CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

CONTEMPORARY ISSUES

Contemporary issues are the issues of this time. For example, global warming

was not an issue in the past, but today it is subject of a big debate (the President

of the US has trivialized global warming while many others believe that the US is

responsible for much of it.

OBJECTIVE:

A. What is the purpose of the study?

B. What theory was used and how did it help strengthen the study?

C. What are the variable being measured I study

D. Enumerate the statement of the problem of the study.

E. Who are the benefactor of the study?

F. What related studies were employed in the study what gap it the current

study?

G. What are the methods used in the study?

1) G1. Design

2) G2. Sampling Procedure

3) G3. Participants

4) G4. Instruments

5) G5. Data Gathering

6) G.6 Statistical Treatment

H. Discuss the result of the study and how these finding to solve the problem.
POVERTY
 I.
a) What is the purpose of the study?

The purpose of this study is to tell the condition of poverty of the Philippines, how we

find it a solution for this kind of issue in the Philippines.

This study wants to find out and gather more data and information on the problem of

street people. I would like to know the various reasons why they suffer and suffer from

this type of condition. The people in their situation were economically disadvantaged

and some of them lived in the robbery and even to the point that they were only young

children in this wrong way.

b) What theory was used and how did it help strengthen the study?

This theory was prepared by Fernando Aldaba, consultant, in close dialogue with the

Government of the Philippines and under the guidance and supervision of Camilla

Holmemo, poverty reduction specialist, Southeast Asia Department (SERD) and the

overall leadership of Neeraj Jain, country director, Philippines Country Office, SERD,

and Shireen Lateef, director, Social Sectors Division, SERD. Many colleagues provided

helpful comments on drafts and during presentations of findings, including Secretary of

the National Anti-Poverty Commission Domingo Panganiban, Alice Bala, Leonor

Briones, Dante Canlas, Erlinda Capones, Ramon Falcon, Francis Lucas, Austere

Panadero, and participants in the consultation forum held on 7 May 2009 in Manila. In

addition, ADB staff members from many divisions provided invaluable comments to

complete the report, including Joven Balbosa, Armin Bauer, Claudia Buentjen, Aziz

Haydarov, Joel Mangahas, and Florian Steinberg. The author is also grateful to
Christian Mina and Melinda Romero for research assistance and to Madeline Dizon for

overall administrative assistance.

c) What are the variable being measured in the study

There are kind of variable which is the life of poor , the job of poor and the health of

poor in the Philippines. The variable measured in the study is how the life of poor

certain on the cogon market.

This study focuses on the issues of poverty or those on the street. This study

focused on street dwellers located in the Cogon Market. I will draw on the ideas and

opinions of ordinary people on what they think about these issues and how they affect

them. This study covers the acquisition of data, information, insights and various

thoughts related to my topic of poverty. Each participant will be a big part because they

are the source of the information themselves.

d) Enumerate the statement of the problem of the study.

The main causes of poverty in the country are low to moderate economic growth for

the past 40 years; low growth elasticity of poverty reduction; weakness in employment

generation and the quality of jobs generated; failure to fully develop the agriculture

sector; high inflation during crisis periods; high levels of population growth; high and

persistent levels of inequality (incomes and assets), which dampen the positive impacts

of economic expansion; and recurrent shocks and exposure to risks such as economic

crisis, conflicts, natural disasters, and “environmental poverty.”

 e) Who are the benefactor of the study?

© 2009 Asian Development Bank is the benefactor of the study who was

expressed in this book are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the

views and policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) or its Board of Governors or

the governments they represent.

f) What related studies were employed in the study what gap it the current

study?

Poverty and inequality have been recurrent challenges in the Philippines and have

again come to the fore in the wake of the current global financial crisis and rising food,

fuel, and commodity prices experienced in 2008. The proportion of households living

below the official poverty line has declined very slowly and unevenly in the past four

decades, and poverty reduction has been much slower than in neighboring countries

such as the People’s Republic of China (PRC), Indonesia, Thailand, and Viet Nam. The

growth of the economy has been characterized by boom and bust cycles and current

episodes of moderate economic expansion have had limited impact on poverty

reduction. Other reasons for the relatively moderate poverty decline include the high

rate of inequality across income brackets, regions, and sectors; and unmanaged

population growth.

