Makalah Persentation Global Warming

ENGLISH LANGUAGE PAPER
POLTEKKES KEMENKES YOGYAKARTA

Jl. Tatabumi No. 3, Banyuraden, Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta 55293
CONTENTS
Contents …………………………………………………………………………………………... 1
Preface …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 2
Etymology of global warming …………………………………………………………... 4
Description of global warming ………………………………………………………… 5
Causes of global warming ………………………………………………………………... 5
Effect of Global Warming ……………………………………………………………….... 10
Global Warming Prevention ……………………………………………………………. 17
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………. 19
Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………… 20
” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 1

BAB 1
PREFACE
Global warming is arguably the most critical and controversial issue facing the world in the
twenty-first century, one that will affect every living creature on the planet. It is also an
extraordinarily complex problem, which everyone needs to understand as clearly and completely as
possible. This Very Short Introduction provides a concise and accessible explanation of global
warming. we discusses how and why changes are occurring, sets current warming trends in the
context of past climate change, examines the predicted impact of global warming, as well as the
political controversies of recent years and the many proposed solutions. Fully updated for 2012, this
compelling paper offers the best current scientific understanding of global warming, describing
recent developments in the latest findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. we
also includes a chapter on local solutions, reflecting the now widely held view that, to mitigate any
impending disaster, governments as well as individuals must to act together.
Catastrophic events around the world have brought a desperate picture to forefront! This
persentation on Global Warming was initiated to bring all disciplines together for local and
global solutions to combat global warming. It is a multi-disciplinary global conference on global
warming (and climate change), not only in engineering and science but also in all other disciplines,
education, social sciences, economics, management, political sciences, and information technology).
It covers a broad range of topics on energy and environment policies, energy resources, energy
conversion technologies,energy management and conservation, energy security, renewables, green
technologies, emission reduction and abatement, carbon tax, sustainable development, pollution
control and measures, policy development, etc.
Intensifying global environmental problems require internationally coordinated responses,
which must balance the goals of energy security, environmental protection, and economic growth.
The adoption of a comprehensive approach to energy and environment issues and the integration
of energy and environment policies have become central activities of several countries. National and
global solutions to reduce pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions have implications for energy
security, energy trade, economic growth, etc. To some extend the global climate change is still

perceived by many as a debatable issue. For example, despite the policy measures taken to date,
unless the rapid establishment and implementation of further effectivepolicies and programs to
reduce emissions are conducted, greenhouse gas emissions would continue increasing unless the
right cure is underway. Of course, this requires the full range of possible areas for action and policy
instruments.

BAB 2
Etymology of Global Warming

The term global warming was probably first used in its modern sense on 8 August 1975 in a science
paper by Wally Broecker in the journal Science called "Are we on the brink of a pronounced global
warming?". Broecker's choice of words was new and represented a significant recognition that the
climate was warming; previously the phrasing used by scientists was "inadvertent climate
modification," because while it was recognized humans could change the climate, no one was sure
which direction it was going.The National Academy of Sciences first used global warming in a 1979
paper called the Charney Report, which said: "if carbon dioxide continues to increase, [we find] no
reason to doubt that climate changes will result and no reason to believe that these changes will be
negligible." The report made a distinction between referring to surface temperature changes as
global warming, while referring to other changes caused by increased CO2 as climate change.
Global warming became more widely popular after 1988 when NASA climate scientist James Hansen
used the term in a testimony to Congress. He said: "global warming has reached a level such that we
can ascribe with a high degree of confidence a cause and effect relationship between the
greenhouse effect and the observed warming." His testimony was widely reported and afterward
global warming was commonly used by the press and in public discourse.

