Lecture 11

Chemical Reactions

1
Chemical change

Reactant(s)  Product(s)
Chemical reactions involve chemical change

Chemical changes: changes that alter

the composition of the matter
o During the chemical change, the
atoms that are present rearrange
into new molecules, but all of the
original atoms are still present
(conservation of matter)

Ex: 2NaI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  PbI2(s) + NaNO3(aq)

colorless colorless yellow colorless

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

Indicators: color, gas, solid, …
2
Chemical equations

A chemical equation expresses its reactants and products and

their relative amounts in a reaction

4Al(s) + 3O2(g)  2Al2O3(s)

• The numbers in the front are called stoichiometric coefficients (hệ

số tỷ lượng)

• Physical states: subscript (s), (g), (l) and (aq) for solid, gas, liquid
and aqueous solution, respectively.

A reaction can be represented by

 a molecular equation (phương trình phân tử)
 a complete ionic equation (pt ion toàn phần), or
 a net ionic equation (pt ion thu gọn)
3
Chemical equations

A molecular equation is a chemical equation in which the

reactants and products are written as if they were molecular
substances, even though they may actually exits in solution
as ions

 Plus point: explicit (rõ ràng, cụ thể) about what the reactant
and product solutions are

Ex: Ca(OH)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)  CaCO3(s) + 2NaOH(aq)

4
Chemical equations
A complete ionic equation is a chemical equation in which
strong electrolytes are written as separate ions in the solution

• Plus point: explicit about what the forms of reactant and product solutions

Ex: Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq)  CaCO3(s) + 2OH-(aq) + 2Na+(aq)

A net ionic equation is an ionic equation from which spectator

ions have been cancelled

• Plus point: explicit about key event of the reaction

• A spectator ion is an ion in an ionic equation that does not take part in the
reaction (e.g., 2OH-(aq) and 2Na+(aq))

Ex: Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq)  CaCO3(s)

5 Electrolyte: chất điện giải

Chemical equations
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

6
 Balance chemical equations

1. Determine correct formula for reactants and

products

2. Reactants to the left of the arrow

3. Products to the right of the arrow

4. Arrow points to products

5. Count total atoms of each element

 balance them (conservation of matter)

7
Types of reactions
Phase
 Homogenous reactions: reactants are in the same phase
(e.g., gas and liquid)
 Heterogeneous reactions: reactants are in different phases
(e.g., liquid-solid and gas-solid)
Change of oxidation number
 Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)
Number of reactants/products
 Combination: no. of reactants > no. of products
 Decomposition: no. of reactants < no. of products
 Displacement/replacement: no. of reactants = no. of products
 Single and double
The nature of reactions
 Acid-base
 Synthesis
 Precipitation
 Gas-forming
8  …
Conditions for a Reaction to Occur

Reactants  Products

 Form a less active product(s)

 Form a product(s) in different phases (e.g., gas,

precipitate for reactions in solution) so that the
product(s) have less/no chance to form back the
reactant(s).

Ex: CaCO3(s)  CaO(s) + CO2(g)

9
Phase: Homogenous Reactions

NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s, white)

10
Phase: Heterogeneous Reactions

The rusting of iron

Fe(s) + O2(g) → FeO(s) & Fe2O3

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

11
Oxidation No.: Oxidation Reduction (Redox) Rxns

Oxidation numbers (or oxidation state) of an atom in a

substance is

 the actual charge of the atom if it exists as a monatomic ion, or

 a hypothetical charge assigned to the atom in the substance by

simple rules

O.N.(H) = +1
O.N.(Mg) = +2 & O.N.(O) =-2 O.N.(Cl) = -1

12
Oxidation No.: Oxidation-Reduction Rxns
Rules for assigning an Oxidation Number (O.N.)

1. For an atom in its elemental form (Na, O2, Cl2, etc.): O.N. = 0
2. For a monoatomic: O.N. = ion charge
3. The sum of O.N. values for the atoms in a molecule or formula unit of a
compound equals zero. The sum of O.N. values for the atoms in a
polyatomic ion equals the ion’s charge

Rules for Specific Atoms or Periodic Table Groups

1. For Group 1A(1): O.N.= +1 in all compounds
2. For Group 2A(2): O.N. = +2 in all compounds
3. For hydrogen: O.N. = +1 in combination with nonmetals
O.N. = -1 in combination with metals and boron
4. For flourine: O.N. = -1 in all compound
5. For oxygen: O.N. = -1 in peroxides (-O-O-)
O.N. = -2 in all other compounds (except with F)
6. For Group 7A(17): O.N. = -1 in combination with metals, nonmetals
(except O), and other halogens lower in the group
13
Exercise

The structure must be known!

