EGIE-ILLINOI8 ST RE corroration FOREWORD 'N the following page is given condensed and rearranged translation of “Eredruck, Exwiderstand und Tragfahighet des Baugrundes Gesichtspunkte fur die Beeehnang” by Dr. Ing. H. Krey, published in Germany in 1925. In this book ist forth a system of design generally accepted as modern practice in Europe, Dr. Krey maintains that, since the base assumptions of earth conditions are therstieal and may vary, to Into. duce subsequent calculations based on higher mathematics, or to carey out the Sgutes Into decimal, i useless because of the orginal inaccuracy. ‘The lateral loads on a stcl sheet piling wall, a determined by the Krey principle, ‘re somewhat less than those derived by the Rankoe-Coulomb method as set forth 08 pages 20 6. In the former the relieving effect of the friction of the earth upon the wall taken into account and it is neoessary, therefore, to determine this fretional value 18 well asthe weight and angle of repote of the eaeth. Dr. Krey emphatically reeon ‘mends that extremely careful teste be made to determine these characteristics of the cath to be death with ‘The use of the Kiey method will reult in a saving of material and the following ‘translation is offered to those of the Engineering profession desgaing sel shet piling struetutes who are wiling to perform the additional preliminary work necesney inorder to avail themselves of this economy.CARNEGIE-ILLINOIS STEEL CORPORATION s LATERAL PRESSURES ON WALLS Retaining walls are subjected to lnteral pressures from the fllowing load conditions: 1 Water 2. Bath. 5. arth submerged in water or combination st diferent elevations of: 44 Water and earth mbmerge in water. 5. Rarth and card submerged in water ‘Conditions 2 and § may be supporting s surcharge lod which produees sitions lateral presire. In the construction of auch wall, stcel sheet pling may act as cantilever and, if the height of the wall is great, ay be braced or tied back to anchor, 0 as t0 ring it ito the sondiion ofa beam Support at both ende: Th any event, the strength of the sted pllog between the supports should be Saftcent to sustain the lateral presines, and Re penetration into frm sil mst he sich ae to prevent ‘movement at the tos. 1, WATER PRESSURES. The direction of water prescure on an immerse plane is alway normal to te plane ‘The fundamental law of liquid presses apply fellow pressure in pounds per square fot wt depth I depth of water in feet seem weght of seubie fot of water in pounds Nr nb25 for eah mater and 64.0 for salt wate. ‘andthe total lout on the wall, P, from the water level to the frst apport ath et, is ° Wire, in pounds por foot f width ‘The total loa ig distributed oF applied as illustrated in ‘Triangle A, Fig. | adjoining ‘The total loud, Po, can be considered ae concenteated at = ret Aistance of 34 from the bottom. "The product Py x36 his uel in the ealalaion of the overturn momen in a ella eoferdam, “The following table will prove useful in giving the values of py and Py fr various depths of fresh water ‘TABLE 5, HYDROSTATIC PRESSURES ‘Unit Bottom and Total Pressures on Surface One Foot in Width r g ae: bP oi a |e |B i. of a | Eis | S| is *) alas] a | 9 | gee aa as] jo | q | RB? |) Lobe |i | Bt | | Be (tatins ropn,fpeg 1, relent the aw of hydrotatin)CARNE 1. CORPORATION 2 EARTH PRESSURES. Krey’s method of ealeulating earth pressures dtfers chiefly Ja the following respects from the Rankine-Coulomb method, given on pages 2 to 6: (Friction of the earth on the wall is taken Into account. The tine of Action of the earth pressure iy therefor, inclined to the horizontal, ‘usually having a downward component, depending on the probable relative motion of the earth and wal t incipient faire, (2) The total earth prosaure, considered a concentrated load, acts, not st the height from the bas, asin triangle A, Fig. 1, page 89s but Slightly higher than thi 1 ie considered that, i failure of the wall were to ooour, the prism of earth ODE, as ilstrated in Fig. 100 adjoining, would slide the right and downward along plane DO ealed the “slide line.” ‘While doings, the earth prism would exert on the all the force Py at an angle p to the normal to ‘he wall surface, (orto the horiootal ifthe walls the wall’ Th arder to resin failure, this free would have to be balanced by the equal and opposite resistance ofthe wall, namely the foe R, For the ‘arth wedge ODE to be in equilibrium, it weight W, must be balanced by two other