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DNA
Fingerprinting
Index
Page
Topic no.
Certificate of authenticity 1
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Acknowledgement 2
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What is DNA fingerprint 3
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Polymerase Chain Reactions(PCR) 4
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VNTRs 5
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Gel electrophoresis 6
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Southern Blotting 9
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DNA fingerprinting advantages 10
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Forensic sciences 11
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Famous cases solved by DNA
fingerprinting 12
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Arbitrary 15
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Reference 16
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Certificate of Authenticity 1
Acknowledgement: 2
VNTRs
Gel Electrophoresis 6
Gel Electrophoresis 7
– By heat or UV light
Southern Blotting 9
A Southern blot is a method used in molecular biology for
detection
of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. Southern blotting
combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated
DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent
fragment detection by probe hybridization.
Forensic scientists
collect, preserve, and analyze scientific evidence
during the course of an investigation. While some
forensic scientists travel to the scene of the crime to
collect the evidence themselves, others occupy a
laboratory role, performing analysis on objects
brought to them by other individuals.[1]
In addition to their laboratory role, forensic scientists
testify as expert witnesses in both criminal and civil
cases and can work for either the prosecution or
the defence. While any field could technically be
forensic, certain sections have developed over time
to encompass the majority of forensically related
cases.
Arbitrary
15
It is the small difference in base pair sequences of
DNA that make the phenotypic appearance of
each individual unique. An easier and quicker
solution to comparing DNA sequences is DNA
fingerprinting. In human beings, ninety-nine per
cent of DNA base sequences are identical and are
known as the bulk genomic DNA. The remaining
one per cent DNA base sequences differ and are
present as a small stretch of repeated sequences
known as repetitive DNA. DNA fingerprinting
identifies the differences in this region. To separate
both genomic as well as repetitive DNA the process
of density gradient centrifugation is carried out. As
satellite DNA is lighter and bulk DNA is heavier, so
they get separated on the basis of their density.
Graphical representation shows bulk genomic DNA
as a major peak and repetitive DNA as smaller
peaks known as satellite DNA.
Satellite DNA is highly repetitive and consists of non-
coding sequences. Based on the length of the
segment, base composition and number of
repetitive units satellite DNA can be classified as
mini-satellite DNA and micro-satellite DNA. Mini-
satellite is a section of DNA which has a variable
number of tandem repeats or VNTR. This step is
followed by the hybridisation of the DNA fragments
using a radio-labelled VNTR probe. Finally, the
hybridised DNA fragments are detected by a
technique called autoradiography conducted
using an X-ray film. Hybridisation with the VNTR
probe results in an autoradiogram, which produces
several bands of different sizes. These bands
provide a characteristic pattern to an individual’s
DNA and vary from one individual to another
except in identical or monozygotic twins. Today,
16
the accuracy of the DNA fingerprinting technique
has further improved due to the advent of the
polymerase chain reaction or PCR, where multiple
copies of a single DNA sequence can be made.
DNA polymorphism is the guiding principle behind
genetic mapping and therefore it helps in the DNA
fingerprinting technique. The DNA fingerprinting
technique was developed by Alec Jeffrey’s. DNA
fingerprinting technique helps in crime
investigation, paternity testing, determining genetic
and population diversity and studying evolution
and speciation.
References
www.bcps.org
http://www.csun.edu
www.nextgurukul.in
http://archive.jsonline.com/news/crime
https://en.wikipedia.org