14
Oxidation No.: Oxidation-Reduction Rxns

Oxidation-reduction reaction is a reaction in which electrons

are transferred between species or in which atoms change
oxidation number

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

15
Oxidation No.: Oxidation-Reduction Rxns

Oxidation is the loss of electrons (O.N. )

Reduction is the gain of electrons (O.N. )

 Mg - 2e-  Mg2+ Oxidation

 1/2O2 + 2e-  O2- Reduction

One reactant acts on the other

 O2 oxidizes Mg
 O2 is the oxidizing agent, the species
doing the oxidizing.

 Mg reduces O2
 Mg is the reducing agent, the species
doing the reducing Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

16
Number of Reactants & Products

Combination reactions: R1 + R 2  P
Decomposition reactions: R  P 1 + P2
(Single/Double) displacement reactions: X + YZ  XZ + Y
Combustion reactions: combustion is the process of
combining with oxygen often with the release of heat and light,
as in flame.

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

17
Combination Reactions
Two or more reactants form one product

Reactant1 + Reactant2  Product

Combining Two Elements  binary ionic or covalent compounds

 Metal and nonmetal form an ionic compound:
2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s)
 Two nonmetals form a covalent compound:
N2(g) + 3H2(g)  2NH3(g)

Combining Compound and Element  larger compounds

2NO(g) + O2(g)  2NO2(g)

18
Decomposition Reactions

One reactant forms two or more products

Occur when a reactant absorbs enough energy for
one or more of its bonds to break

Reactant  Product1 + Product2

 Thermal decomposition: the energy absorbed is heat

heat
2KClO3 (s) 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

 Electrolytic decomposition: the energy is electrical energy

2H2O electricity 2H2(g) + O2(g)

19
Decomposition - Examples

20
Electrolytic decomposition - Examples

21
Single Displacement Reactions

 Atoms of an element replace atoms of another element

 Redox processes

 Reactions involve metals: the atom reduces the ion

 Reactions involve nonmetals (specifically halogens): the
atom oxidizes the ion

22
Single Displacement Reactions - Examples

2Na(s) + 2H2O(l)  2NaOH(aq) + H2(g) + Heat

23
Single Displacement Reactions - Examples

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

24
Single Displacement Reactions – Activity series

The activity series of the metals (reducing

agent)
 A metal displaces H2 from water or acid
 A metal displaces another metal ion from
solution

Does the reactions occur?

2Ag(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq)  Cu(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)  H2(g) + MgCl2(aq)

The activity series of the halogens

(oxidizing agent):
reactivity decreases down Group 7A (17)
F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

25
Double Displacement Reactions

Involve the exchange of positive ions between 2 reactants

26
Double Displacement Reactions – Examples (01)

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

27
Double Displacement Reactions – Examples (02)

NaCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + AgCl(s, white)

28
Double Displacement Reactions – Examples (03)

MgSO4(aq) + 2LiOH(aq) => Mg(OH)2(s) + Li2SO4(aq)

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) => PbCO3(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

2HNO3(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) => Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(aq)

(H+ + OH- = H2O)

29
Reactions in Solution – Role of Water as a Solvent

Fact:
Many reactions occur in aqueous solution

Water:
 Two polar O-H bonds
 Bent shape
 Polar molecule

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

30
Reactions in Solution
Ionic compounds in water Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

 Water separates the ions by replacing that attraction with

one between the water molecules and the ions
 The negative ends of the H2O molecules face the positive
ions and the positive ends face the negative ions the ions
separate (dissociate) and become solvated
31
Reactions in Solution - Ionic Compounds in Water
Ionic Compounds in Water

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

When an ionic compound dissolves, an important change occurs in the solution

 Electrical conductivity, the flow of electric current

32
Reactions in Solution
Ionic compounds in water

Solubility
Solubility of NaCI in H2O at 20°C = 365 g/L
Solubility of AgCI in H2O at 20°C = 0.009 g/L:

 NaCl: a "soluble" compound

 AgCI: an "insoluble" compound

33
Reactions in Solution
An electrolyte is a substance that dissolves in water to give
an electrically conducting solution
• Generally, ionic solids that dissolve in water are
electrolytes (e.g., NaCl, KBr)
• Strong electrolyte is an electrolyte that exits in solution
almost entirely as ions
NaCl  Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
• Weak electrolyte is an electrolyte that dissolves in water
to give a relatively small percentage of ions
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) = NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq) (~3%)