foro, the resistance Te of the wall and the force Q exerted on it by the earth underneath ore Q acts at an angle ¢ to the normal to the surface on which sliding occurs, and # & the frietion angle of earth on earth, or the natural angle of repose. ‘The angle # of the “slide ie” is unknown and ia ‘not the stme as the angle of repose #. ‘The weight W, i aso unknown, depending on the angle ¢. The Initially unknown angle 8 which the “slide Tins” makes withthe horizontal is determined a that angle for which the foree P= ie maxim, ‘There are several methods of finding the maximum P, for any combination of angles, and all of which, however, are complicated. ‘To avoid making thse involved caleuation for each ena the ric ‘mum values of earth presute oefcents have been determined for many diferent combination of anges, ‘nd are tabulated as dimensionless numbers ia Tables 80,31, and 2 following, denoted by the symbol K. sssumes that the diferenee Axexplained more lly on page 43 ,the variation of the unit earth pressure with depth isnot repre- sented exactly by a senght line, but by a slightly curved line, ast the rght of the dotted ine in Fig. 101. This means, in strict accuracy, Ube the Increment of the prenre is not constant asi. the Rankine-Coulom method (page 2, paragraph 2a)) Dut ie somewhat greater nea the top thaa near the bottom. For practical purposes, however, Krey negligible and that the total presture is proportional to the square of the depth. On that basis the increment ean also be assumed as constant over the whole depth. Furthermore, while the earth presure has x down ard. component, he assumes thal it ean, for Dractical purpose, be taken as acting horizontally (ee page 44)CARNEGIE-ILLINOIS STEEL CORPORATION “ ‘The earih pressure may then be transfered to an equivalent horizontal liquid presure as follows: 1 ps isthe inerement, in pounds per square foot, corresponding top. for water, then Po ‘The fundamental laws of liquid pressures then ‘apply, and the pressure in pounds per square foot A depth hn eet, in ‘The total load on the wall P., fa pounds per foot of width, i ‘The total load ie distributed or applied shown by the modified triangle A, Fig. 101 adjoining TABLE 30. EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS—K ‘Wall Vertical arth Surface Horizontal 3-40 P Positive (Pressure has Dowavard Component) xl ANGLE OF RENORE, —@ . +" Tl] |S foe |S lo [Sle [Slo [Slew fo] + 0] 0320.01 [o4e [oe |e0| om ae | oz ae (85 | io) oe |e | be Ost Ok tt | a 88 |o.aa| ode || aio | m0. [nao ats |o-e| oi || Oa [asa ore o3| te te Si) GSS S94NOIS STEEL CORPORATION TABLE 31. EARTH PRESSURE COEFFICIENTS—K Wall Vertical Earth Surface Inclined at an Angle to Horizontal 3 P Positive (Pressure has Downward Component) | we oe ToS lar) & ello = ae + |= [S| el =[s[- [Sle [Slo [sole le] + 55 | 8 | ogz | 038 | 6 | Gat | 8 TABLE $2, EARTH PRESSURE CORFFICIENTS—K Wall Vertical arth Surface Inclined at an Angle to Horizontal i490" ‘P Positive (Prewure has Downward Component) Yates of for Active arth Promare ‘ANGLE OF RETOSE, svcee, 7 = vce, + "le Sle |S ws | St | 83 | cae | oat Boor | O35 | oe | Oa | Ot ‘Boow | ass | ae | ot | Sa oe" | adie | om | Oh | o0 fis | O38 | OeCARNEGIE-ILLINOIS STEEL CORPORATION « ‘The values to be used for the unit weight of the earth we the angle of Tepose 4, and the fec- ton angle of the earth ‘on the wall shouldbe ‘determined in every cave by an actual tat of the particular kindof earth encountered. ‘The angle of be found by heaping up a pile of the ‘and. measuring the greatest ange of the ‘Side of the pile Ifthe earth wll be entirely or partly submerged, the angle should be measured in alr ale, ence this urtally dereases the ction ‘The frietion angle p of the earth on the wall depends to some extent on the roughness af Ube latter ae well arom Uhe nature ofthe sol. Tt ean never exer the earth-on-earth fiction angle, but may vary between * and zero. This angle an be determined by test, but may be estimated ‘Sowely enough from the value of #, when this has tom determined. H. Blam states thatthe feton gle p of earth on steal 35 10 34 & ‘More important than the actual value of this {tition angle the direction of the earth pressure, ie whether the vertical component acts upward fr downward. ‘This ean be. determined by” care Fully studying how the wall would move i tared to fal, and fn which diretion th earth particles ‘woulda on itat varias level. For the majority of cans, the component aets