Description of global warming

Global warming is the rise in the average temperature of Earth's atmosphere and oceans
since the late 19th century and its projected continuation. Since the early 20th century, Earth's
mean surface temperature has increased by about 0.8 °C (1.4 °F), with about two-thirds of the
increase occurring since 1980.
Causes of global warming

Almost 100% of the observed temperature increase over the last 50 years has been due
to the increase in the atmosphere of greenhouse gas concentrations like water vapour,
carbon dioxide (CO2), methane and ozone. Greenhouse gases are those gases that
contribute to the greenhouse effect (see below). The largest contributing source of
greenhouse gas is the burning of fossil fuels leading to the emission of carbon dioxide.
 The greenhouse effect

When sunlight reaches Earth's surface some is absorbed and warms the earth and most
of the rest is radiated back to the atmosphere at a longer wavelength than the sun light.
Some of these longer wavelengths are absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
before they are lost to space. The absorption of this longwave radiant energy warms the
atmosphere. These greenhouse gases act like a mirror and reflect back to the Earth some of
the heat energy which would otherwise be lost to space. The reflecting back of heat energy
by the atmosphere is called the "greenhouse effect".
The major natural greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 36-70% of the
greenhouse effect on Earth (not including clouds); carbon dioxide CO2, which causes 9-26%;
methane, which causes 4-9%, and ozone, which causes 3-7%. It is not possible to state that
a certain gas causes a certain percentage of the greenhouse effect, because the influences
of the various gases are not additive. Other greenhouse gases include, but are not limited
to, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and
chlorofluorocarbons.

 Global warming causes by greenhouse effect

Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere (see above) act like a mirror and reflect back to
the Earth a part of the heat radiation, which would otherwise be lost to space. The higher
the concentration of green house gases like carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, the more
heat energy is being reflected back to the Earth. The emission of carbon dioxide into the
environment mainly from burning of fossil fuels (oil, gas, petrol, kerosene, etc.) has been
increased dramatically over the past 50 years, see graph below.
Fig. 1: Cause for global warming: Carbon dioxide emissions in million tons per year over
the last 200 years.

Fig 3: From which sectors do the major greenhouse gas emissions come from? The lower
part of the picture shows the sources individually for the gases carbon dioxide, methane
and nitrous oxide, respectively.

The increase of greenhouse gas concentration (mainly carbon dioxide) led to a

substantial warming of the earth and the sea, called global warming. In other words: The
increase in the man-made emission of greenhouse gases is the cause for global warming.
For the effects of global warming see below.
 Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning power plants

Our ever increasing addiction to electricity from coal burning power plants releases enormous
amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. 40% of U.S. CO2 emissions come from electricity
production, and burning coal accounts for 93% of emissions from the electric utility industry [EPA,
pg. 10]. Every day, more electric gadgets flood the market, and without widespread alternative
energy sources, we are highly dependent on burning coal for our personal and commercial electrical
supply.
 Carbon dioxide emissions from burning gasoline for transportation

Our modern car culture and appetite for globally sourced goods is responsible for about 33% of
emissions in the U.S. [EPA pg. 8] With our population growing at an alarming rate, the demand for
more cars and consumer goods means that we are increasing the use of fossil fuels for
transportation and manufacturing. Our consumption is outpacing our discoveries of ways to
mitigate the effects, with no end in sight to our massive consumer culture.
 Methane emissions from animals, agriculture such as rice paddies, and

from Arctic seabeds
Methane is another extremely potent greenhouse gas, ranking right behind CO2. When organic
matter is broken down by bacteria under oxygen-starved conditions (anaerobic decomposition) as in
rice paddies, methane is produced. The process also takes place in the intestines of herbivorous
animals, and with the increase in the amount of concentrated livestock production, the levels of
methane released into the atmosphere is increasing. Another source of methane is methane
clathrate, a compound containing large amounts of methane trapped in the crystal structure of ice.
As methane escapes from the Arctic seabed, the rate of global warming will increase significantly.

