Functional

Grammar
English Education 5th Semester
 Our Team

Noviana Sahdya Putri Wartika Hartini

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Riska Heryani
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Putri Melania Syifa Nadhia Nur Rahma

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Table of Contents The Functions of Language
• Ideational
• Interpersonal
Grammar
• Textual
• What is Grammar?
• Why Grammar?
Text - Context
Characterising Language
• Traditional Grammar
• Formal Grammar
• Functional Grammar Genre
Grammar
Theory of language
System of choices rather than a set of
rules, and depends on the text
 FOLK LINGUISTIC
TERMINOLOGY TERMINOLOGY

MEANING SEMANTICS

WORDING LEXICOGRAMMAR

LETTERS ORTHOGRAPHY
/ /
PHONOLOGY
SOUNDS
WHY GRAMMAR?

● NEED TO KNOW HOW TEXTS WORKS

● HELP LEARNERS LEARN HOW TO UNDERSTAND AND PRODUCE TEXT
(WRITTEN AND SPOKEN) IN VARIOUS CONTEXTS FOR VARIOUS
PURPOSES
 Characterising
Language

There are 3 (three) Grammars which have had a major influence on schools in the western
world in this century. These are as fellows;

Traditional Functional
Formal Grammar
Grammar Grammar
TRADITIONAL
GRAMMAR

Traditional grammar aims so students learn the names of

parts of speech (nouns, verbs, prepositions, adverbs,
adjectives) parse textbook sentences and learn to correct
so –called bad grammar.
Traditional grammar focuses in rules for producing correct
sentences.
It has two main weaknesses:
• The rules it prescribes are based on the language of a
very small group od middle-class English speakers.
• The rules deal only with the most superficial aspects of
writing.
 FORMAL
GRAMMAR

Concerned to describe the structure of individual sentences.

Such grammars view language as a set of rules which allow
or disallow certain sentence structures.
For example,
 FUNCTIONAL
GRAMMAR

Functional grammars view language as a resource for

making meaning. They are concerned not only with the
structures construct meaning.
For example,
 The Main Differences in Perspective
Among the Three Grammar

DIFFERENCES FORMAL (+TRADITIONAL) FUNCTIONAL

Primary concern How is (should) this sentence How are the meanings of
be structured? the text realized?
Unit of analysis Sentences Whole texts

Language level of Syntax Semantics

concern
Language - A set of rules for - A resource for
sentences construction meaning making
- Something we know - Something we do
 TEXT CONTEXT

TEXT — is understood to be a piece of CONTEXT— refers to

written or spoken material in its primary the words and sentences that surround any
form (as opposed to a paraphrase or part of a discourse and that helps to
summary). A text is any stretch of determine its meaning. Sometimes
language that can be understood in called linguistic context.
context. It may be as simple as 1-2 words
(such as a stop sign) or as complex as a
novel. Any sequence of sentences that
belong together can be considered a text.
 TEXT

TEXT — is the study of texts above the level of the sentence. It shows how texts
are put together so as to convey ideas, facts, messages, and fiction.

A text is a coherent body of sentences. Coherent means they are linked by a

consistent theme. The text ends when completion is signaled. For example, when
a problem introduced at the start is solved, or when a promised discussion has
reached a conclusion.
 CONTEXT

CONTEXT — in language is what surrounds a word or piece of text. In order to

understand what words mean, we have to know something about the situation
where they are used. In print, a word, phrase or sentence has other text around
it. This helps the reader to understand the piece in question. In speech, the
social setting as well as the language help the listener to understand what is
said.
 Metafunctions of
Language

There are 3 (three) Grammars which have had a major influence on schools in the western
world in this century. These are as fellows;

IDEATIONAL INTERPERSONAL TEXTUAL

 IDEATIONAL
(clause as Representation)

Language provides a theory of human experience. The ideational function allows

language users to present their world experience through the lexico-grammatical

choices they make, which are part of the transitivity system.

Transitivity

Transitivity focuses on each clause in the text, “asking who are actors, who are
the acted upon, and what processes are involved in that action,
(Matheson, 2005, p. 66)
 INTERPERSONAL
(clause as Exchange)

This Metafunctions is concerned with clause as exchange and the relationship

between speakers in a given discourse.
a. Mood
• The subject → nominal group
• The finite → part of verbal group
b. The residue consists of functional elements which are Predicator,
Complement, and Adjunct.
 TEXTUAL
(clause as Message)

This metafunctions is concerned with clause as message and which deals with
the organization of information within separate clauses and with the text as a
whole. The clause is divided into Theme and Rhemes.
Genre

Can be defined as a culturally specific text-type which results from

using language (written or spoken) to help accomplish something
 Genre

Particular Particular
Purpose stages

Particular
Linguistic
Features
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K
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