( f, A)(s,t) is a soft Lie subalgebra over L for each
721 s ∈ [0, 1], t ∈ [−1, 0]. For each ε ∈ A and x1 , x2 ∈ ( f, A)(s,t) ε , let s = min{μ f ε (x 1 ),
P

722 μ Pfε (x2 )} and let t = max{μ Nfε (x1 ), μ Nfε (x2 )}, then x1 , x2 ∈ ( f, A)(s,t)
ε . Since ( f, A)ε
(s,t)
EC

(s,t)
723 is a Lie subalgebra over L, then x1 + x2 ∈ ( f, A)ε . This means that μ fε (x1 + x2 ) ≥
P

724 min(μ Pfε (x1 ), μ Pfε (x2 )) and μ Nfε (x1 + x2 )  max(μ Nfε (x1 ), μ Nfε (x2 )). The verification
725 for other conditions is similar. Thus, according to Definition 8.27, ( f, A) is a bipolar
726 fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L. This completes the proof.
RR

727 Definition 8.29 Let φ : L 1 → L 2 and ψ : A → B be two functions, A and B are

728 parametric sets from the crisp sets L 1 and L 2 , respectively. Then the pair (φ, ψ) is
729 called a bipolar fuzzy soft function from L 1 to L 2 .

730 Definition 8.30 Let ( f, A) and (g, B) be two bipolar fuzzy soft sets over L 1 and
L 2 , respectively, and let (φ, ψ) be a bipolar fuzzy soft function from L 1 to L 2 .
CO

731

732

733 The image of ( f, A) under the bipolar fuzzy soft function (φ, ψ), denoted
734 by (φ, ψ)( f, A), is the bipolar fuzzy soft set on L 2 defined by (φ, ψ)( f, A) =
735 (φ( f ), ψ(A)), where for all k ∈ ψ(A), y ∈ L 2
UN

 
φ(x)=y ψ(a)=k f a (x) if x ∈ ψ −1 (y),
736 μφ(
P
f )k (y) =
1 otherwise,
737

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 244 8 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

φ(x)=y ψ(a)=k f a (x) if x ∈ ψ −1 (y),
738 μφ(
N
f )k (y) =
−1 otherwise.

739 The pre-image of (g, B) under the bipolar fuzzy soft function (φ, ψ), denoted by
740 (φ, ψ)−1 (g, B), is the bipolar fuzzy soft set over L 1 defined by (φ, ψ)−1 (g, B) =
(φ −1 (g), ψ −1 (B)), where for all a ∈ ψ −1 (A) for all x ∈ L 1 ,

OF
741

742 μφP−1 (g)a (x) = μgPψ(a) (φ(x)), μφN−1 (g)a (x) = μgNψ(a) (φ(x)).

743 Definition 8.31 Let (φ, ψ) be a bipolar fuzzy soft function from L 1 to L 2 . If φ
is a homomorphism from L 1 to L 2 then (φ, ψ) is said to be a bipolar fuzzy soft

RO
744

745 homomorphism. If φ is a isomorphism from L 1 to L 2 and ψ is one-to-one mapping

746 from A onto B then (φ, ψ) is said to be a bipolar fuzzy soft isomorphism.
747 Theorem 8.16 Let (g, B) be a bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L 2 and let
748 (φ, ψ) be a bipolar fuzzy soft homomorphism from L 1 to L 2 . Then (φ, ψ)−1 (g, B)
749

750
is a bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L 1 .
Proof Let x1 , x2 ∈ L 1 , then
DP
φ −1 (μgPε )(x1 + x2 ) = μgPψ(ε) (φ(x1 + x2 )) = μgPψ(ε) (φ(x1 ) + φ(x2 ))
≥ min{μgPψ(ε) (φ(x1 )), μgPψ(ε) (φ(x2 ))}
Author Proof

751
TE
= min{φ −1 (μgPε )(x1 ), φ −1 (μgPε )(x2 )},
752
φ −1 (μgNε )(x1 + x2 ) = μgNψ(ε) (φ(x1 + x2 )) = μgNψ(ε) (φ(x1 ) + φ(x2 ))
753  max{μgNψ(ε) (φ(x1 )), μgNψ(ε) (φ(x2 ))}
EC

= max{φ −1 (μgNε )(x1 ), φ −1 (μgNε )(x2 )}.