 Increase in usage of chemical fertilizers on croplands

In the last half of the 20th century, the use of chemical fertilizers (as opposed to the historical use of
animal manure) has risen dramatically. The high rate of application of nitrogen-rich fertilizers has
effects on the heat storage of cropland (nitrogen oxides have 300 times more heat-trapping capacity
per unit of volume than carbon dioxide) and the run-off of excess fertilizers creates ‘dead-zones’ in
our oceans. In addition to these effects, high nitrate levels in groundwater due to over-fertilization
are cause for concern for human health.
 Disappearance of coral reefs

A report on coral reefs from WWF says that in a worst case scenario, coral populations will collapse
by 2100 due to increased temperatures and ocean acidification. The ‘bleaching’ of coralsfrom small
but prolonged rises in sea temperature is a severe danger for ocean ecosystems, and many other
species in the oceans rely on coral reefs for their survival.

Effect of Global Warming

There are two major effects of global warming:
 Increase of temperature on the earth by about 3° to 5° C (5.4° to 9° Fahrenheit) by the
year 2100.
 Rise of sea levels by at least 25 meters (82 feet) by the year 2100.
Increasing global temperatures are causing a broad range of changes. Sea levels are
rising due to thermal expansion of the ocean, in addition to melting of land ice. Amounts
and patterns of precipitation are changing. The total annual power of hurricanes has
already increased markedly since 1975 because their average intensity and average
duration have increased (in addition, there has been a high correlation of hurricane power
with tropical sea-surface temperature).
Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns increase the frequency, duration,
and intensity of other extreme weather events, such as floods, droughts, heat waves, and
tornadoes. Other effects of global warming include higher or lower agricultural yields,
further glacial retreat, reduced summer stream flows, species extinctions. As a further
effect of global warming, diseases like malaria are returning into areas where they have
been extinguished earlier.
Although global warming is affecting the number and magnitude of these events, it is
difficult to connect specific events to global warming. Although most studies focus on the
period up to 2100, warming is expected to continue past then because carbon dioxide
(chemical symbol CO2) has an estimated atmospheric lifetime of 50 to 200 years. For a
summary of the predictions for the future increase in temperature up to 2100.

 The temperature changes
The increase in ocean heat content is much larger than any other store of energy in the
Earth’s heat balance over the two periods 1961 to 2003 and 1993 to 2003, and accounts for more
than 90% of the possible increase in heat content of the Earth system during these periods.
Two millennia of mean surface temperatures according to different reconstructions from

climate proxies, each smoothed on a decadal scale, with the instrumental temperature record
overlaid in black.
Evidence for warming of the climate system includes observed increases in global average air and
ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. The
Earth's average surface temperature rose by 0.74±0.18 °C over the period 1906–2005.
Temperature changes vary over the globe. Since 1979, land temperatures have increased
about twice as fast as ocean temperatures (0.25 °C per decade against 0.13 °C per decade). Ocean
temperatures increase more slowly than land temperatures because of the larger effective heat
capacity of the oceans and because the ocean loses more heat by evaporation. The northern

hemisphere warms faster than the southern hemisphere because it has more land and because it
has extensive areas of seasonal snow and sea-ice cover subject to ice-albedo feedback. Although
more greenhouse gases are emitted in the Northern than Southern Hemisphere this does not
contribute to the difference in warming because the major greenhouse gases persist long enough to
mix between hemispheres.
The thermal inertia of the oceans and slow responses of other indirect effects mean that
climate can take centuries or longer to adjust to changes in forcing. Climate commitment studies
indicate that even if greenhouse gases were stabilized at 2000 levels, a further warming of about
0.5 °C (0.9 °F) would still occur.
Initial causes of temperature changes
Greenhouse effect schematic showing energy flows between space, the atmosphere, and
earth's surface. Energy exchanges are expressed in watts per square meter (W/m2). The greenhouse
effect is the process by which absorption and emission of infrared radiation by gases in the
atmosphere warm a planet's lower atmosphere and surface. It was proposed by Joseph Fourier in
1824 and was first investigated quantitatively by Svante Arrhenius in 1896.
Naturally occurring amounts of greenhouse gases have a mean warming effect of about 33 °C
(59 °F). The major greenhouse gases are water vapor, which causes about 36–70% of the
greenhouse effect; carbon dioxide (CO2), which causes 9–26%; methane (CH4), which causes 4–9%;
and ozone (O3), which causes 3–7%. Clouds also affect the radiation balance through cloud forcings
similar to greenhouse gases.

