Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Flipbook Water
Flipbook Water
Louisiana Levees
Reinventing flood protection
from the ground up
Nord Stream 2
EU natural gas pipeline leads
to unexpected discoveries
Lake Taihu
China's far-reaching efforts
to understand algae
From Cells
to Satellites
Red Tide Monitoring in the Gulf of Mexico
HEADLINE
IN THIS ISSUE
Surface Water
06 Closing the Gates — Terrebonne Parish
Feature Story
20 Cells to Satellites — Red Tide Monitoring
Xylem Spotlight
44 Q&A with Ron Metzger, R&D Manager
Endangered
Beetles, Page 14
28
34
Throughout the following pages, you’ll learn how communities in Louisiana are taking flood protection
into their own hands, and see how Chinese officials are using data to improve the conditions of Lake Taihu.
You’ll read about the development of the Nord Stream2 natural gas pipeline in northern Europe—and the
hidden discoveries at the bottom of the Baltic Sea.
We also put a spotlight on Florida’s recent battles with red tide, and explore how the state’s approach to
managing the ecological fallout has evolved with new technology.
If you’d like your water-related project highlighted in a future issue, don’t hesitate to reach out to our team
at MissionWater@Xyleminc.com. We’re always looking to highlight the hard work of people like you!
Timothy A. Grooms
Director of Marketing
Xylem Analytics, NA
Copyright © 2019 Xylem Inc. All rights reserved. The publishers have made Cover Photo: PILOTTOWN, LOUISIANA
every effort to ensure the accuracy of the information in this magazine. Delta of Mississippi River seen from space - contains
modified Copernicus Sentinel data from ESA - Image
Who’s Minding the Planet? 3
HEADLINE
WATER BLOGGED
Water Blogged
Join SonTek Application Engineer, Dr. Xue Fan, and Check out the top 8 reasons to Go Solo in this
special guest presenter from the Scripps Institution blog post, and download the ProODO and ProSolo
of Oceanography, Dr. Todd Martz, for an on-demand Comparison Guide for even more information!
webinar to learn how the CastAway-CTD and
accompanying curriculum can inspire and
engage students! Read it on the Blog: bit.ly/GoSolo8
Social Shares
Marie-Pier Hébert @MP_Heb
On this International Day of Women & Girls in Science,
I'm grateful to work with inspiring & wonderful
women, contributing to advance our understanding of
aquatic ecosystems (...under ANY conditions #nofear)
#WomenInSTEM @womenofaquatics
@TrixieBB @Finninquebec @GRIL_Limnologie
5
SURFACE WATER
6 MISSION: WATER
SURFACE WATER
Local initiative and ingenuity are protecting Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana, from storm surges.
Since 2007, $414 million has been invested on flood protection in region; locals have paid 57% of the tab.
Terrebonne Parish, Louisiana Banks and barriers are eroded by tidal surges, and
got the name "good land" from French-speaking as gas and oil deposits are pumped out, the land is
settlers—French Canadians evicted by the British in dropping an average of 9 millimeters per year. That
1755, and another wave of French citizens from is a lot to lose when the average elevation of the
New Orleans fleeing the Spanish takeover parish is just six feet (1.82 meters) above sea level.
of their city in 1762.
Terrebonne Parish also sits at the top of a 90-mile-
The rich land was indeed good for growing sugar long, shallow coastal shelf, Kennedy notes. When
cane and grazing cattle. But with 987 square miles hurricanes spin up the Gulf of Mexico, the shelf
(2,556 km2) of land and 1,079 square miles (2,795 builds storm energy into huge surges that slam into
km2) of lakes and waterways, Terrebonne Parish is the parish and wash over the communities.
actually more water than land.
In years past, vegetated barrier islands absorbed
"We have so many waterways, we're so inundated part of the blow and kept some of the water away
with water, it's part of life," says Jason Kennedy, from the mainland. But those islands have been
one of the founders of Delta Coast Consultants in starved of sediment for about 80 years, since the
Terrebonne's largest city, Houma, Louisiana. "It's U.S. government channelized the Mississippi River to
the reason people are here, come here, live here." prevent flooding, so they have shrunk dramatically.
Now Terrebonne's fishing villages and parish seat of
But all that water also poses a serious threat to Houma look storms directly in the eye.
the 112,000 residents of the parish (Louisiana's
counterpart to a county, a legacy of its origins as a "We have more effect from 25-knot south wind now
colony of France). than we ever had—tremendously high tidal events
because of normal frontal passages," Kennedy
The threat is heightened by the steady loss of notes. "Ahead of a front, 30-knot southeast winds
elevation of the low-lying landscape. Sediments are almost like a little hurricane.
that used to be deposited by the Mississippi River
to build the land are now shunted into the Gulf by "It seems like the last 15 years, we've had more
a faster-moving, channelized river. extreme weather events than we ever had," he adds.
That compounds the problem.
Gibson
Lockport
24
LAFOURCHE
Houma 1
182
Larose
N
24
315
Map key
n Canal
Constructed
TERREBONNE
Under
construction
avigatio
Permit and 57 Montegut
design phase Dularge Houma N
Planned project Chauvin
Floodgate
Lake
Boudreaux
Dulac
Houma
Navigation
Canal Lock
Critical Need
Detail area
The federal government saw the need for a flood The portion of the Morganza to the Gulf plan now
control system through Terrebonne and neighboring under construction includes 98 miles of levees,
parishes, and in 1992, began a study to map out a peaking at 18 to 20 feet in height. Floodgates manage
project. Congressional acts in 2007 and 2014 resulted canals, rivers and bayous—the sluggish outlets of
in authorizations for a $10.8 billion plan—dubbed the rivers that are characteristic of the region—that pass
Morganza to the Gulf Hurricane Protection System through the levees, while environmental gates permit
after the town that marks its projected starting point— flow to wetlands.
but the government never funded the projects.