A nonelectrolyte is a substance that dissolves in water to

give a nonconducting or very poorly conducting solution
• Generally, molecular substances are nonelectrolyte (e.g., sucrose -
C12H22O11, methanol)

34
Reactions in solution

Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds in Water

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

35
Reactions in Solution

Solubility Rules for Ionic Compounds in Water

Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

36
Popular Reactions in Solution

 Precipitation

 Acid-base

 Oxidation-reduction

37
Precipitation Reactions
 Common in both nature and commerce
 Two soluble ionic compounds react to form an insoluble
product, a precipitate

 The key event in a precipitation reaction is the formation

of an insoluble product through the net removal of
solvated ions from solution.

2NaF(aq) + CaCl2(aq)  CaF2(s) + 2NaCl

38
Predicting Whether a Precipitate will Form

Note the ions present in the reactants

Consider the possible cation-anion combinations

Decide whether any of the combinations is insoluble

 NaI(s) + KNO3(s) in H2O ?

NaI(s)/H2O  Na+(aq) + I-(aq)
KNO3(s)  K+(aq) + NO3-(aq)
 no recipitate

 NaI(aq) + Pb(NO3)2(aq)  ?

39
Acid-Base Reactions

The key event: Formation of H2O from H+ and OH-

H+(aq) + OH-(aq)  H2O(l)

An resulting ionic compound is called salt

Acid-Base Titrations
 The cation comes from the base and the anion
comes from the acid

40
Arrhenius Theory (Nobel Prize 1894)

An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions, H+

(H3O+), when it dissolves in water.
HX → H+(aq) + X-(aq) (HX + H2O → H3O+(aq) + X-(aq))
Ex: HNO3 → H+(aq) + NO3-(aq)

A base is a substance that produces hydroxyl ions (OH-),

when it dissolves in water.
MOH → M+(aq) + OH-(aq)
Ex: NaOH(s) → Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)

41
Strength of Acids and Bases

A strong acid is an acid that ionizes completely in water;

it is a strong electrolyte

A weak acid is an acid that only partly ionizes in water; it

is a weak electrolyte

A strong base is a base that present in aqueous

solution entirely as ions, one of which is OH-; it is a
strong electrolyte

A weak base is a base that is only partly ionized in

water; it is a weak electrolyte

42
Common Strong Acids and Bases

Acid Base
Strong Strong
Hydrochloric acid, HCl Sodium hydroxide, NaOH
Hydrobromic acid, HBr Potassium hydroxide, KOH
Hydriodic acid, HI Calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2
Nitric acid, HNO3 Strontium hydroxide Sr(OH)2
Sulfuric acid, H2SO4

Weak Weak
Hydroflouric acid, HF Ammonia, NH3
Phosphoric acid, H3PO4
Acetic acid, CH3COOH

43
 Common Acid-Base Reactions
Titration: one solution of known concentration is used to
determine the concentration of another solution through a
monitored reaction.

The equivalence point in the titration occurs when all the moles of
H+ ions present in the original volume of acid solution have
reacted with an equivalent number of moles of OH- ions added
from the burette.

Endpoint is is
where the titration
is actually
stopped/measured

44 Unknown source
Bronsted-Lowry Theory

Johannes N. Bronsted and Thomas M. Lowry ’s view:

acid-base reactions are proton-transfer reactions

NH3(aq) + H2O(l) ↔ NH4+(aq) + OH-(aq)

 Acids: the species (molecule or ion) that donates a

proton to another species in a proton-transfer reaction
(≡ proton donor)

 Bases: the species (molecule or ion) that accepts a

proton in a proton-transfer reaction (≡ proton acceptor)

45
Acid-Base Reactions – Proton-Transfer reaction

Acid: CH3COOH

Base: NaOH

46 CH3COOH is a weak electrolyte, pKa= 4.756 (Ka=1.75 x 10-5)

Lewis Theory

Lewis acid - a substance that accepts an electron pair

Lewis base - a substance that donates an electron pair

Example: formation of hydronium ion

•• ••
O—H ••
+ H O—H
H
H
H
ACID BASE
 Electron pair of the new O-H bond originates on the Lewis
base

47
End of lecture 11

Thank you!

48
Single Displacement Reactions - Examples
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

49
Combination reactions - Examples
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc

50