downward, and the XK factors given in Tables 30, 1 and 32 are to be ‘ind An exception would be where the earth under the walls more yielding than the Siig behind the ‘rally in which ease the earth pressure might have cep slope upward, Careful thought should be given tothe posible fect of vibrations. In most cases thas re absent, thu in the vicinity of rllon! tracks, eranes, of tmhen blasting is done nearby, not only may’ the ingle of repose of ‘the eaeth icf and the Fretion angle p of the earth on the wall be Aeereased, at the temping tion af repeated ‘vibrations may so change the pressure conditions that the preesure of the fll behind the wall ne ‘rennin itis equal to the fall weight of the ‘olumny or K = unity. Por cas where tts known that vibrations are likely to oesur, Krey recone Inends that be ‘deerened somewhat from the ‘values determined by testy and that 9 be assumed 1 Inerease uniformly from sero atthe earth surface {ots fall tate value at depth bo, for ampicty, hay be taken as aero over the upper half of the tall and at its full stati value over the lower half orithe wal, “The effect of submergence in water and of action of vibrations ilstented by Table 3 following, ving the results of experiments by. Krey.” Tae flues ave iuatratse only and are nol to be used Tne eteuations exerpl an a rouh guide. Tn hry cane the angle shouldbe determined by teas TABLE $3. VALUES OF FRICTION ANGLE OR ANGLE OF REPOSE ¢. ro} mone | ‘Sere nd (Grins 0566 0048 a). | 32°30" DISTRIBUTION OF EARTH PRESSURES, According to Krey's theory, the distribution of the earth preaures along the height of the walle uot represented exactly by a triangle. ns Instead of the hypotenuse ofthe triangle being straight, ss illstrated by the dotted line, Fig. 102, adjoining, iis the slightly conver, slid line” Consequently, the point of application of the total load Py considered as acon fentrated fore, is not at a distance of 35 h above the bottom, but slightly higher up He gives the following emplreal method for lenting hin point of apliation, See Fig, 102 [At a distance 14 B from the base of the triangle A ‘the horiontal lin surface ofthe earth with sheet plling wall tL’. Through this point draw line MM” parallel to the upper earth surface, henoe at angle & to the horizontal Oa MM’ lay XY, intersecting the contact‘off distance L/N equal to Yo the height of the wall, ‘Through point N draw the line of action of the total load oF fore, P., at an angle to the horiaoatal ‘The interwection with the contact surface of the earth and wall at Lis the point of application of the total load, P When there is «surcharge load, the distribution of the combined lateral loads due to the surcharge snd earth i illustrated by a trapezoid rather than a teangle, andthe line XY is drawn through the center of gravity of the trapezoid (we Fig. 106, page 46). Similarly, when only a section of height h of the wall lis being considered, the distribution ofthe lateral loed it trapeoidal, and the line XY is drawn through the center of gravity of the traperoid, while the distance L’N, Fig, 103, page 3 is made equal to Yeh Krey recommends that, once the diretion and point of application of the total lod Pe have been ‘determined, this force be considered as scting horizontally, stating that, in view of the unavoidable war certainty of the various factors, such a refinement as resolving the free to obtain tx horiaontal component Ie hardly justifiable (2) Level Bank, ‘The earth pressure is transferred to an equivalent horizontal liquid pressure, By ia pounds per square fot, at follows, and p, i the increment in pounds per squate Tool corresponding to Pe for water. Then ‘where st, = weight per eubie foot of earth in pounds. ‘and K. — coofiient fom Table 30 forthe ange of repose + ‘ofthe earth and the friction angle p of the earth on the sheet piling wall, as determined by tents of the ol ‘The fundamental laws of quid pressures then apply, which ves, as strated in Fig. 105 edjoning, and Bh Ke ls the presure in pounds per square foot at any depth by feet ‘The total london the wall, P, In pound per foot of width, oe Pati ‘The total load is applied or disrtuted approximately as illustrated in the modied triangle A in Fig. 108 above, and the point of appliation of the equivalent concentrated load i at pot L, b= 30 foe, 4 32°30. 