Even with tax revenues and the help of cost-share
After hurricanes Katrina and Rita in 2005 and Gustav funds from the state, Terrebonne Parish has had to be
and Ike in 2008, the Terrebonne residents decided to innovative to afford its system, notes Reggie Dupre,
raise their own money to start building the parts of executive director of the Terrebonne Levee and
the system slated for their parish. Twice they voted in Conservation District. Dupre, born in a small fishing
sales taxes to finance the effort. village on the edge of the Gulf, spent years lobbying
for the flood protection project as a state legislator
representing his home parish. Today, he leads the
Even with tax revenues and other state funds, effort to see it through its construction.
Terrebonne Parish has had to be innovative to
afford its system. For more, visit: TPCG.org
8 MISSION: WATER
SURFACE WATER
Innovative Gates
When Dupre started on the Morganza So far, the levee district has built 11 barge
to the Gulf project, there were two gates, each about one-third the cost
arc-shaped, rolling sector floodgates in of a sector gate. The largest and most
place, built by the district's predecessor expensive of the barge floodgates is the
using Corps of Engineers designs. With Houma Navigational Canal "Bubba Dove"
new design standards and the need to Floodgate, completed in 2013 at a cost of
build floodgates to a higher elevation, the $50 million.
cost of building sector gates was very high, he
says. Instead of replicating those expensive designs, With a 250-foot (76 m) opening, a sill depth of -24 feet
the levee district adopted a much more cost- (7.3 m) and a flood protection elevation of +18 feet (5.5
effective, local approach called a barge gate. m), the Bubba Dove Floodgate is one of the largest in
the U.S. Building a sector gate at that location would
In the open position, a barge as long as the channel have cost more than $150 million, Dupre notes.
is wide sits on a platform, weighed down by a few
feet of water in its hull. One side of the barge is Closing a barge gate is a delicate operation that
attached to a piling that serves as a pivot, like the requires a skilled crew and favorable conditions.
hinge on a door. Without a slight but steady current pushing against the
closing motion, it can be like slamming a 273-foot-long
When a storm approaches, the gate crew empties (83-meter), 250-ton steel door shut in a windstorm.
the water to float the barge off of its platform, then
reels in the loose end to shut it like a door across the "We didn't have the resources to build these sector
channel. Once it fully blocks the channel, the crew gates that can work in adverse conditions, so
fills its hull with water to sink it in place on a set of we have to work with the tides to close them,"
pins, forming a seal on the concrete floor of Dupre explains.
the channel.
Emptied of water, a barge gate floats, and can easily be pulled by cables to open or close the waterway.
When the hull is filled with water, the barge gate sinks into place and forms a seal with the channel floor.
Sector Gate
(Protected Side)
YSI
Environmental Lock Chamber Operations Area
West Levee 250' Floodgate Monitoring
Tie-In Receiving Stations Control House
Structure
West Flood Wall Sector Gate East Flood Wall East Levee
250' Floodgate (Flood Side) Tie-In
10 MISSION: WATER
SURFACE WATER
It takes a team of as many as six workers as long as 1.5 hours to move a barge gate from the open position (left) to closed (right),
so timely, accurate data on water velocity, direction and stage is vital to the district.
Public Interest
It didn't take long for residents of Terrebonne Parish News on the gates also allows them to get
who rely on the waterways—the shrimpers and back to work after storms blow through.
oystermen, the barge haulers, the recreational fishing
enthusiasts—to ask for access to the data streaming "Everybody wants to know not only when
into the levee district's system. it's going to close, but when it's going to
open," Kennedy notes. "We don't want
The district commissioned a public app, then switched to keep things closed any longer than
to an online service at www.tlcd.org/mobile. we have to. There's so much commercial
interest in getting out to the water."
Visitors can click on any of the floodgates that have
instruments and get an instant, up-to-date look at To Kennedy, commercial interest is just one part of
flood-side stage, wind direction and wind speed, and what the levee system is being built to protect.
the status of the gate. Those who subscribe by sharing "You're protecting life and property of the people
their emails and cell numbers can get alerts when the who live here," he says. "But the other aspect is
gates are closing or opening. you're protecting the culture and the environmental
resources.
Kennedy says pilots on the system can use the
website and alerts to adjust their routes on the Gulf If we were to lose these coastal wetlands, Louisiana
Intracoastal Waterway and other channels based on would lose its identity. If we lose our coastal wetlands,
gate closures—decisions that can keep them working there's no more seafood, no more crawfish, no more
during changes in the weather or get them home Cajun culture. The communities that have been built
safely as storms close in. here, that's what they're built on."
LEARN MORE:
SonTek-SL500
Superior velocity, level, and volume data quality
t , lightweigh
c t
pa de
m s
The SonTek-SL500 was specifically
Co
ig
Ship berthing
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• Pr ofi
Jordan
Hofmeier
Protecting Endangered
'Scott Riffle' Beetles
About Kansas Department of Wildlife,
Parks & Tourism (KDWPT)
The KDWPT is an organization that "[The Scott Riffle Beetle] is a
regulates and governs outdoor recreation
and the fish and wildlife resources in the pretty dominant component for
state of Kansas. The department employs
approximately 460 total employees
the aquatic insect community."
across its numerous divisions.
