Article 1

Article Name: Language Ideologies and Language Attitudes: A Foundational

Framework

Writers: Marko Dragojevic, Howard Giles, & Bernadette M. Watson

 Write quotes Goffman stating that people quickly People readily form
impressions of others during social interaction. Age, gender, ethinicity and
visual symbols k sath sath language bhi bhot aham role play krti hai k log
apke bary mein kiyea perceive krty hein and how they evaluate their fellow
intercants.
 Writer furthermore quotes (Callan & Gallois,1987) saying that use of
particular language, accent, and dilect se bhot si social information mil sakti
hai about jese unka geographical background, social class, ethinicity
waghera.
 Language se related sterotype k kafi real world consequences ho sakty hein
ranging from prejudice and discrimination to matters of life and death. Isi
se related wrier ne 1990s ki Yugoslav war ki example dete howy likha hai k
Bosnia k aik café mein aik café mein menu mein coffee k teen alag alag
pronociations likhi hti thi aur har aik kisi particular indentity ko show karti
thi. 1 Pronounciation Kava hti thi jo k Catholic identity ko show krti thi aur
café mein unko bhot he cheapily and easily di jati thi. Dosri pronoiciation
“Kafa” hoti thi jo k k Serbian identity ko represent krti thi and unke liyea
bhot expensive di jati thi and lastly Kah’va pronounciation thi jo k Muslims
ko represent krti thi and unke liyea is had tk expensive thi k woh ly he nahe
paty thy.
 Is Article mein further Language ideologies k bare mein likha howa hai
where the writer explains Language ideology in words of (Irvine) as “defines
language ideologies as “the cultural (or subcultural) system of ideas about
social and linguistic relationships, together with their loading of moral and
political interests.”
 Where Ivrine and gal has also described three semiotic (related to signs and
symbols) processes through which people create ideological
 representations of linguistic variation: iconization, fractal recursivity, and
erasure.
 They describe Iconization as the process whereby people come to view
linguistic features as iconic representations of speakers’ inherent naturally
ordained identities.
 Fractal recursivity refers to “the projection of an opposition, salient at
some level of relationship, onto some other level”
 Erasure refers to the process whereby “facts that are inconsistent with the
ideological scheme either go unnoticed or get explained away”
 Writer describes a type of Language ideology known as nationalist ideology
as how language is seen as emblematic of national identity and unity.
Writer states the beliefs of Herder that language captured the essence of a
people and represented their national and cultural treasure.
 Writer gives the example of the power of a pure, uniform German language
and literature, stripped of foreign (i.e., French) influences as the single most
unifying force of the German people—to be German meant to speak the
German language.
 Writer gives more examples by writing about how Denmark was
transformed from being a multilingual state, once united by a common
religion, to a unilingual state united by a common national language.
 It is also quoted from Bernsand (2001) that how the nationalist ideology
has often been invoked in Ukraine to portray language as a natural
extension of Ukrainian national identity,transmitted from mother to child
as a collection of experiences of the nation
 Another type of language ideology is discussed in this article known as
Standard Language Ideology. Lippi-Green (1997) k words ko quote krke
writer ne likha hai k, a standard language ideology represents “a bias
toward an abstract, idealized, homogenous spoken language which is
imposed and maintained by dominant bloc institutions and which names as
its model the written language, but which is drawn primarily from the
spoken language of the upper middle class.”
 Writer has mentioned that language ideologies represent broad, socio-
cultural schemas that shape the development of intrapersonal attitudes
towards particular language varieties and their speakers.
 Is article ko if ap further read krengy tou writer has assessed the Language
attitude of 21st century as that logo ka view hai that nonstandard language
varieties are lacking in logic and correctness and they project these
representations onto nonstandard speakers by downgrading them on a
variety of traits such as intelligence and ambition.
 As Language ideologies are prevailing they not not only shape intrapersonal
language attitudes, but also enable and constrain both the private and
public expression of such attitudes, primarily by influencing norms of
language use
 It is written tat how language use are deeply engrained in public
consciousness, often to the point where language ideologies come to be
accepted as matters of common sense.
 If I give you overview of this article then it is all about how languages,
dialects and accents induce people to form a variety of social judgments
about users of these forms.
 And after reading this whole article analysis of language ideologies have led
to the crafting of Propositions about the dynamics of language attitudes. ,
language attitudes are not only a product of the present times, but also a
reflection of complex histories of domination and subordination that, in
some cases, can be traced back hundreds of years.