Presenting Citations & The Bibliography

Punctuation

Written quotes from books, journals, song lyrics,

articles etc. are presented using ‘single’ quotation
marks

Quotes articulated through speech are presented

using double quotation marks – for example, “I
have a dream…”

icmp.ac.uk
Direct quotation and layout
A direct quotation is using the exact words of someone
else in your essay or presentation

When referencing directly from a text: 1) include commas

(not speech marks) 2) surname of the author 3) year of
publication 4) page number of quote
BA#Songwriting#Year#1#Creative#Songwriting#Daniel#Green#
Example:
!

‘Hippies#represented#a#form#of#cultural#politics,#ostensibly#rejecting#‘mainstream’#
society# and# values,# but# with# clear# contradictions# present.# They# were# generally#
from# comfortable# middleFclass# backgrounds,# but# the# material# affluence# of# the#
Western#economies#during#the#1960s#made#their#opting#out#possible;#they#were#
antiFtechnology# but# often# possessed# impressive# sound# systems;# and# their#
espoused# ‘freedom’# at# times# sat# uneasily# alongside# sexism# and# gender#
stereotyping.’#(Marshall,#1978:84)#
#
icmp.ac.uk
Indirect quotation and layout
An indirect quotation is using the ideas or meaning of
something you have read but incorporated into your own
language

When referencing indirectly from a text: 1) surname of the

author 2) year of publication 3) page number of quote
Daniel Green – Ph.D. Research Intention

A Critical Study of the UK Singles Chart 1952-2014 – its history, cultural role and
Example: influence over popular taste

Since its incarnation in 1952, the UK Singles Chart has functioned as a ranking

system of recorded popular music. Collating sales of recorded music in the form of a

chart is one of the most recognized, referenced and oldest ranking systems in popular

culture (Hakanen, 1998: 95).

The charts, as well as cataloguing sale figures and statistics, serve to shape the
icmp.ac.uk
Referencing: books
• In-text: (Cope, 2008: 48)

• Bibliography: Cope, D. (2008). Righting

wrongs in writing songs. Boston: Course
Technology.

*bibliography is placed at the end of your essay/presentation. Sources presented in

alphabetical order.
Referencing: book chapters in
edited books
• In-text: (Lillis & Swann, 2003: 110)

• Bibliography: Lillis, T.M. and Swann, J. (2003)

‘Giving feedback on student writing’, in Coffin,
C. et al. (eds.) Teaching academic writing: a
toolkit for higher education. London:
Routledge, pp. 101-129.

*bibliography is placed at the end of your essay/presentation. Sources presented in

alphabetical order.
Referencing: quotation within a
quotation
• In-text: (2008 cited Wilson, 1998: 63)

• Bibliography: Cope, D. (2008). Righting

wrongs in writing songs. Boston: Course
Technology.

*bibliography is placed at the end of your essay/presentation. Sources presented in

alphabetical order.
Referencing: journal article
• In-text: (Platte, 2011)

• Bibliography: Platte, N. (2011). ‘Music for

spellbound (1945): a contested
collaboration.’ The Journal of Musicology
28 (4), 418-463. Accessed at JSTOR (on
29 March 2012).

*bibliography is placed at the end of your essay/presentation. Sources presented in

alphabetical order.
Referencing: author
• In-text: (Zollo, 2010)

• Bibliography: Zollo, P. (2010). Leonard

Cohen: 1992 – Songwriters on
songwriting. Available at:
http://www.leonardcohenfiles.com/zollo.ht
ml (Accessed 29th March 2012).
*bibliography is placed at the end of your essay/presentation. Sources presented in
alphabetical order.
Referencing: unsigned
• In-text: (Songwriting Contest website, 2012)

• Bibliography: The Songwriting Contest

website (2012). Results page. Available at:
http://www.songwritingcontest.co.uk/results.ht
ml (Accessed 29th March 2012).

*bibliography is placed at the end of your essay/presentation. Sources presented in

alphabetical order.
Referencing: newspaper article
• In-text: (Petridis, 2011)

• Bibliography: Petridis, A. (2011). ‘Write me a

hit by teatime: The world of the professional
songwriter’, The Guardian [online] 17 May.
Available at:
http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/2011/may/1
7/professional-songwriters-ivor-novello
(Accessed 29th March 2012).

*bibliography is placed at the end of your essay/presentation. Sources presented in

alphabetical order.
Referencing: film/tv programme
• In-text: (Citizen Kane, 1941)

• Bibliography: Citizen Kane. 1941. [Film]. Orson Welles. dir.

USA: RKO Radio Pictures.

• If you are referring to a particular scene or quote, you should

include in the citation the times (hours, minutes and seconds)
between which it takes place in the film; for example:

The conversation between the characters Charles Foster Kane

and Herbert Carter reveals... (Citizen Kane, 1941, 01:02:03-
01:03:05).

*bibliography is placed at the end of your essay/presentation. Sources presented in alphabetical order.
Referencing: YouTube, Vimeo etc.
video
• In-text: (The Art of Songs, 2017)

• Bibliography: The Art of Songs, 2017.

Songwriting without music theory // episode
15 (online video) Available at:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Je9UPT_
SGVs (Accessed 24th December 2017)

*bibliography is placed at the end of your essay/presentation. Sources presented in

alphabetical order.
Referencing: audio recording
• In-text: (Dylan, 1965, Track 9)

• Bibliography: Dylan, B. (1965). ‘Desolation

Row’. On Highway 61 Revisited. [CD] New
York: Columbia. (2004).

*bibliography is placed at the end of your essay/presentation. Sources presented in

alphabetical order.