Jordan’s Role
Aquatic Ecologist, Fisheries
& Wildlife Division
Alma Mater
Fort Hays State University
M.S. Fisheries Biology
B.S. Biology
14 MISSION: WATER
SURFACE WATER
How many beetles remain in Lake Scott What would you say to critics who
State Park today and what types of don't see value in protecting this
conditions are threatening their survival? endangered species?
Hofmeier: There are probably less than 10,000 Hofmeier: Every species we have is important for
individual beetles in the area, but that's a pretty big some reason. An ecosystem is like a building. If you
shot in the dark. It’s a challenge to determine the exact pull some nails or screws out of a building, it may not
number and we rely on sampling to provide estimates. collapse but the more and more damage we do to the
structure−or in this case an ecosystem−the more we
We’re currently trying to better understand the affect its integrity. And if you do enough damage over
conditions that impact the population. One of our time, you can cause chain reactions that destroy basic
biggest concerns is the health of the overall Ogallala ecosystem functions.
Aquifer that feeds the spring the beetles live in. We
want to monitor the discharge from the spring and While the Scott Riffle Beetle does feed other
groundwater levels to see if there is any correlation organisms in the spring, one of its other primary roles
with changes in the beetle population. in the ecosystem is to serve as an indicator of water
quality for the area. Their survival depends on regular
Overall, I see depletion of the aquifer as the biggest spring flow from the aquifer, with high dissolved
threat. This species is so isolated, that even very small oxygen and low contaminant levels.
environmental events could have a substantial impact
on its survival. So, it serves as kind of a canary in the coal mine.
If we were to see abrupt decline in
Do you have an early hypothesis as to population numbers, we’d have an early
indication for groundwater contamination
what is driving the aquifer depletion? or that aquifer levels have reached
critical levels.
Hofmeier: Definitely…irrigation. Western
Kansas is primarily cropland and the vast
majority of those crops are irrigated in
some form or another.
"[The Beetle] serves
as an indicator of
There are ongoing efforts in the state
to implement more efficient irrigation water quality for
systems and to plant less “thirsty” crops
until we can slow down the depletion the area."
rate, but we’ve got a long way to go to
find the equilibrium.
16 MISSION: WATER
SURFACE WATER
Hofmeier: We don't have a great baseline on The Kansas Department of Wildlife, Parks &
those levels right now, and that's why we’re Tourism installed a sophisticated monitoring station
incorporating a water quality monitoring in Historic Lake Scott State Park to help protect the
component into our work…to better understand Scott Riffle Beetle.
these environmental conditions. If we can get a
better handle on the exact parameters allowing The integrated system from YSI incorporates an
the beetle to persist and thrive, then we can set EXO Sonde outfitted with a number of water quality
baseline requirements for the spring and work sensors that keep tabs on the endangered species’
toward maintaining those conditions. habitat. Water is pumped from the springs into
a flow cell where measurements are taken, then
We lack quite a bit of life history information pumped back to the natural environment.
on this species and these data could be hugely
beneficial for making inferences into timing of
larva emergence and pupation. An extensive water
quality record will go a long ways for refining our
understanding of the beetle's life cycle.
Could your work with the Scott Riffle How can readers support your efforts
Beetle be replicated by other scientists to protect endangered species like
to protect isolated aquatic species? the Scott Riffle Beetle?
Hofmeier: Absolutely! This type of highly Hofmeier: In Kansas we have a program called
restricted endemism isn’t unique. The work that my Chickadee Checkoff, where residents can donate
team is doing could be applied to many of these to nongame species research, conservation and
situations where an endangered species is located education efforts. And I think there are a number
in one specific location. If you have the equipment of other states that have similar programs. I’d
and the capacity to monitor water quality for an encourage everyone to check out their local fish
entire population, it can make a huge difference in and wildlife agency’s website to see if they have
your conservation efforts. similar programs.
Our setup could work for monitoring a lot of Every donation gets us one
aquatic invertebrates. There are a number of fish step closer to reaching
species, for example, that are isolated to certain our goals.
springs or caves that would benefit from water
quality monitoring.
LEARN MORE:
STORY SURVEY:
18 MISSION: WATER
Better Data,
Better Decisions.
YSI.com/Systems
Who’s Minding the Planet? 19
FEATURE STORY
FROM
TO
20 MISSION: WATER
FEATURE STORY
IN 2018, THE
FLORIDA RED TIDE
made global headlines, a 16-month ordeal that Human health and ecological impacts
started around October 2017 and which didn’t notwithstanding, the commercial and political
subside until February 2019. Though Florida repercussions may have given the battle against
has experienced lengthier red tides, such as a red tides its most potent ammunition.
30-month event that started in 1994, the 2018
red tide gained broader public awareness thanks At the height of the red tide in August, 40 Pinellas
to social media and an information-hungry public County businesses claimed $128 million in lost
that wanted to understand causes and possible revenue.4 Outgoing Florida Governor Rick
solutions−and who expected The Sunshine State Scott made millions of grant dollars available
to take action. for cleanup of dead fish,5 and within days of
taking office in January 2019 Governor Ron
The causes of red tides are contentious, forcing DeSantis’ Executive Order created an Office of
debate about the role of climate change and Environmental Accountability and Transparency
industries that contribute to red-tide-stimulating within the Department of Environmental
nutrient runoff. But almost everyone is in Protection. He has called for a “chief scientist”
agreement that Florida must protect human to oversee investigation of both causes and
health, its cherished marine animals, and its mitigation strategies for red tides.
tourism-based economy.