Poverty incidence among households increased from 24.4% in 2003 to 26.9% in

2006 and the number of poor families increased from 4.0 million in 2003 to 4.7 million in

2006. The headcount index increased from 30.0% in 2003 to 32.9% in 2006 and the

number of poor people increased from 23.8 million in 2003 to 27.6 million in 2006. It
should also be noted that poverty incidence and magnitude do not necessarily coincide.

According to the 2006 poverty data, Mindanao has the highest poverty incidence at 38.8%

but Luzon has the highest number of poor families, with almost 2 million families (42.4%

of the total)

g) What are the methods used in the study?

A. G1. Design

The method used un the study is to study the real fact of this study, how they made this

study and collecting of data about the study

B. G2. Sampling Procedure

The research are so simple to answer the question of this study because I have already

study and knowing about the poverty ,needed of this study is to collecting more data

C. G3. Participants

The participant of this study are the following, including Secretary of the National Anti-

Poverty Commission Domingo Panganiban, Alice Bala, Leonor Briones, Dante Canlas,

Erlinda Capones, Ramon Falcon, Francis Lucas, Austere Panadero, and participants in

the consultation forum held on 7 May 2009 in Manila. In addition, ADB staff members

from many divisions provided invaluable comments to complete the report, including

Joven Balbosa, Armin Bauer, Claudia Buentjen, Aziz Haydarov, Joel Mangahas, and

Florian Steinberg. The author is also grateful to Christian Mina and Melinda Romero for

research assistance and to Madeline Dizon for overall administrative assistance.

 D. G4. Instruments

The instrument of the study is to measured how the effect of the poverty in our country,

and convince the people in the country that we need to find a solution to stop this

problem .

E. G5. Data Gathering

The researcher of the study was collecting a data for this study to make it strengthen

and convincing the people to help stop this problem.

F. G.6 Statistical Treatment

The treatment of this is we need to educate the people how we stop the poverty.

h) Discuss the result of the study and how these finding to solve the problem.

1. Economic growth did not translate into poverty reduction in recent years. While the

country has experienced moderate economic growth in recent years, poverty reduction

has been slow. Inequality has remained high, which mitigates the positive impact of

growth on poverty reduction. Chronic poverty has become a major constraint in attaining

high levels of sustained growth and the country’s overall development. Finding a

solution to poverty is thus of public interest; benefits will accrue not only to the poor, but

also to society as a whole.

2. Poverty levels vary greatly by region. Poverty incidence has been persistently high in

some regions (Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao, Caraga, Region IV-B, Region

V, and Region IX). Regions with the most number of poor people are regions IV-A, V,

VI, and VII.

3. Poverty remains a mainly rural phenomenon, though urban poverty is on the rise. The

majority of the poor are still found in rural areas and in the agriculture sector, primarily

as farmers and fishers. However, there is an increasing number of poor households in

urban areas, typically found in the informal sector.

4. Poverty levels are strongly linked to educational attainment. Two-thirds of poor

households are headed by people with only an elementary school education or below.

Access to quality education is identified as a key pathway out of poverty.

5. The poor have large families, with six or more members. Population management will

be critical for an effective poverty reduction strategy.

6. Many Filipino households remain vulnerable to shocks and risks. This is highlighted

by the escalating conflict in Mindanao and the current global financial crisis. An effective

poverty strategy must incorporate social protection.

7. Governance and institutional constraints remain. Measures to address such

constraints must be an important focus in formulating a revised government strategy for

poverty reduction.
8. Local government capacity for implementing poverty programs is weak. Effective

delivery of basic social services and poverty-related programs at the local level will

improve poverty reduction programs.

9. Deficient targeting in poverty programs. This is related to unreliable, inaccurate, and

untimely poverty information, especially at the local level, and to governance challenges

in program design and implmentation.

10. There are serious resource gaps for poverty reduction activities and attainment of

the MDGs by 2015. Resource mobilization and protection of budgets for social sector

and poverty reduction programs is needed.