Human activity since the Industrial Revolution has increased the amount of greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere, leading to increased radiative forcing from CO2, methane, tropospheric
ozone, CFCs and nitrous oxide. The concentrations of CO2 and methane have increased by 36% and
148% respectively since 1750. These levels are much higher than at any time during the last 800,000
years, the period for which reliable data has been extracted from ice cores. Less direct geological
evidence indicates that CO2 values higher than this were last seen about 20 million years ago. Fossil
fuel burning has produced about three-quarters of the increase in CO2 from human activity over the
past 20 years. The rest of this increase is caused mostly by changes in land-use, particularly
deforestation.
Per capita greenhouse gas emissions in 2005, including land-use change.
Total greenhouse gas emissions in 2005, including land-use change.
Over the last three decades of the 20th century, gross domestic product per capita and population
growth were the main drivers of increases in greenhouse gas emissions. CO2 emissions are
continuing to rise due to the burning of fossil fuels and land-use change.
 Environmental Effects
"Detection" is the process of demonstrating that climate has changed in some defined
statistical sense, without providing a reason for that change. Detection does not imply attribution of
the detected change to a particular cause. "Attribution" of causes of climate change is the process of
establishing the most likely causes for the detected change with some defined level of confidence.

Detection and attribution may also be applied to observed changes in physical, ecological and social
systems.
Sparse records indicate that glaciers have been retreating since the early 1800s. In the
1950s measurements began that allow the monitoring of glacial mass balance, reported to the
World Glacier Monitoring Service (WGMS) and the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC).
 Natural systems
Global warming has been detected in a number of systems. Some of these changes, e.g., based on
the instrumental temperature record, have been described in the section on temperature changes.
Rising sea levels and observed decreases in snow and ice extent are consistent with warming. Most
of the increase in global average temperature since the mid-20th century is, with high probability,[D]
attributable to human-induced changes in greenhouse gas concentrations.
Even with policies to reduce emissions, global emissions are still expected to continue to grow
over time. In the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, across a range of future emission scenarios,
model-based estimates of sea level rise for the end of the 21st century (the year 2090–2099, relative
to 1980–1999) range from 0.18 to 0.59 m. These estimates, however, were not given a likelihood
due to a lack of scientific understanding, nor was an upper bound given for sea level rise. On the
timescale of centuries to millennia, the melting of ice sheets could result in even higher sea level

rise. Partial deglaciation of the Greenland ice sheet, and possibly the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, could
contribute 4–6 metres (13 to 20 ft) or more to sea level rise.
Changes in regional climate are expected to include greater warming over land, with most
warming at high northern latitudes, and least warming over the Southern Ocean and parts of the
North Atlantic Ocean.[117] Snow cover area and sea ice extent are expected to decrease, with the
Arctic expected to be largely ice-free in September by 2037.
It is calculated that, with high statistical confidence, certain weather events, such as the heat
waves in Texas and the 2003 European heat wave, would not have occurred without global
warming. Extremely hot outliers, defined as three standard deviations from climatology records,
now cover about 10% of the land surface and, under present trends, would be the norm by 2050.
These temperatures are expected to excaberate the hydrological cycle, with more intense droughts
and floods.[120] The effect on hurricane activity is less certain.
 Ecological systems
In terrestrial ecosystems, the earlier timing of spring events, and poleward and upward shifts in
plant and animal ranges, have been linked with high confidence to recent warming. Future climate
change is expected to particularly affect certain ecosystems, including tundra, mangroves, and coral
reefs. It is expected that most ecosystems will be affected by higher atmospheric CO2 levels,
combined with higher global temperatures. Overall, it is expected that climate change will result in
the extinction of many species and reduced diversity of ecosystems.
Dissolved CO2 increases ocean acidity. This process is known as ocean acidification and has been
called the "equally evil twin" of global climate change. Increased ocean acidity decreases the
amount of carbonate ions, which organisms at the base of the marine food chain, such as
foraminifera, use to make structures they need to survive. The current rate of ocean acidification is
many times faster than at least the past 300 million years, which included four mass extinctions that
involved rising ocean acidity, such as the Permian mass extinction, which killed 95% of marine
species. By the end of the century, acidity changes since the industrial revolution would match the
Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, which occurred over 5000 years and killed 35–50% of
benthic foraminifera.