754 The verification for other conditions is similar, and hence, we omit the detail. Hence,
755 (φ, ψ)−1 (g, B) is a bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L 1 .
Note that (φ, ψ)( f, A) may not be a bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L 2 .
RR

756

757 8.6 (∈, ∈ ∨q)-Bipolar Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

CO

758 Let c ∈ G be fixed. If γ ∈ (0, 1] and δ ∈ [−1, 0) are two real numbers, then c(γ , δ) =
759 x, cγ , cδ  is called a bipolar fuzzy point in G, where γ (resp, δ) is the positive degree
760 of membership (resp, negative degree of membership) of c(γ , δ) and c ∈ G is the
761 support of c(γ , δ). Let c(γ , δ) be a bipolar fuzzy in G and let A = x, μ PA , μ NA  be a
bipolar fuzzy in G. Then c(γ , δ) is said to belong to A, written c(γ , δ) ∈ A if μ PA (c) ≥
UN

762

763 γ and μ NA (c)  δ. We say that c(γ , δ) is quasicoincident with A, written c(γ , δ)q A,
764 if μ PA (c) + γ > 1 and μ NA (c) + δ < −1. To say that c(γ , δ) ∈ ∨q A (resp, c(γ , δ) ∈
765 ∧q A) means that c(γ , δ) ∈ A or c(γ , δ)q A (resp, c(γ , δ) ∈ A and c(γ , δ)q A) and
766 c(γ , δ)∈ ∨q A means that c(γ , δ) ∈ ∨q A does not hold.

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 8.6 (∈, ∈ ∨q)-Bipolar Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras 245

767 Definition 8.32 A bipolar fuzzy set A = (μ PA , μ NA ) in L is called an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-

768 bipolar fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L if it satisfies the following conditions:
769 (a) x(s1 , t1 ), y(s2 , t2 ) ∈ A ⇒ (x + y)(min(s1 , s2 ), max(t1 , t2 )) ∈ ∨q A,
770 (b) x(s, t) ∈ A ⇒ (mx)(s, t) ∈ ∨q A,
771 (c) x(s1 , t1 ), y(s2 , t2 ) ∈ A ⇒ ([x, y])(min(s1 , s2 ), max(t1 , t2 )) ∈ ∨q A

OF
772 for all x, y ∈ L, m ∈ F, s, s1 , s2 ∈ (0, 1], t, t1 , t2 ∈ [−1, 0).
773 Example 8.14 Let 3 be as in Example 8.12. We define a bipolar fuzzy set A : 3 → AQ3

774 [0, 1] × [−1, 0] by 

1 if x = (0, 0, 0),

RO
775 μ PA (x) :=
0.4 otherwise,
776 
0 if x = (0, 0, 0),
777 μ NA (x) :=
−0.2 otherwise.

778

779 Lie subalgebra of L.

DP
By routine computations, it is easy to see that A is not an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-bipolar fuzzy

780 Theorem 8.17 A bipolar fuzzy set A in a Lie algebra L is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-bipolar
781 fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L if and only if
Author Proof

TE
782 • μ PA (x + y) ≥ min(μ PA (x), μ PA (y), 0.5), μ NA (x + y)  max(μ NA (x), μ NA (y), −0.5),
783 • μ PA (mx) ≥ min(μ PA (x), 0.5), μ NA (mx)  max(μ NA (x), −0.5),
784 • μ PA ([x, y]) ≥ min(μ PA (x), μ PA (y), 0.5), μ NA ([x, y])  max(μ NA (x), μ NA (y), −0.5)
785 hold for all x, y ∈ L, m ∈ F.
EC

786 Theorem 8.18 A bipolar fuzzy set A of a Lie algebra of L is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-bipolar
787 fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L if and only if for all s ∈ (0.5, 1], t ∈ [−1, −0.5) each
788 nonempty A(s,t) is a Lie subalgebra of L.
789 Proof Assume that A is an (∈, ∈ ∨q)-bipolar fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L and let s ∈
RR

790 (0.5, 1], t ∈ [−1, −0.5). If x, y ∈ A(s,t) , then μ PA (x) ≥ s and μ PA (y) ≥ s, μ NA (x) ≤ t
791 and μ NA (y) ≤ t. Thus, μ PA (x + y) ≥ min(μ PA (x), μ PA (y), 0.5) ≥ min(s, 0.5) = s and
792 μ NA (x + y)  max(μ NA (x), μ NA (y), −0.5)  max(t, −0.5) = t, so x + y ∈ A(s,t) .
793 The verification for other conditions is similar. The proof of converse part is obvious.
CO

794 Theorem 8.19 If A is a bipolar fuzzy set in a Lie algebra L, then A(s,t) is a Lie
795 subalgebra of L if and only if
796 • max(μ PA (x + y), 0.5) ≥ min(μ PA (x), μ PA (y)),
797 min(μ NA (x + y), −0.5)  max(μ NA (x), μ NA (y)),
798 • max(μ PA (mx), 0.5) ≥ min(μ PA (x)),
UN

799 min(μ NA (mx), −0.5)  max(μ NA (x)),

800 • max(μ PA ([x, y]), 0.5) ≥ min(μ PA (x), μ PA (y)),
801 min(μ NA ([x, y]), −0.5)  max(μ NA (x), μ NA (y))
802 for all x, y ∈ L, m ∈ F.