At this confluence of public health, ecological
Human health is placed at risk in two main ways. impacts, and policy are numerous monitoring
Beachgoers exposed to toxin-laden aerosols programs relied upon by the public,
can experience respiratory symptoms such as policymakers, and scientists alike. Each of these
coughing, sneezing, itchy throat, or watery eyes, audiences has different needs, and the three
and the Florida Department of Health (FDH) examples that follow demonstrate how those
advises that people with chronic respiratory different interests can be served, as well as the
diseases avoid beaches during a red tide.1 evolution of monitoring approaches.
1
Florida Health, Red Tide Blooms 4
WTSP, Economic Impacts of Red Tide on Business in
Pinellas County Worse Than Expected
2
FWC, 2018 Preliminary Red Tide Manatee Mortalities
5
WUSF, Sarasota Tourism Agency Survey Reveals
3
NOAA Fisheries, 2018-2019 Bottlenose Dolphin
Economic Impact of Red Tide
Unusual Mortality Event
There is easy-to-understand information about how However, the Coulter is an agnostic technology,
to interpret the cell counts, including a color-coded counting any electrically charged particle in the
scale that ranges from “not present” (gray, for <1000 sample and offering no speciation. Thus counters
cells/L) to “high” (red, for >1,000,000 cells/L). In were often used in conjunction with, rather than
addition to their routine monitoring, FWC scientists instead of, the microscope.
respond to calls from other sites where a red tide is
suspected. An easy way to follow this program is at Exciting new technologies offer the best of all worlds:
their Facebook page, co-maintained with the Mote speed, high sensitivity, high accuracy, and speciation
Marine Laboratory. (even photos!), all possible via sorting based on the
fluorescent properties of the algal cells. One of the
best examples is the FlowCam by Fluid
Imaging Technologies.7
Red Tide Status on Facebook:
facebook.com/flhabs With the FlowCam, and similar competing
technologies that are now appearing on the market,
much ado has been made about the comparability of
The FWC’s program of collecting water samples the counts with microscope counts, due to the desire
for cell enumeration with a microscope may seem to maintain continuity in decades-old data sets.
old-fashioned to a molecularly-biased, high-tech-
sensor-loving, post-millennial generation of scientists. However, a number of cases have shown that
However, microscopy remains highly valuable for reproducibility from technician to technician is even
a number of reasons. First, a skilled technician can difficult to ensure with the microscope, a realization
rapidly and reproducibly count K. brevis samples that has probably eased the comfort people have with
(not true of all algae!), and the equipment is easily the FlowCam. The biggest
accessible and inexpensive. barrier to its use appears
to be expense, but the
Further, there are decades of cell count data available return on investment
for comparison. Florida’s HAB Monitoring Database in technician time
is one of the longest, continually maintained datasets and reliable results
of any type, and shows that red tides have been seem to now be
documented in Florida as far back as 170 years. This appreciated.
continuity of data has been critical for demonstrating
that red tides are not new to Florida, a sticky point
when trying to assess red tides as natural events which
at the same time can be fueled by human activity and
climate change.
6
FWC, Red Tide Current Status
7
Fluid Imaging, Microalgae Research and Industrial Cultivation
22 MISSION: WATER
FEATURE STORY
WATER QUALITY
The next level of a monitoring program would Federal agencies, Florida’s Watershed Management
incorporate water conditions that both promote and Districts and other state agencies, private research
respond to K. brevis growth. Water quality monitoring institutions, public universities and even citizen
potentially provides predictive capabilities as well science groups deploy a number of technologies for
as data that scientists use to understand biotic and water quality monitoring, including YSI’s EXO and
abiotic factors involved in the formation and decline legacy 6-series multiparameter sondes.
of a red tide. This type of monitoring need not replace
cell counts, and in fact is most powerful when used in Pairing these technologies with data
conjunction with them. loggers and telemetry, the data can be
made available for public consumption
The aims of a water quality monitoring program need in near-real-time, and can also be
to be defined when choosing both the parameters used by researchers for
and the approach to measuring them (e.g. via spot incorporation into their
sampling or continuously-deployed multiparameter own studies.
sondes), but in almost all algae bloom cases
temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen and
chlorophyll are useful. The diagram that follows
identifies common water quality parameters and why
they might be of value for red tide monitoring.
SATELLITES
24 MISSION: WATER
FEATURE STORY
An inconvenient limitation of satellite monitoring is K. brevis Cell Concentrations Jul 02 - Jul 10, 2018
that cloud cover can obscure the satellite’s view of the Credit: FWC Fish and Wildlife Research Institute and NASA
water. The satellite image (shown on the right) is from
the July 12th HAB Bulletin for the Gulf of Mexico. 9 But for the beachgoer who wants to know where to
swim in the near term, the cell counts and postings
Technically called “ensemble imagery”, 10 the dark red from public health officials are more valuable.
coloration along the west coast is indicative of heavy
chlorophyll signals due to high concentrations of As NOAA continues to accumulate years’ worth
algae. The gray shading seen within the rectangle is of HAB bulletins and forecasts, while more local
where “Recent ensemble imagery (MODIS Aqua, 7/10) organizations compile water quality and cell count
is obscured by clouds along the coast from Manatee data along the shores, these data stores−and rapidly
to southern Sarasota counties, preventing analysis of evolving "big data" computing approaches−will
that region.”9 support more sophisticated modeling and forecasting.
