Type of electric motor

Synchronous Motor

A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state, the rotation of the shaft is
synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period is exactly equal to an
integral number of AC cycles.

In the fractional horsepower range, most synchronous motors are used where precise constant
speed is required. These machines are commonly used in analogue electric clocks, timers and other
devices where correct time is required. In high-horsepower industrial sizes, the synchronous motor
provides two important functions.

Induction Motor

An induction motor or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in
the rotor needed to produce torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction from the magnetic
field of the stator winding.

An induction motor's rotor can be either wound type or squirrel-cage type. By far, the most common
type of three phase motor is the squirrel cage motor, but there are also wound rotor motors (also
called slip ring motors).

Single-phase induction motors are used extensively for smaller loads, such as household appliances
like fans. Although traditionally used in fixed-speed service, induction motors are increasingly being
used with variable-frequency drives (VFDs) in variable-speed service. VFDs offer especially important
energy savings opportunities for existing and prospective induction motors in variable-torque
centrifugal fan, pump and compressor load applications. Squirrel cage induction motors are very
widely used in both fixed-speed and variable-frequency drive (VFD) applications
Single phase induction motor with capacitor

A single-phase motor has a primary winding and a secondary winding. If connected to the AC supply
without the capacitor, both windings produce magnetic fields of the same phase resulting in zero
torque. With a capacitor connected in series to the secondary winding, the magnetic field it
produces lags behind the magnetic field generated by the primary winding. This difference in phases
creates a starting torque and the motor starts to rotate.

Capacitors that allow a motor to start rotating are called start capacitors. Smaller motors usually
have the start capacitor permanently connected in series to the secondary winding. Big motors
require a larger capacitor to help them generate the starting torque, but they run more efficiently
with a small capacitor in place, called run capacitor. Often both capacitors are housed in the same
can, which then has three terminals in place of the customary two. Such motors have a centrifugal
switch to disconnect the start capacitor when the motor has reached 70-75% of its full speed. Start
capacitors are typically of high value of 100 or more microfarads, while run capacitors are smaller, of
about 25-47 microfarads.

Three Phase induction motor

Three-phase squirrel-cage induction motors are widely used as industrial drives because they are
rugged, reliable and economical. Squirrel cage motors have different torque vs. speed design types.

Three phase Induction motor wiring

The differences of STAR and DELTA connection

In power transmission Star connection is mostly used and in power distribution Delta connection is
used. The Star connection also has a neutral (or star) point. In Star connection the Line Current is
Equal to Phase Current whereas in Delta connection the Line Voltage is Equal to Phase Voltage.

Power transmission is the movement of energy from its place of generation to a location where it is
applied to perform useful work. Power is defined formally as units of energy per unit time

Power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries electricity from the
transmission system to individual coil

Star Connected System.

 Star connection is used where we require Neutral terminal to obtain Phase voltage like
above image.
 In a star connected system VL=√3Vph, mean Phase voltage is root 3 times less than line
voltage.
 In a star Connected system IL=I phase.
 Star connected system require less insulation level.
 Star Connected system is used where low starting current is required.

Delta Connected System.

 In a Delta Connected system Line Voltage is equal to Phase Voltage.

 While phase current is √3 times less than Line current.
 Insulation level is high because line voltage = Phase Voltage.
 Generally used where high starting Torque is required.
Objectives of Star-Delta Technique Motor Starter are:
 Reduce high starting current and along these lines forestall motor from overheating
 Provide over-burden and no-voltage assurance

In star delta starting, the motor is connected in STAR mode throughout the starting period.
When the motor reached the required speed, the motor is connected in DELTA mode.
Components of a Star-Delta Starter:

Contactors: The Star- Delta starter circuit comprises of three contactors: Main, star and delta
contactors. The three contactors are solicited to unite the motor windings first in star and afterward
in delta.

Timer: The contactors are regulated by a timer incorporated with the started.

Interlock switches: Interlock switches are connected between star and delta contactors of the
control circuit as a safety measure so one can’t activate delta contactor without deactivating star
contactor. By any chance if star and delta contactors are actuated at the same time, the motor will
be damaged.

Thermal overload relay: A thermal over-load relay is likewise consolidated into star-delta control
circuit to ensure the motor from intemperate heat which might expedite motor finding fire or
wearing out. In the event that the temperature goes past a preset quality, the contact is open and
power supply is cut in this manner ensuring the motor.
Working of Star-Delta Starter:

At first the primary contactor and the star contactors are shut. After a time interval the timer signs
to the star contactor to head off to the open position and the primary, delta contactors to head off
to the shut position, accordingly structuring delta circuit.