11. Multidimensional responses to poverty reduction are needed. The poverty problem

is multidimensional, and thus the response should involve multiple agencies, sectors,

and stakeholders. Convergence has been the right approach and should be scaled up

and practiced more extensively.

12. Further research on chronic poverty is needed. There are very few micro studies on

chronic poverty and how the poor escape poverty traps. This type of research
GLOBAL WARMING
 A. What is the purpose of the study?

The purpose of the study is an Environmental Defense is dedicated to protecting the

environmental rights of all people, including the right to clean air, clean water, healthy

food and flourishing ecosystems. Guided by science, we work to create practical

solutions that win lasting political, economic and social support because they are

nonpartisan, cost-effective and fair. And to courage people to help stop this global

warming.

B. What theory was used and how did it help strengthen the study?

This Theory was prepared by Dr. James Wang and Dr. Bill Chameides, who was

studying about the global warming, and studying the effect of it and what is the impact

of this in our environment.

C. What are the variable being measured in the study?

There are variables of the study which the impact of the global warming in our

country and what the effect of this in our environmental, health, and in our everyday life.

D. Enumerate the statement of the problem of the study.

 In the European Alps, glacial retreat has exposed wellpreserved remains,

including the 5,000-year-old Stone Age Oetzal “ice man.

 Like drought and other climatic changes, sea ice shrinkage sets in motion a

worsening cycle, amplifying global warming.

  The loss of coral ecosystems would also have severe economic repercussions in

regions that depend on reefs for food and tourism income, and for the protection

of coastal land from destructive waves.

E. Who are the benefactor of the study?

The benefactor of this study are the Dr. Michael Oppenheimer (Princeton Univ.), Dr.

Tim Male, Annie Petsonk, Peter Goldmark and Melissa Carey for reviewing this report.

Erica Rowell, Allan Margolin and Elizabeth Thompson provided helpful comments and

suggestions. Lauren Sacks, Deepali Dhar, Valentin Bellassen and Alena Herklotz

provided valuable assistance with researching and drafting parts of the report. Thanks

go to Miriam Horn for the editing work, Bonnie Greenfield for the design and production,

and Sarah Stevens, Jennifer Coleman and Tim Connor for assistance in obtaining

images, Cover images: Ray Berkelsman, CRC Reef, Townsville (bleached corals),

Bryan Dahlberg/FEMA News Photo (wildfire), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Arctic fox)

F. What related studies were employed in the study and what gap it the

current study?

Although individual events or phenomena may not always be easy to link to global

warming, the increase in frequency and intensity of such phenomena, and their

simultaneous occurrence around the world, provides stronger evidence for such a

linkage. Many of the recently observed events have been the worst or unprecedented in

100, 500, 1,000 years or more. This suggests that something highly unusual is

happening to our planet. Many of the impacts we have seen so far are likely just “the tip
of the iceberg”—scientists predict more dramatic, severe and, in some cases,

irreversible impacts if we allow warming to continue unabated in the future.

Then the current study of this problem which the facts gathered in this report present

society with a choice: We can make no serious effort to combat global warming, and

instead try to cope with its increasingly devastating impacts on our livelihoods and the

natural world we cherish. Or we can act now to stabilize the climate and mitigate future

damages. Progress in combating global warming has already been made at the

international, state, and local levels. But national action by the U.S.—the world’s most

powerful and technologically advanced nation and its biggest emitter of greenhouse gas

pollution—is urgently needed as well. National legislation that sets a mandatory cap on

emissions, as well as a renewed engagement by the U.S. with the international

community, would be transformative steps towards solving the problem of global

warming.