Thus from old to new, and cells to satellites, each of
It is during these periods of high cloud obfuscation these technologies has a role to play in the ongoing
that it becomes apparent why the pairing of the battle with red tides.
satellite imagery with the cell count information is
highly valuable. The cell counts must be relied upon
for filling in the gaps created by the cloud cover. LEARN MORE:
FLORIDA'S
OCT
2017 FEB9
201
BLUES
RED TIDES caught a lot of attention in 2018, but they are nothing new to Florida where blooms have been
documented as far back as 1844. As nutrient runoff and climate change continue on their current course,
we can expect to see an increase in the prevalence and intensity of red tide blooms.
OCT
2017 FEB9
201
K. brevis Concentrations
This bloom started in OCTOBER 2017 (cells/L) October 1-31, 2018 2
and continued through FEBRUARY 2019,
LOW (>10,000-100,000)
making it the 5th longest recorded
MEDIUM (>100,000-1,000,000)
red tide.
HIGH (>1,000,000)
STRAITS
OF FLORIDA
1953-1955 18 months
2002-2004 21 months
1994-1997 30 months
26 MISSION: WATER
HAB INFOGRAPHIC
589
SEA TURTLES KILLED,
INJURED, or SICK 4
VEGETATIVE
CELLS
MEIOTIC
DIVISION
MIOTIC
DIVISION
CELL from
149
GAMETES germinated
CYST
DOLPHIN UNUSUAL
MORTALITY EVENTS 5
GAMETES
combine to form
ZYGOTES that
become CYSTS CYST
Sources
LAKE TAIHU
Data-Driven Decisions Improve Lake Health
Written by DANIEL KELLY,
CHUN LI ZHENG and NANCY LIU 囍
Maintaining a network of 70
buoys requires a hands-on
approach to field work.
28 MISSION: WATER
INTERNATIONAL WATERS
WUXI
无锡市
SUZHOU
China JIANGSU
PROVINCE
苏州市 中国 江苏
LAKE
TAIHU
太湖
Boasting an area of 2,251 square kilometers Understanding the potential for nutrient inflows
(869 square miles), it’s connected to numerous has improved early warning capabilities and
rivers and streams that support millions of enabled more accurate water quality forecasts.
people. The lake’s hyper-eutrophic, shallow
waters average just more than 2 meters (6 feet) The gaging stations are joined by a network of 70
in depth. They warm and mix easily, providing buoys bearing advanced monitoring technology,
an ideal setting for nutrients to feed explosive including multiparameter sondes from YSI, a Xylem
growths of algae, which often lead to low- brand. The integrated buoy systems capture data
oxygen conditions and unpleasant odors. around the clock, spotting changes in blue-green
algae levels, especially near drinking water intakes.
Overwhelming algal blooms threatened
Having collected data for years now, scientists
aquatic life and cut off drinking water for
can spot trends and make quick decisions, even in
millions of nearby residents in the early 2000s.
the face of typhoons and other extreme weather
This prompted local authorities to take action
patterns that send massive amounts of nutrient-rich
by forming the Taihu Basin Water Resource
runoff into the lake.
Monitoring Capacity Building Project
and collecting data. With complementary tools like videos of algae
blooms, boat patrols, and measurements taken
The extensive monitoring network started with from shore, water quality managers have become
construction of gaging stations that allowed better able to manage the aquatic health of
regulators to track inflows to Lake Taihu’s basin, Lake Taihu. This new era of monitoring and
important for assessing levels of nutrients that management started with the selection of the right
wash into the lake from surrounding farmland instrumentation and the right parameters on their
and urban areas. monitoring platform.
30 MISSION: WATER
INTERNATIONAL WATERS
And it all starts with the data. Collaboration and precision are
essential elements of creating
a valuable and productive
monitoring system.
STORY SURVEY:
32 MISSION: WATER
Industry-leading
optical dissolved
oxygen technology
from the brand
you trust.
© 2019 Xylem Inc.
stands alone
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• 800.765.4974 (US) Enter to win a FREE ProSolo Optical DO/BOD System:
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INTERNATIONAL WATERS
34 MISSION: WATER
INTERNATIONAL WATERS
Building the Nord Stream 2 pipeline across Then there is the intense environmental scrutiny as
the Baltic Sea is no small project. every 12-meter (39-foot) segment is welded to the
pipeline and lowered into the sensitive environment
Of course, it's a challenge to lay approximately beneath the waves.
1,230 kilometers (764 miles) of 48-inch (1.2-meter)
twin pipeline across Europe's storm-tossed northern In short, the world is watching the Nord Stream 2
waters, a process that began in the middle of 2018. project. Watching and listening. And as the pipeline
construction team cruises through the Gulf of
There's the logistical task of coordinating the Finland laying three kilometers (1.9 miles) of pipeline
$8-billion capital investment and the hundreds of per day, the extensive water monitoring system
companies involved in the construction, and the developed by Finland's Luode Consulting is the
political challenge of balancing the demands of the eyes and ears for the pipeline company, European
five countries whose borders will be crossed by regulators, and scientists across the globe.
the pipeline.
Finland
Russia
Estonia
Sweden
km
30
1,2
Latvia
Lithuania
Baltic Sea
Nord Stream 2 Route
Nord Stream Route
Russia Landfall
Carefully Routed
In 1998, the Russian government's gas company, The underwater plan also allowed the pipeline
Gazprom, and Finland-based energy company company to avoid laying pipe across villages, cities,
Fortum charted the initial course of the current homes, fields and cultural heritage sites.
pipeline in operation, simply called Nord Stream.
At the time, engineers and scientists screened 2,500 But the Nord Stream route, which also defined a path
km2 (965 mi2) of possible routes to connect the for the current Nord Stream 2 project that recently
gas fields of Russia to consumers in Europe. They began construction, runs close to protected sites set
determined that the best route cut through the aside for seal habitat. It also crosses through
Baltic Sea and Gulf of Finland. old minefields.