 Effects on social system

Vulnerability of human societies to climate change mainly lies in the effects of extreme-weather
events rather than gradual climate change. Impacts of climate change so far include adverse effects
on small islands, adverse effects on indigenous populations in high-latitude areas, and small but
discernable effects on human health. Over the 21st century, climate change is likely to adversely
affect hundreds of millions of people through increased coastal flooding, reductions in water
supplies, increased malnutrition and increased health impacts. Most economic studies suggest
losses of world gross domestic product (GDP) for this[clarification needed] magnitude of warming.
 Habitat inundation
In small islands and megadeltas, inundation as a result of sea level rise is expected to threaten
vital infrastructure and human settlements. This could lead to issues of statelessness for population
from countries including the Maldives and Tuvalu and homelessness in countries with low lying
areas such as Bangladesh.
 Global warming controversy

The global warming controversy refers to a variety of disputes, significantly more pronounced in
the popular media than in the scientific literature, regarding the nature, causes, and consequences
of global warming. The disputed issues include the causes of increased global average air
temperature, especially since the mid-20th century, whether this warming trend is unprecedented
or within normal climatic variations, whether humankind has contributed significantly to it, and
whether the increase is wholly or partially an artifact of poor measurements. Additional disputes
concern estimates of climate sensitivity, predictions of additional warming, and what the
consequences of global warming will be.
In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have
increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of
greenhouse gases. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view,
though a few organisations hold non-committal positions.
From 1990–1997 in the United States, conservative think tanks mobilized to undermine the
legitimacy of global warming as a social problem. They challenged the scientific evidence; argued
that global warming will have benefits; and asserted that proposed solutions would do more harm
than good.

Global Warming Prevention

1. Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions.
Here are a list of simple but practical things you can do personally to help in the Global effort to
save our planet by reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
• Make sure you re-cycle newspapers, glass bottles, tin cans, and magazines.
• Reuse your shopping bag plastic instead of getting new ones each time you go to the market.
• Place a brick or something heavy into a plastic bag and place it into your toilet drum. This will
cause it to fill faster and use less water each time you flush.
• Donate your unwanted clothes.
• Turn off the faucet when you are brushing your teeth.
• Turn off electrical devices (lights, fans, tv, computers, etc.) when they are not in use.
• Use “Energy Efficient” appliances. They will save you about a third on their energy bill with similar
savings of greenhouse gas emissions, without sacrificing features, style or comfort
• Check for leaks (toilets, faucets, pipes, irrigation systems, etc.).
• Install a low-flow shower head
• Car pool to work or school if possible.
• Ride your bike instead of driving. You’ll get your daily exercise while your at it!
• Have showers instead of baths.
• Plant native and or drought-tolerant plants. Some grasses, ground covers, shrubs and trees do not
need to be watered as frequently.
These are just a few things you can do. By having a conservation awareness mind, you will find other
ways to contribute to the effort of saving our planet.
2. Global Warming, Fossil Fuels and Trees

One good way to prevent global warming is choosing to use power produced by
alternative means rather than by the burning of fossil fuels, which give off large amounts of
carbon dioxide. Solar energy can be a good alternative to use. Planting trees is another
great way to prevent global warming, because they are natural controllers of carbon dioxide
in the atmosphere. Recycled paper can be a really good measure to save trees and prevent
global warming.