G. What are the methods used in the study?

a) G1. Design

Cover images: Ray Berkelsman, CRC Reef, Townsville (bleached corals), Bryan

Dahlberg/FEMA News Photo (wildfire), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Arctic fox)

b) G2. Sampling Procedure

The sample procedure of this study is needed to study the problem that you choose

and collecting a data information.

 c) G3. Participants

Erica Rowell, Allan Margolin and Elizabeth Thompson provided helpful comments

and suggestions. Lauren Sacks, Deepali Dhar, Valentin Bellassen and Alena

Herklotz provided valuable assistance with researching and drafting parts of the

report who are the participant of the study.

d) G4. Instruments

The instrument was use in this study was need to measure the problem of the study,

and measured the data information and it can make your study strengthen.

e) G5. Data Gathering

Global warming will not only be felt many decades from now—it is already

happening and its impacts are clearly visible. This paper gathers examples from the

peerreviewed scientific literature of recent impacts around the world. These include

increases in extreme weather events, rising sea level, disappearing glaciers and polar

ice, damaged coral, changes in wildlife distributions and health, and increased activity

and abundance of disease vectors. Although a direct link to global warming is difficult to

establish for some of these phenomena in isolation, the multitude of changes

collectively provide clear evidence of the immediate and growing danger that global

warming poses to the economy, human health, and the ecosystems upon which

humans and other species depend. Since greenhouse gas pollution stays in the

atmosphere for decades or centuries, humanity may have no more than a decade left to

begin stabilizing the climate to avert devastating and irreversible impacts. Such an

achievement will require a concerted effort among all nations

 H. G.6 Statistical Treatment

The treatment of the problem is we need to be a discipline on our environment,

throw our garbage on respective trashcan and etc. that can help on our mother earth.

I. Discuss the result of the study and how these finding to solve the problem.

Global warming will not only be felt many decades from now—it is already happening

and its impacts are clearly visible. This paper gathers examples from the peerreviewed

scientific literature of recent impacts around the world. These include increases in

extreme weather events, rising sea level, disappearing glaciers and polar ice, damaged

coral, changes in wildlife distributions and health, and increased activity and abundance

of disease vectors. Although a direct link to global warming is difficult to establish for

some of these phenomena in isolation, the multitude of changes collectively provide

clear evidence of the immediate and growing danger that global warming poses to the

economy, human health, and the ecosystems upon which humans and other species

depend. Since greenhouse gas pollution stays in the atmosphere for decades or

centuries, humanity may have no more than a decade left to begin stabilizing the

climate to avert devastating and irreversible impacts. Such an achievement will require

a concerted effort among all nations. The following are highlights of the global warming

impacts described in this report. For readers particularly interested in the United States,

we include, preceding this Executive Summary, a listing of domestic impacts by region.

Killer heat waves

Human-caused global warming may have already doubled the chance of “killer” heat

waves like the one that hit Executive summary Europe in July and August of 2003. That

summer was very likely the continent’s hottest in 500 years. The relentless heat killed at

least 27,000 people, breaking all records worldwide for heat-induced human fatalities.

The heat and associated drought and wildfires cost European economies more than

$14.7 billion (13 billion euros) in losses in the agriculture, forestry, and electric power

sectors. Records have been shattered in other parts of the world as well in recent years.

In April-June 1998, 3,028 people died in the most disastrous heat wave to ever hit India.

In 1995, a five-day heat wave caused 525 deaths in Chicago, with the 106°F (41°C)

reading on July 13 the warmest July temperature ever measured.

Torrential rains and flooding

According to the available data, global warming has increased the intensity of

precipitation events over recent decades. In December 1999, for instance, Venezuela

saw its highest monthly rainfall in 100 years, with massive landslides and flooding that

killed approximately 30,000 people. On two days in the city of Maiquetia, rains fell with

an intensity normally experienced just once in 1,000 years.

Drought, forest pests, and wildfires

From 1998 to 2002, below-normal precipitation and high temperatures resulted in

droughts covering wide swaths of North America, southern Europe, and southern and

central Asia. Drought continued in some regions through 2004, including the western

U.S., which endured the most severe drought in 80 years and one of the most severe in

500 years. The worldwide drought has been linked to unusually warm waters in the

Indian Ocean and western Pacific, which many scientists vi believe to be caused in part

by global warming. Insect pests are spreading to forests previously too cold for their

survival; Alaska, for instance, had in the 1990s the world’s largest recorded outbreak of

spruce bark beetles. Drought, heat, and insect attacks promote severe forest fires. In

2004, Alaska had its warmest and third driest summer, resulting in its worst fire year on

record, with fires consuming an area of forest the size of Maryland. All told, over the

past 30 years, the area burned annually by wildfires in the Arctic region of western

North America has doubled. In Russia, the area of forest burned annually more than

doubled in the 1990s compared to the previous two decades.