The underwater approach is less costly than building Those special considerations, along with more
onshore, because the speed of construction is typical pressure to minimize harm to water quality
quicker. Underwater pipelines can also be operated from construction, mean the Nord Stream 2 water
at much higher pressure than terrestrial ones—as monitoring program is held to an extremely
much as 220 bar (224 kilogram/cm 2 or 3,191 psi)— high standard.
which allows the system to operate with no need for
interim compression, lowering greenhouse
gas emissions.
36 MISSION: WATER
INTERNATIONAL WATERS
Post-Lay Survey
As it touches down on the seabed,
the pipeline is monitored to ensure
that it is correctly positioned.
S-Curve
As the pipeline is lowered to the
seabed, it forms an “S” shape, which
prevents damage during installation.
ROV
A remotely operated vehicle
(ROV) fitted with sensors and Stinger
instruments including cameras The stinger provides support
transmits information from the to the pipeline as it is
seabed to the survey vessel. ROV
progressively lowered to its
designated place on the seabed.
© Nord Stream 2
38 MISSION: WATER
INTERNATIONAL WATERS
A Minefield
Building the massive Nord Stream and Nord Stream 2 "In addition to noise monitoring underwater, we also
gas pipelines through the Baltic Sea has often proven monitor water quality in those regions because they
to be fraught with minefields. Not just political ones. are so sensitive—like underwater reefs where we have
Real ones. sensitive areas of vegetation and fish are laying eggs,"
says Antti Lindfors of Luode Consulting.
During World Wars I and II and the Cold War that
followed, opposing navies jostled for advantage in Hydrophones miles away from the blasts provide
the Baltic. Harbors and channels were strewn with insight on sound waves in the water, particularly
mines—estimates range from 80,000 to 150,000 of around seal reserves in Finland and Estonia.
them, mainly in the Gulf of Finland—and littered with
air-dropped bombs and depth charges. After the The thorough monitoring protocol has demonstrated
world wars, vast stockpiles of artillery shells and other that the bubble curtains are highly effective at
ordnance were also dumped at sea. reducing noise from the explosions, and the uneven
topography of the sea floor helps dampen noise and
To safely build the Nord Stream and Nord Stream sediment disturbances, says Lindfors.
2 pipelines, explosives experts had to clear mines
along the route. For the vast majority, relocation "The effects are smaller in size, and in many areas, we
and recovery were not considered viable options, so cannot see impacts of elevated turbidity levels higher
in-situ clearance—detonation on the seabed—was than background variations," he notes. "The areas of
employed. Some of the mines have charges as dangerous noise are smaller than predicted in the
large as 300 kilograms (660 pounds), and their Environmental Impact Assessment."
detonation could have significant impact on
wildlife. To minimize the damage to habitat Lindfors acknowledges that the ordnance clearing
and marine life, mine clearance has come by the pipeline company does not address all the
a long way since the old days of cutting legacy mine risks, but in a region where a mine anchor
anchor lines and shooting the bobbing line is occasionally severed by drifting ice, and in an
explosives from minesweeper ships. area of commercial fishing, every mine that is out of
commission makes the sea's busy traffic and fishing
Nord Stream 2 performed detailed areas safer.
environmental assessments of the
potential impact of munition clearance "The mine clearance operation benefits the whole
to establish mitigation measures to Baltic Sea," he says.
minimize the risk of permanent hearing
damage to wildlife. Along the Nord
Stream 2 route in the Gulf of Finland,
ordnance experts used a remotely
operated vehicle to identify mines and
attach small explosive charges to them.
Extensive Network
Lindfors and his colleagues have positioned more "The main idea is you have 'multi-talented' sondes
than 50 YSI EXO multiparameter sondes in 15 to 17 that all have the same body and the same software to
sites along the pipeline route to continually measure work with," Lindfors notes. "That's the biggest benefit,
turbidity, oxygen, temperature and salinity. The and we are able to do the calibrations easily, too."
instruments were anchored on the the sea floor, 40 to
90 meters (130 to 295 feet) beneath the surface, to
keep them out of the way of traffic.
"The Baltic Sea is used very heavily for commercial
EXO Sonde Platform
shipping," Lindfors notes. "We do everything Key features
submerged so people don't know they are there. • Software assisted calibration
From our point of view, it is safer." • On-board quality control system
• Welded titanium parts & sensor housing
Acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) provide
data on currents throughout the water column, and • Biofouling protection for harsh environments
grab samples enable the Luode crew to analyze
sediments and benthic fauna. To meet the demands of
the sound monitoring protocol, the team deploys
self-logging hydrophones.
Lindfors and his partners have long experience with
YSI instruments, dating back to their academic studies
in the 1990s. The evolution of multiparameter sondes
has been a great benefit to projects like these,
he says.
EXO sondes are carefully linked together for easy deployment, while
avoiding snags and tangles. Supported by an array of flotation buoys, this
chain of sensors will provide water quality data on a range of parameters
critical to the success of Nord Stream 2. © Antti Lindfors / Luode
40 MISSION: WATER
INTERNATIONAL WATERS
Challenging Environment
Calibrating the sensors for the EXO sondes At each site, they profile conductivity, temperature
may be easy, but the life of an instrument in the and salinity of the water column with two
Baltic sea is anything but. instruments, including a SonTek CastAway CTD, a
baseball-sized instrument that can be quickly cast
"The Baltic Sea is a brackish water basin to the bottom and retrieved with a simple reel.
with large vertical and horizontal gradients," The maintenance visits also provide a chance for
Lindfors explains. "Therefore, a selected the group to collect and analyze water samples for
monitoring device must be able to handle big laboratory-based verifications.
temperature and salinity variations. In addition,
a long ice-covered period brings challenges Even after enduring Baltic winters, during which
to monitoring. Systems need to run several water temperatures can fall to -0.2° or -0.3°
months without maintenance, and the presence Celsius (31.4 Fahrenheit), the EXO sondes have a
of drifting ice makes it impossible to use any remarkable track record for delivering extensive
telemetry systems. Therefore, monitoring is logs of water quality data for scientists.
based on stand-alone sensors."