3. Global Warming and the Role of CFCs

Limit the use of appliances or materials which produce CFC to reduce global warming.
The use of CFCs is a major reason for depletion of the ozone layer, a process which
contributes to global warming. The discharges and exhaust from automobiles is another
factor that causes global warming. World population has increased exponentially.
Consequently, the number of cars has increased. Some great ways to reduce car emissions
include: identifying fuel efficient cars, use bio-fuels, correct the engine design, or using an
electric car. Walking, cycling or using public transport can help to prevent global warming. A
good method for reducing emissions is to organize carpools.
4. Ways You Can Prevent Global Warming
Everybody can help to prevent global warming by not wasting energy in their homes.
CFL bulbs, which use less energy and have a longer life, can significantly reduced the
amount of electricity used. Another thing that can help is reducing the use of heaters and
air conditioners. Some very simple things, like hitting the off switch on electronic equipment
and appliances when you are not using them, and trading in old energy hog appliances for
newer, more energy efficient ones can be a contribution in the effort to prevent global
warming. Alternative power sources, like home solar energy generators, are a good way to
make sure you are getting energy from means that are better for the Earth.

BAB 3
conclusion
The world is temporarily affected by hot and cold climate periods. The industrial revolution which
started in 1875 changed weather conditions. The world has a tendency to warm up.
The industrialisation and the increasing population density are forcing governments to consume
more fossil fuels and are affecting the artificial greenhouse gases' fluctuation.
Even if the usage of fossil fuels could be prohibited, greenhouse gases extant in the atmosphere
are going to remain for hundred years.
The emission of greenhouse gases can't be stopped, but some precautions must be taken.

Bibliography
Darmono. (2006) “Lingkungan Hidup dan Pencemaran” . Uiversitas Indonesia. Hlm.
24-25.
Wardhana, Wisnu . A . (1995) “Dampak Pencemaran Lingkungan” . Andi Offset
Yogyakarta. Hlm. 132
Global warming - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming
Global Warming Effects and Causes: A Top 10 List | Planetsave
http://planetsave.com/2009/06/07/global-warming-effects-and-causes-a-top-10-list/

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE PAPER

POLTEKKES KEMENKES YOGYAKARTA

Etymology of global warming …………………………………………………………... 4

Description of global warming ………………………………………………………… 5

Causes of global warming ………………………………………………………………... 5

Effect of Global Warming ……………………………………………………………….... 10

Global Warming Prevention ……………………………………………………………. 17

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 1

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 2

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 3

Etymology of Global Warming

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 4

Description of global warming

Causes of global warming

 The greenhouse effect

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 5

 Global warming causes by greenhouse effect

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 6

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 7

The increase of greenhouse gas concentration (mainly carbon dioxide) led to a

 Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel burning power plants

 Carbon dioxide emissions from burning gasoline for transportation

 Methane emissions from animals, agriculture such as rice paddies, and

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 8

 Increase in usage of chemical fertilizers on croplands

 Disappearance of coral reefs

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 9

Effect of Global Warming

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 10

 The temperature changes

Two millennia of mean surface temperatures according to different reconstructions from

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 11

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 12

Per capita greenhouse gas emissions in 2005, including land-use change.

Total greenhouse gas emissions in 2005, including land-use change.

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 13

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 14

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 15

 Effects on social system

 Global warming controversy

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 16

Global Warming Prevention

2. Global Warming, Fossil Fuels and Trees

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 17

3. Global Warming and the Role of CFCs

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 18

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 19

” Etymology, Description , Causes , Effect , and Prevention of Global Warming “ Page 20

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