Rising sea level

Sea-level rise is one of the most certain impacts of global warming. During the 20th

century, sea levels around the world rose by an average of 4 to 8 inches (10 to 20 cm),

ten times the average rate over the last 3,000 years. That rise is projected to continue

or accelerate further, with possible catastrophic increases of many meters if the ice

sheets on Greenland and/or Antarctica collapse. Already, one-third of the marsh at

Blackwater National Wildlife Refuge in the Chesapeake Bay has been submerged under
the sea, and the edges of mangrove forests in Bermuda are lined with recently drowned

trees. If sea level continues to rise, thousands of square miles of land in densely

populated areas such as the eastern U.S. and Bangladesh may be lost, and flooding

during storm surges will worsen. Construction of physical barriers such as seawalls

would be expensive and in some cases unfeasible

Shrinking snowpack and vanishing glaciers

Mountain snowpack constitutes a critical reservoir of fresh water, as well as the basis

for the four-and-a-half billion dollar U.S. ski industry. Over the past 50 years, spring

snowpack has diminished by 16% in the Rocky Mountains and 29% in the Cascade

Range, due mainly to rising temperatures. Furthermore, springtime snowmelt in the

western U.S. now begins 9 days earlier on average, lowering stream levels during the

dry summer months. It will be extremely difficult to solve the problem of crippling, long-

term water shortages in the West without addressing global warming. In almost every

mountainous region across the world, glaciers are retreating in response to the warming

climate. The shrinkage of glaciers is already creating water shortages, and threatening

tourism in scenic parks. In one basin in Glacier National Park in Montana, for instance,

two-thirds of the ice has disappeared since 1850; with uncontrolled warming, the

remaining glaciers could disappear by 2030. In the European Alps, ice that had hidden

and preserved the remains of a Stone Age man melted for the first time in 5,000 years.

Venezuela had six glaciers in 1972, but now has only two; these too will melt away in

the next ten years. In the Peruvian Andes, glacial retreat has accelerated sevenfold
over the past four decades. In Africa, 82 percent of the ice on Mt. Kilimanjaro has

disappeared since 1912, with about one-third melting in just the last dozen years. In

Asia, glaciers are retreating at a record pace in the Indian Himalaya, and two glaciers in

New Guinea will be gone in a decade.

Water pollution
 A. What is the purpose of the study?

The purpose of the study is the authors would like to acknowledge the people

how the effect of water pollution on our health, and acknowledge us how we stop the

water pollution on our environment in a simple ways.

B. What theory was used and how did it help strengthen the study?

The theory was prepared by Muhammad Faheem Malik, Asma Javed, Sidra

Arshad, Nayab Asif, Sharon Zulfiqar and Jaweria Hanif, who studying the water

pollution, the impact of it on our environmental, on our health and specially on our

everyday life.

C. What are the variable being measured in the study.

They are two variable of this study the health and the water pollution, the variable

measured in the study is focused on the health of the people on every country, what

is the impact of it on the health of people and what will be the impact of it on our

environmental resources.

D. Enumerate the statement of the problem of the study.

Bacterial diseases

Untreated drinking water and fecal contamination of water is the major cause of

diarrhea. Campylobacter jejuni spread diarrhea 4% to 15% worldwide. Fever, abdominal

pain, nausea, headache are major symptoms of diarrhea. Good hygienic practices and
use of antibiotics can prevent this disease. Disease cholera is caused by the

contaminated water. Vibrio Cholerae is responsible for this disease. This bacterium

produces toxins in digestive tracts. The symptoms of this disease are watery diarrhea,

nausea, vomiting and watery diarrhea leads to dehydration and renal failure. Anti-

microbial treatment is used to get rid of this disease. Shigellosis is a bacterial disease

caused by Shigella bacteria. It affects the digestive tract of humans and damages the

intestinal lining. Watery or bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, vomiting and nausea are

symptoms and it can be cured with antibiotics and good hygienic practice.