At the time of starting when the stator windings are star associated, every stator stage gets voltage
VL/√3, where VL is the line voltage. Hence, the line current drawn by the motor at starting is
decreased to one-third as contrasted with starting current with the windings associated in delta.
Likewise, since the torque advanced by an induction motor is corresponding to the square of the
applied voltage; star- delta starter decreases the starting torque to one- third of that possible by
immediate delta starting.

The timer controls conversion from star connection to delta connection. A timer in star delta
starter for a 3-phase motor is intended to do the move from star mode, utilizing which the motor
runs on a decreased voltage and current and produces less torque – to the delta mode indispensible
for running the motor at its full power, utilizing high voltage and current to transform a high torque.

Terminal Connections in Star and Delta Configurations:

L1, L2 and L3 are the 3-phase line voltages, which are given to primary contactor. The main motor
coils are U, V and W is shown in figure. In star mode of motor windings, the primary contactor
associate the mains to essential winding terminals U1, V1 and W1.the star contactor shorts the
auxiliary winding terminals U2, V2 and W2 as indicated in figure. Notwithstanding when the primary
contactor is shut supply arrives at terminals A1, B1, C1 and consequently the motor windings are
energized in star-mode.

The timer is initiated in the meantime moment when star contactor is energized. After the timer
achieves the specified time period, the star contactor is de-energized and delta contactor is
energized.
The point when delta contactor closes, the motor winding terminals U2, V2 and W2 get associated
with V1, W1 and U1 individually through the shut contacts of primary contactor. That is for delta
association, fulfilling end of one winding is to be joined with beginning end of the other winding. The
motor windings are reconfigured in delta by supplying line voltage L1 to winding terminals W2 and
U1, line voltage L2 to winding terminals U2 and V1; and line voltage L3 to winding terminals V2 and
W1, as indicated in figure.

Types of Star Delta Starter:

There are two types of star-delta starters, open and close.

Star Delta Open Transition Starter:

It is the most widely recognized strategy for star-delta starting. As the name proposes, in this
strategy motor windings are open throughout the transition time of altering the windings from a star
mode with a delta mode. The star-delta open move starter uses 3 motor contactors and a move
delay relay.

Merits:

Open transition starter is very easy to implement in terms of cost and circuitry, it does not require
additional voltage educing equipment.

Demerits:

Open transition makes a surge of current and torque at change over which stuns the system both
electrically and mechanically. Electrically, the outcome of the momentary peaks in current could
cause force vacillations or misfortunes. Mechanically, the expanded torque coming about because of
the current spike could be sufficient to harm system components i.e. snap a drive shaft.

Star Delta Closed Transition Starter:

In this starter, the transfer from the star to delta modes is made without disengaging motor from
the line. A couple of components are added to dispose of or decrease the surge connected with the
open transition. The extra components incorporate a contactor and few transition resistors. The
transition resistors consume the present stream throughout the winding changeover. A fourth
contactor is additionally used to place the resistor in circuit before opening the star contactor and
afterward evacuating the resistors once the delta contactor is closed. Notwithstanding needing
additionally exchanging mechanisms, the control circuit is more confounded because of the need to
complete resistor exchanging.

Merit:

There is a reduction in the incremental current surge, which results from transition. Thus closed
transition starter has a smooth change over.

Demerit:

In addition to requiring more switching devices, the control circuit is more complicated due to the
need to carry out resistor switching. Also, the added circuitry leads to significant rise in the cost of
the installation.
 Full load current in Open Transition
and Closed Transition

Example of Star-Delta Starter:

A Star-Delta starter is generally used to reduce start current of the motor. An example is given to
know about the star-delta starter.

From the circuit, we used a supply of 440volts to start a motor. And here we used a set of relays to
shift motor connections from star to delta with a time delay. In this, we explained the working by
using lamp instead of motor for easy understanding. Throughout star operation the lamps might
glow faint showing the supply voltage over the coils are 440volts. During delta operation after the
timer works the lights might glow with full intensity showing full supply voltage of 440volts. The 555
timer performs the monostable operation, the output of which is sustained to a relay for updating
the mains supply from 3-phase star-to-delta.