Lindfors and his team pull each EXO to the
surface approximately every three months—the
gap widens to four or five months when the
sea is frozen over. During the quarterly visits,
they download logged data and change out CASTAWAY®-CTD
instruments for replacements calibrated in the Key features
lab and equipped with fresh batteries. • Highly accurate sensors
• Salinity accuracy: 0.1 PSU
• Temperature accuracy: 0.05°C
• Wireless data transfer
• Integrated GPS
• Compact size
For more on the CastAway:
SonTek.com/castaway-ctd
Less Impact
Data on the effects of the first Nord
Stream pipeline project indicated that
munitions clearance and construction
operations have had less impact
than environmental impact models
suggested, notes Granskog of Nord
Stream 2. He says years of data from
the previous effort "showed that the
impacts were minor, short-term
and local."
The pipeline can be seen from above as it is lowered from pipelay vessel Audacia's stinger
and installed on the Baltic seafloor in German waters. © Nord Stream 2 / Axel Schmidt
42 MISSION: WATER
INTERNATIONAL WATERS
For more on the Nord Stream 2 Tell us how you felt about this
project, visit: nord-stream2.com story: YSI.com/MW-Survey
Employee Spotlight
RON
METZGER
Senior R&D
Manager,
Mechanical
Engineering
Experience:
14 Years with
YSI, a Xylem Brand
Alma Mater:
University of Cincinnati, B.S.
Mechanical Engineering
Technology
About Ron:
As a leader on our research
& development team, Ron is
responsible for creating the
instrumentation of the future,
today, all while mentoring the
engineers of tomorrow.
XYLEM SPOTLIGHT
Ron, how did you get your start in I enjoy being on the cutting edge and pushing our
mechanical engineering? industry forward, doing things that haven't been
done before, inventing something, and building it
from the ground up.
Metzger: Realistically, I started in high school
with courses in technical design and drafting. I
took some of those and it seemed to fit me well. How did your career bring you to YSI,
Prior to that, I was one of the people in the world bridging your passion of engineering
cursed with the ability to fix things…
with the environment?
and I enjoyed doing it.
As a kid, my friends and I always rode bikes. Of Metzger: It was a shorter commute than my
course, they all would break down, and no one previous job. That's actually one of the reasons.
had the money needed to fix them. So I quickly (Laughter) But no, the biggest reason I joined
became the neighborhood mechanic because the YSI team was the environmental focus of the
I had an inherent understanding of how things company. I always joke with people that my job is
work. From there, it just morphed into a talent I to be a professional mountain biker/kayaker/trail
wanted to pursue as a career. maintenance manager, but it doesn't pay well so I
have to do engineering to support my family.
What excites you about engineering? I loved the idea that my job would help support the
outdoors and protect the environment. That wasn’t
What do you get passionate about?
the case in my prior role in the petrochemical field.
I couldn’t relate to what I was doing each day on a
Metzger: At the end of the day, it’s making human level. It was a no-brainer to join a company
something that didn't exist before, solving that made water quality equipment. For someone
problems that are seemingly impossible to solve. who enjoys kayaking down clean rivers, the two tie
Years ago, I received a fortune cookie with the in really well together.
message, “The greatest achievement is doing
what someone said can’t be done.” To this day, Coming to work for a company with the mindset
that fortune is pinned to my wall at work as a of Who's Minding the Planet?–as someone
constant reminder of why I’m here. who was already an avid outdoors person and
conservationist—was an opportunity of a lifetime
that I just couldn’t pass up.
Metzger: Great instruments are built from a strong Engineers were so far removed from actual drivers that
partnership between our engineers and commercial it became a barrier to designing even basic features
leaders at YSI. [Marketing] provides the blueprint for that buyers demanded. That’s an extreme example, but
what we can develop to solve our customers’ biggest creating successful instruments requires us to be well
problems, so they need to be deeply connected with aligned with our customers.
the environmental industry to fill that role in new
product development.
Let's shift gears and discuss your involvement
Luckily for us, our team has decades of experience with Watermark. What inspired you to get
working with customers from around the world, so involved in the volunteer program?
we have our thumb on the pulse of the environmental
community. We don’t stop there though; we validate Metzger: Getting involved with Watermark (Xylem’s
our assumptions with third-party research to ensure philanthropic arm) was a natural extension of the
we’re building sensors and instrumentation that’s volunteer work I’ve done for years. Collaborating with
meaningful to water quality professionals in the field. grassroots non-profits to support environmentalism
and conservation efforts fits naturally into what we do
Sometimes product development can feel like playing as a company.
a game of telephone, where customer requests can
become distorted after funneling through several I was excited to see Xylem not only offer, but
people to reach the engineering team. We avoid this incentivize our employees to volunteer their time to
confusion by immersing our engineering team in the better the world and communities around them, so I
field where possible. We’ve found that dealing with took advantage of it. Now I’m cleaning up rivers and
customer applications directly helps us design more streams around our facility in Yellow Springs, Ohio, and
streamlined solutions for field instrumentation. educating kids on the importance of water quality.