Salmonellosis infects the intestinal tract. Salmonella bacteria are found in contaminated

water and it results in inflammation of intestine and often death occurs. Antibiotics are

prescribed for this disease

Viral diseases

Hepatitis is a viral disease caused by contaminated water and infects the liver.

Jaundice, loss of appetite, fatigue, discomfort and high fever are symptoms of hepatitis.

If it persists for a long time it may be fatal and results in death. Vaccine is available for

hepatitis and by adopting good hygienic practice; one can get rid of this disease [27].

Encephalitis is inflammatory disease spread by bite of infected mosquitoes. Culex

mosquito lays their eggs in contaminated water. Most people don’t show any symptoms

but some symptoms are headache, high fever, muscle stiffness, convulsions however in

severe cases coma and paralysis results. No vaccine is available for this disease [28].

Poliomyelitis virus is responsible for poliomyelitis. Sore throat, fever, nausea,

constipation and diarrhea and sometimes paralysis are symptoms of poliomyelitis.

Vaccine is available for this disease [28]. Gastroenteritis is caused by different viruses
including rotaviruses, adenoviruses, calciviruses and Norwalk virus. Symptoms of

gastroenteritis are vomiting, headache and fever. Symptoms appear 1 to 2 days after

infecting. Sickness can be dangerous among infants, young children and disabled

person

Parasitic diseases

Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by the cryptosporidium parvum. It is

worldwide disease and symptoms are diarrhea, loose or watery bowls, stomach cramps

and upset stomach. Cryptosporidium is resistant to disinfection and affects immune

system and it is the cause of diarrhoea and vomiting in humans. Galloping amoeba is

caused by the Entamoeba histolytica and affects stomach lining. This parasite

undergoes cyst and non-cyst form. Infection occurs when cyst found in contaminated

water and it is swallowed. Symptoms are fever, chills and watery diarrhea . According to

WHO, diarrheal cases Haseena/Malik 18 Environ Risk Assess Remediat 2017 Volume

1 Issue 3 are about 4 billion and results in 2.2 million deaths . Giardiasis is caused by

Giardia lamblia. Cells of intestinal lining may become injure. Giardia is resistant to wintry

temperature and disinfectant. Sometimes it is known as travelers’ disease. People

suffering from giardiasis have symptoms bloating, excess gas, watery diarrhea and

weight loss .

E. Who are the benefactor of the study?

This study was conducted at Department of Zoology, University of Gujrat, Pakistan

during 2016- 2017 as a term paper for Master of Philosophy. The data regarding water

pollution and human health was obtained and compiled through a thorough review of

various published research articles of international reputed journal and relevant books.

Water covers about 70% Earth’s surface. Safe drinking water is a basic need for all

humans. The WHO reports that 80% diseases are waterborne. Industrialization,

discharge of domestic waste, radioactive waste, population growth, excessive use of

pesticides, fertilizers and leakage from water tanks are major sources of water pollution.

These wastes have negative effects on human health. Different chemicals have

different affects depending on their locations and kinds. Bacterial, viral and parasitic

diseases like typhoid, cholera, encephalitis, poliomyelitis, hepatitis, skin infection and

gastrointestinal are spreading through polluted water. It is recommended to examine the

water quality on regular basis to avoid its destructive effects on human health. Domestic

and agriculture waste should not be disposed of without treating.

F. What related studies were employed in the study what gap it the current

study?

Water pollution is a global issue and world community is facing worst results of

polluted water. Major sources of water pollution are discharge of domestic and

agriculture wastes, population growth, excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers and

urbanization. Bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases are spreading through polluted

water and affecting human health. It is recommended that there should be proper waste

disposal system and waste should be treated before entering in to river. Educational

and awareness programs should be organized to control the pollution.

G. What are the methods used in the study?

a) G1. Design

b) G2. Sampling Procedure

c) G3. Participants

d) G4. Instruments

e) G5. Data Gathering

f) G.6 Statistical Treatment

H. Discuss the result of the study and how these finding to solve the problem.