FIVE FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION
1. Control – Communication functions to
control behavior.
2. Social Interaction – Communication allows
individuals to interact with others.
3. Motivation – Communication motivates or
encourages people to live better.
4. Emotional expression – Communication
facilitates people’s expression of their feelings
and emotions.
5. Information dissemination – Communication
functions to convey information.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION
Why do cultures differ?
 History
 Educational Backgrounds
 Social backgrounds
 Ethnic
 Religion
 Ecology
 Technology
Types of Cultural Communication
 Cross cultural communication
 International communication
 Multicultural communication
 Intercultural communication
What is Intercultural Communication?
Intercultural communication refers to the
effective communication between people/
workers/ clients of different cultural
background. It also includes managing thought
patterns and nonverbal communication.
Examples for Cultural differences
-Arabic language is written from right to left and
almost all other languages are written from left
to right
-In America, people shake hands, and even hug
each other. But in India we just join hands to
say namaskar.
IMPORTANCE OF INTERCULTURAL
 Symbolic exchange
- Symbols and signs can be an option to
bridge miscommunication brought
about by language.
 Irreversible process
- This means that a communicator may
not be changing his/her cultural
communication but he / she can adjust
to cultural communication of others.
 Different Cultural Communities
(Cultural Community – is composed of
interacting individuals with shared
beliefs and way of life. )
- Intercultural communication is a
convention where a number of cultural
communities share unified cultures.
 Negotiate shared meanings
- Agree on general objective of the
intercultural communication encounter.
 Interactive Situation
- The interactive scene involves the
physical setting like seating
arrangement and psychological features
such as behaviour, cognitive concepts,
social skills, etc.
Need for Intercultural Communication
 Success of any International business
 Allows workers from different cultures
to work together as a group.
 Worldwide marketing campaign.
 An increase in international Business.
Two trends of Intercultural
Communication
 Globalization
 Multicultural Workforce
 GLOBALIZATION
Globalization refers to the reduction
and removal of barriers between
national borders in order to facilitate
the flow of goods, capital, services and
labor.
MULTICULTURAL WORKFORCE
The phrase "multicultural workforce"
refers to the changing age, gender,
ethnicity, physical ability, and race, of
employees across all types and places of
work.
Impact of Globalization- business
sector
 e.g., Import and Export of food,
electronic goods, etc. to other
countries.
 Building a business friendly
environment with other nations.
Impact of Globalization-Advancement
in Film Industry
 Spreading of multiculturalism,
collaborations
 For example: Endhiran Flim was
persuaded by animatronic technicians
from other countries also.
Increase in international travel and
tourism
 Greater international travel and
tourism.
 For example: In 2008, there were over
922 million international tourist arrivals,
with a growth of 1.9% as compared to
2007.
Worldwide sporting events
 Worldwide sporting events such as FIFA
World Cup, ICC world cup and the
Olympic Games.
Multicultural workforce
 Social backgrounds
 Cultures
 Racial backgrounds
 Gender
 Age
 Regions
 Religion
Need for managing
 Staff retention-less recruitment costs
 Working together – more productivity
 Resolving Conflicts
 Team Management
DO’S OF INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
 Avoid Assumptions, jokes which are
misunderstood
 Use symbols, diagrams and pictures.
 Avoid using slang and idioms, choosing
words that will convey only the most
specific denotative meaning;
 Investigate their culture's perception
 Take cultural and local differences into
account.
 Say what you do and do what you say.
Make sure that your communication is
line with the audience; use
understandable language.
 Find out what cultural factors
DONT’S OF INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
 Using the same approach world-wide.
 Considering traditional knowledge and
practices as ‘backward’.
 Letting cultural differences become a
source of conflict that hinder the
process or work.
 Fail to ignore culturally-dependent
enabling and counteracting forces.
 Fail to take language barriers into
account.
 DON’T’S OF INTERCULTURAL
COMMUNICATION
For example: Identify the types of speech context
-North Americans view direct eye appropriate for the following situations.
contact as a sign of honesty.
1. Talking to a counsellor or psychiatrist.
-Asians view direct eye contact as a
2. Giving last minute instructions to players.
form of disrespect.
3. Delivering campaign speeches.
-The thumbs up sign in America and
4. Delivering a speech in the United Nations
most of Europe means that something
Summit.
is good, or that you approve. This sign is
5. Delivering news report.
considered rude in many Asian and
6. Having a one-on-one conversation with a
Islamic countries.
loved one.
-Raising your hand up means stop in
7. Delivering an oratorical speech.
America or England. In some Asian
8. Talking to a superior.
countries this gesture is used when
9. Thinking of what to do the next day.
asking for permission to speak.
10. Asking the hotel concierge.

TYPES OF SPEECH STYLES

TYPES OF SPEECH CONTEXT
1) FROZEN STYLE
1) Intrapersonal - An intrapersonal speech
- Used generally in formal setting.
centers on one person where the
-The most formal communicative style
speakers act both as the sender and the
for respectful situation.
receiver of the message.
-It does not require any feedback.
-Usually uses long sentences with good
2) Interpersonal - Interpersonal speech
grammar and vocabulary
refers to communication between or
-The use of language is fixed and
among people and establishing
relatively static.
relationship between or among them.
Ex: National pledge, anthem, school
Types of Interpersonal Context:
creeds, speech for a state ceremony.
*Dyad Communication –occurs between
two people.
2) FORMAL STYLE
*Small Group –involves at least three
-Used in speaking to medium to large
but not more than twelve people groups.
engaging in a face-to-face interaction. -May also be used in single hearers-
strangers, older persons, professional.
3) Public - refers to the type of communication
-Language is comparatively rigid and has
that requires you to deliver or send the message
a set, agreed upon vocabulary that is
before or in front of a group
well documented is often of a standard
- it needs to have a loud voice, gestures are also variety.
important and we can use visuals or power point Ex.meetings, speeches,school lesson,
presentation while delivering our speech. court, a corporate meeting, in an
interview or in a classroom.
4) Mass Communication- takes place through
television, radio, newspapers, magazines, books,
billboards, internet and other types of media.
3) CONSULTATIVE STYLE
-Used in semi-formal communication.
-happens in two-way participation.
-most operational among other styles.
-speaker does not usually plan what he
wants to say.
-Sentences end to be shorter and
spontaneous.
EX: Regular conversation with colleagues in
companies, group conversation, teacher-
student, doctor-patient, expert-apprentice.

4) CASUAL STYLE
-Language used between friends.
-Slangs are quite often used in these
instances.
-This style is used in informal situations
and language.
-Relationship between the speaker and
hearer is closed.
EX: Casual conversations with friends,
family members, chats, phone calls and
messages.
5) INTIMATE STYLE
-Completely private language used
within family of very closed friends or
group.
-Uses personal language codes.
-Grammar is unnecessary.
-Certain terms of endearment, slangs or
expressions whose meaning is shared
with a small subset of person to person.
EX: husband and wife, boyfriend and
girlfriend, siblings, and parent &
children.