46 MISSION: WATER
XYLEM SPOTLIGHT
Students react to Ron's offer to inhale 'biofouling' from a bag. Ron was on hand in late 2018 when the Ohio EPA visited the YSI
Biofouling is commonly encountered in marine environments. offices. Pictured here reviewing field data with policy makers.
Can you speak to how Xylem promotes What’s your advice for people looking to start
Watermark and how it reinforces the a volunteer organization to do some of these
importance of community engagement? same activities?
Metzger: Watermark was initially a global-oriented Metzger: Every little bit helps. It
program where Xylem partnered with a number of really does. When I go biking, I
non-profit organizations to tackle water challenges in always end up coming back from
developing countries. And we still do that today. But it my ride with a backpack full of
didn’t take long to recognize that the program could garbage; little bits and pieces I've
have exponentially more reach if employees were also picked up in the woods. When I
motivated to make a difference in their own back yard. go on kayaking trips, at the end
of it I’ve got empty bottles and
I wasn’t involved with Watermark until Xylem launched cans in my kayak.
the Month of Service initiative a few years ago. Each
October, the company encourages employees to give And if you're doing it
three hours or more of their time to volunteer in the on a singular basis, it's
communities around where they work. great, but if you can
just collect a few more
The focus is on the environment, whether that’s people to join in,
cleaning up a beach, planting trees, or teaching you magnify that
people about the importance of water quality. impact tenfold.
When I learned that Xylem was sponsoring employee- Most people, when
led volunteer projects, and also allowed employees to asked, are going to
take time out of our day jobs to do it—I was excited! want to support you.
I was already working with the Nature Center at Caesar
Creek on my own (a local lake near the YSI facility Just ask!
in Ohio). And this was an opportunity to scale our
cleanup efforts to make a bigger impact.
Student Artwork
Part of Xylem's volunteer program includes participating in
educational events for students of various ages. While it's
never expected, sometimes we receive notes of appreciation.
Here are some of our favorites:
by Ateerus
by Deena
by Arielle
48 MISSION: WATER
XYLEM SPOTLIGHT
by Allayha
by Liam
by Griffin
Good SNR Profile Single Beam Split Two Beam Split Multiple Separation
What is Beam Separation? What can you do to To test for beam separation,
identify, test, and resolve follow these steps:
Monostatic acoustic transducers used beam separation?
on acoustic Doppler current profilers Stop or complete the measurement
(ADPs or ADCPs) are used in pairs and Beam separation will directly impact by finishing a transect or the
groups to resolve multi-directional the accuracy of an ADP’s calculated averaging period for that station:
water velocity and sometimes track velocity and position data. No • If one or more beams were
position. It is critical that the acoustic post-processing steps will correct intermittently displaying
signal from these groups of beams beam separation. For this reason, separation, lower the ADP further
show the same acoustic decay at the it is crucial that operators can into the water.
same decibel (dB) level. identify and work to correct beam
separation in the field during • If the separation persists or is
Beam separation is defined by the data collection. consistently seen on one (or
difference in dB among the beams, if
more) beams, rotate the ADP
any one beam differs by more than Identifying beam separation is easy 90 – 180 degrees.
10 dB, this beam is considered to be and has been made even easier by
separated from the others. the addition of real-time QC alerts Proceed with the next measurement
in recent software updates. Beam step while watching the SNR profile.
OK, what’s the big deal? separation can be seen in the SNR If a different beam separates, try
(Signal to Noise Ratio) profile. Some the following:
If multiple transducers are being used, site conditions that cause beam
won’t the others resolve velocity and separation are: • Place the ADP further below the
track position? This is a valid question surface or wipe the beams with
and in certain circumstances, this may • High flows in shallow, mountain your hand or cloth.
be true. streams where turbulent water
causes excessive tilt • Check the tilt values if working
However, for moving boat or discharge from a bridge, cableway, etc., a
applications, where water velocity • Boat mounted applications counter-weight on the towline can
in 3D must be computed along with where the wake may cause help lower the bow.
position, it is essential that all beams cavitation around the ADP
are functioning properly and profiling If the same beam is separated, then
under similar conditions. Each beam • Measuring from a bridge, your instrument will require service.
of an ADP is used to compute one cableway, etc. that causes an Please contact SonTek Technical
component of 3D velocity. angle on the line, pulling the bow Support for instructions.
up and exposing transducer(s)
Make sure to document any new
When one beam is malfunctioning or
position or rotate the ADP back to its
separating, this will directly impact the • Debris or surface plumes moving
original configuration, if proceeding
velocity and possibly position data, and downstream that block the
with the measurement.
thus discharge. acoustic beams
1) The tissue in plants that brings water upward from the roots;
2) a leading global water technology company.
We’re a global team unified in a common purpose: creating advanced technology solutions
to the world’s water challenges. Developing new technologies that will improve the way
water is used, conserved, and re-used in the future is central to our work. Our products
and services move, treat, analyze, monitor and return water to the environment, in public
utility, industrial, residential and commercial building services settings. Xylem also provides
a leading portfolio of smart metering, network technologies and advanced analytics
solutions for water, electric and gas utilities. In more than 150 countries, we have strong,
long-standing relationships with customers who know us for our powerful combination
of leading product brands and applications expertise with a strong focus on developing
comprehensive, sustainable solutions.
Xylem Analytics
Tel +1.888.966.9807
xylemanalytics.com
Who’s
Minding Questions or comments?
the
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Minding
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