Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Tanju Deveci
T U R K E Y
Why
to
How and
Teach
Collocations
T HE IMPORTANCE OF VOCABULARY ACQUISITION HAS ALWAYS BEEN RECOGNIZED,
although, at times, vocabulary was treated as separate from grammar and skills.
many techniques and approaches, such as word families and key words, have
been employed in teaching vocabulary, I suspect that none of them has interest-
ed language teachers more than Michael Lewis’s Lexical Approach, which argues
that language consists of chunks that produce coherent texts when they are com-
bined (Lewis 1998). This article explains what is meant by collocation and why
16 A P R I L 2 0 0 4 E N G L I S H T E A C H I N G F O R U M
04-0218 ETF_16_19 4/13/04 2:22 PM Page 17
E N G L I S H T E A C H I N G F O R U M A P R I L 2 0 0 4 17
04-0218 ETF_16_19 4/13/04 2:22 PM Page 18
locations. For example, they might over- etc. They can also make use of tables or
generalize rules of collocation, for exam- spider-grams, which work well with visu-
ple, the use of prepositions in phrasal al learners. For example, students can
verbs. They could think that put off your record certain collocations under head-
coat is the opposite of put on your coat. ings such as have/take/do or make.
4. When students learn words through def- When teaching collocations, we cannot
initions or in isolation, their chances of ignore reading and listening skills, which help
using appropriate collocations or remem- learners notice collocations. Writing and
bering the words decrease. speaking skills, on the other hand, give them
5. Students may fail to make sense of an the opportunity to practice collocations.
idiom. To illustrate, the English idiom It One can easily resort to teaching colloca-
is raining cats and dogs does not make tions in isolation as well. However, this kind of
sense to Turkish learners of English teaching is no better than teaching single
because this idiom does not exist in their words in isolation. Unless students are taught
culture. To communicate the same idea, in context-based classes, collocations will not
Turkish learners would say It is raining make sense to learners, and meaningful learn-
out of the glass, which does not make sense ing will probably not take place.
in English.
6. When students read texts, they may not Activities to raise students’ awareness of
recognize collocations as meaningful collocations
phrases, which would inhibit their under- 1. Ask learners to underline chunks they
standing of the text. can find in a text. It is helpful to give them dif-
ferent kinds of chunks to look for. For lower
Teaching collocations levels, it is better to restrict students to noun +
Hill (2000) asserts that when teaching col- noun, adjective + noun, or verb + noun collo-
location, teachers need to pay close attention to cations because more complex chunks would
pronunciation, intonation, stress, and gram- confuse them.
mar. He lists topics to consider when teaching 2. Small extracts from the concordances pub-
collocations: lished by Cobuild can be used to explore the
possible environments of a word. However,
1. Make students aware of collocations. ready-made concordances would be more suit-
Students need to know that learning col- able for higher levels because they do not in-
locations is crucial for learning English, clude enough context for lower level learners
and noticing collocations is an impor- to understand the meaning without help.
tant stage in learning. Ready-made concordances may also include too
2. Teaching individual collocations. We many unknown words for lower-level students.
should present collocations as we would Teachers who want to use concordances with
present individual words. At higher lev- lower levels should write their own, bearing in
els, when students learn less common mind their students’ level of grammar and lexis.
vocabulary items, they need to be made 3. After they have read a text, learners can
aware that some words are used in a be given a set of incomplete phrases taken
very restricted number of collocations. from the text and asked to complete them by
Students also need to know how to use scanning the text again. This can be done at
new vocabulary items, which makes it any level. Imagine that your intermediate stu-
necessary to know about their colloca- dents have read a text on time management.
tional field and contexts in which they Some possible incomplete phrases from the
are used. text could be: [on] time; [in] time; [on] the dot;
3. Storing collocations. Students need to [at] times; [from] time [to] time. These phrases
have an organized vocabulary journal to focus on a preposition + noun collocation.
record collocations. They can organize 4. After they have seen certain collocations
their journals in different ways: grammat- in a text, learners can be asked to find pairs of
ically, by common key word, by topic, collocations arranged randomly. If the stu-
18 A P R I L 2 0 0 4 E N G L I S H T E A C H I N G F O R U M
04-0218 ETF_16_19 4/13/04 2:22 PM Page 19
dents have read a text on traffic, a possible product. But the overall purpose of adver-
matching activity could be: tising is to influence the level of product
sales, and as a result, to [increase] profits
1. traffic a. traffic
for the manufacturer.
2. heavy b. warden
2. Learners can be given a text or some sen-
3. rush c. trafficking
tences that include collocational errors and
4. drug d. jam asked to correct them using collocation dictio-
5. traffic e. hour naries. For example:
5. To encourage student autonomy, have While I am away, can you have [keep] an
students do dictionary work to find certain col- eye on my children?
locations. Dictionaries of collocations on the I cannot do [make] up my mind. Should I
market such as the LTP Dictionary of Selected buy this one or the one you suggest?
Collocations and The BBI Dictionary of English
3. Intermediate and higher-level students
Word Combinations can be of great help in
can try to find synonyms which can collocate
drawing students’ attention to collocations. with certain words. For example, students can
6. Give students phrases in their native lan- be asked to find the synonym for wrong,
guage and equivalent phrases in English, and which is false; it collocates with a false tooth, or
ask students to match the phrases. This activity false eyelashes.
will help students see that collocational ideas 4. Students can be given several word combi-
are not always formed in the same way in Eng- nations that collocate with certain verbs, but
lish. More idiomatic collocations could be include a combination that does not belong.
used with higher-level learners. Students must identify which words do not col-
locate with the verb, as in the following example:
Activities to practice collocations
miss: a chance, the point, the school, the train, an
1. Learners of different levels can be given opportunity, the boat
gapped texts to fill in with the correct colloca-
tion. The text could be topic based. For in- 5. Students from different levels can create
stance, if the topic is advertising, in an upper- gap-fill or matching exercises for each other.
intermediate class, a possible text, focused on 6. Intermediate and higher-level learners
verbs, could be: can summarize a text orally one day and again
a few days later to keep learned words and
As a tool of marketing, advertising generally expressions active. Dictagloss* text creation
[slows] down the flow of present customers would also work.
away from the product and [speeds up] the 7. A brainstorming activity can be done to
flow of customers toward the advertised let students revise collocations containing a
together
upset to know someone
by married
it get a cold
the phone
on with it
at
yourself together
14 ➪ 09
E N G L I S H T E A C H I N G F O R U M A P R I L 2 0 0 4 19
04-0218 ETF_02_09 4/13/04 2:11 PM Page 9
W h y a n d How t o Te a c h C o l l o c a t i o n s | Deveci
continued from page 19
6. The E M P I R E S T A T E B U I L D I N G
5. The H O L L Y W O O D S I G N
4. The S P A C E N E E D L E
3. The W H I T E H O U S E
2. The S E A R S T O W E R
1. G O L D E N G A T E B R I D G E
A WORD PUZZLE
SIGHTS IN THE CITY
ANSWERS
E N G L I S H T E A C H I N G F O R U M A P R I L 2 0 0 4 9