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 246 8 Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras

803 Definition 8.33 Let ( f, A) be a bipolar fuzzy soft set over a Lie algebra L. Then
804 ( f, A) is called an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra if f (α) is an (∈, ∈α
805 ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L for all α ∈ A.

806 Theorem 8.20 Let ( f, A) and (g, B) be two (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft Lie sub-
algebras over a Lie algebra L. Then ( f, A) ∧ (g, B) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy

OF
807

808 soft Lie subalgebra over L.

809 Proof By the definition, we can write ( f, A) ∧ (g, B) = (h, C), where C = A ×
810 B and h(α, β) = f (α) ∩ g(β) for all (α, β) ∈ C. Now for any (α, β) ∈ C, since
( f, A) and (g, B) are (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebras over L, we

RO
811

812 have both f (α) and g(β) are (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy Lie subalgebras of L. Thus,
813 h(α, β) = f (α) ∩ g(β) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L. Hence,
814 ( f, A) ∧ (g, B) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L.

815 Theorem 8.21 Let ( f, A) and (g, B) be two (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft Lie sub-
816

817
algebras over a Lie algebra L. Then ( f, A)
soft Lie subalgebra over L. DP
∩(g, B) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy

Proof We have ( f, A)

∩(g, B) = (h, C), where C = A ∪ B and
⎧
⎨ f (ε) if ε ∈ A − B,
Author Proof

TE
h(ε) = g(ε) if ε ∈ B − C,
⎩
f (ε) ∩ g(ε) if ε ∈ A ∩ B.

818 for all α ∈ C.

Now for any α ∈ C, we consider the following cases.
EC

819

820 Case 1: α ∈ A − B. Then h(α) = f (α) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy Lie sub-
821 algebra of L since ( f, A) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L.
822 Case 2: α ∈ B − A. Then h(α) = g(α) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy Lie sub-
823 algebra of L since (g, B) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L.
Case 3: α ∈ A ∩ B. Then h(α) = f (α) ∩ g(α) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy
RR

824

825 Lie subalgebra of L by the assumption. Thus, in any case, h(α) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-
826 bipolar fuzzy Lie subalgebra of L. Therefore, ( f, A) ∩(g, B) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-
827 bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L.

Theorem 8.22 Let ( f, A) and (g, B) be two (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft Lie sub-
CO

828

829 algebras over a Lie algebra L. If A ∩ B = ∅, then ( f, A)

∩(g, B) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-
830 bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L.

831 Proof ( f, A)

∩(g, B) = (h, C), where C = A ∩ B and h(α) = f (α) ∩ g(α) for all
832 α ∈ C. Now for any α ∈ C, since ( f, A) and (g, B) are (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft
UN

833 Lie subalgebras over L, we have both f (α) and g(α) are (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy
834 Lie subalgebras of L. Thus, h(α) = f (α) ∩ g(α) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy
835 Lie subalgebra of L. Therefore, ( f, A)
∩(g, B) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft
836 Lie subalgebra over L.

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 8.6 (∈, ∈ ∨q)-Bipolar Fuzzy Soft Lie Algebras 247

837 Theorem 8.23 Let ( f, A) be an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over
838 L and let {(h i , Bi ) | i ∈ I } be a nonempty family of (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft
839 Lie subalgebras of ( f, A). Then
840 (a) 
∩i∈I (h i , Bi ) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra of ( f, A),
841 (b) i∈I (h i , Bi ) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar
fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra of i∈I ( f, A),

OF
842 (c) If Bi ∩ B j = ∅ for all i, j ∈ I , then  i∈I (Hi , Bi ) is an (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar

843 fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra of  i∈I f, A).

844 Theorem 8.24 Let ( f, A) and (g, B) be two (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft Lie sub-
algebras over a Lie algebra L. If A and B are disjoint, then ( f, A)
∪(g, B) is an

RO
845

846 (∈, ∈α ∨qβ )-bipolar fuzzy soft Lie subalgebra over L.

DP
Author Proof

TE
EC
RR
CO
UN

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