2 = Approximately 3§ x 32° 30° ~ 22 fn, = 90 pounds per eubie foo, K = 0.27, from Table 30. . ~0271 0x" 10976 pound pr fot of wih (Thais tou 10 pr cea oer tha ard bythe Raskin Colon men) Dita of pon fain Lore the bottom 9040 = 1.1 fetCARNEGIE-ILLINOIS STEEL CORPORATION s ample 2 With Vibration, Lat the conditions be the aatne asin Example 1 but subjected to continuous vibration. See Fig. 104 adjoining Lee = 35°, 2, = 000 upper all of wal = 34 25" — 16° on Tower hal of wal, fr 25 eet hv Lasteet For upper haf of wal, K = 0406, from Table 80 Pe = 0408 60318 = 0 pounds per fot of width ‘This le the total presure in pounds per foot of width scting ta dtan om te btom 18 + 220 fet For lower half of wall, From Table 30, by interpolation, K — 0.368, ‘Preaure at top of bottom section, p," hv = 0.888 x 90 x 18 ~ 400 pounds per square fot, Preeeure at bottom of bottom section, "b+ py" bY = 400 + 0.368 x90 X18 ~ 490 + 400 ~ 980 pounde per quate fot ‘Total presure on lower half of wall, P," 2015+ 0 x 191,005 pounds ge foot of with ‘Total presure on entire wal, ~ 1,025 + 4,110 ~ 15,135 pound per fot of width. ‘This i almost 80 per cont greater than for Example 1 Disaster ty 1 abv, MS QS BB (I) a a at ef gpa fh ad th tn, ‘. Titan y cers Bun 0 ee 0) Sant es hs ibd ys hts veo ae oa mig aerating an ee ee Bd fe aceon ei haar eo Interpolation between the values in Tables 20 and 31, oF 31 snd 32 ‘The problem i astated in Fig, 105, adjoining. Brample 3. b= 26 eet, 6 <3 a0. 8 a0, p 30°30. ‘re = 98 pounds per ele footINOIS STEEL CORPORATION From 1 ble 31, for 8 — + 10", K ~ 0.82 for those angles and from Table 82, for 8 = 430%, K = (about) 050. Interpolatng betwen these values for 8+ 20°, K— OAL approximately by Pe wl 04 05 2% = 19,0 pounds pr foot of with Distance of point of application of total lod, P, above bottom, hh 3710 25 X(}4 — Yo sin 20° + Mo eos 20° tan 42° 30°) ~ 897 fect. b in 8 +B cod tan o = (surcharge Lend. For the case of a surcharge lod, Krey's method docs not ifr in principle from the neh previously explained om page 2. In detail tier to the extent that the surcharge To sonsered equivalent tan additional lad for height ual to Sm inet, in which wis the surcharge load in pounds per square foot, and. er eubie fot ‘the weight of the earth in pounds ‘The nteral pressure pin pounds por square foot, due to the surcharge alone, Ie BOW Kee oF aK we ‘where K = eolfilent fom Table 30. ‘The Interal pressure pe not subject to the laws of guid prétures but it «uniform load throughout Ah Bh in ety of then wal nth tal lod pounds per ot of ih de tothe sr Figure 108, adjoining, shows a pling wall ‘which retains earth pressure and is loaded With esutehagge of allroad ears of pled ‘materials which inereaes the lateral pes sure. ‘The total load, de to the sureharge lone, is applied or distrbuted as ilu trated in rectangle B. ‘The lateral loads, de tothe earth ade lone are ealeulated as described in (a) preceding, and since thie pressire i lquid, the total oud fr these earth Toads ls trated in modified triangle A ‘The pressure in pounds per square fot, T7777 ny point tet from the top of the wal, Pe due to surcharge and arth is, therefore, where K.~ coeficieat from Table 90,CARNEGIE-ILLINO! STEEL CORPORATION « "The total lateral load on the wal, i pounds per foot of width, ‘The lin of action of this combined loud or force pases through pont Ist diatanor in fet from the bottom equal to Bic (MEBEM «Beane minh) v%. = 780 pounds per square foot TT = 80 pounds per cube foot or x = a 20 fest 800, from Table 30 0 750 _ 8 3 fet, beight of an equivalent column of exrth, & K = 856% 300 90 3010 ~ 28 pounds per agar fo ean in pide rot fo Dee teat 300 x00 x 12150 pound Du tomrtane 28x00 = gn ‘otal end 900 ih frm btm = 20 (28 E 4% 80280) 480 ag aye 287 fet. 2 ‘EARTH SUBMERGED IN WATER. Krey's method of allowing for the efeet of submergence of ‘arth in water is exactly the same in principle as already explained in assumption 2 on page 4, thatthe {ull hydrostatic presure is assumed Lo act horizontally and the weight of arth i rediord by the amount ofthe buoyaney produced by the water. ‘Thus is the percentage of voids inthe material, the weight ofthe dey earth And the weit of wate, hen the bere wt ofthe ath in pounder ae meen it (2) Sebmerged Barth on On Side Only. Let wee» — Weight, In pounds, ofa eubie foot of earth submerged in water, ‘The problem i illustrated in Fig, 107, adjoining. ‘The presure due to water only (eee paragraph 1, ge B-I8) in pounds per square foot at depth h nfet, = where ms =625 pounds for fresh water and 64.0 pounds for aul water shore K’ is eoefcient from Table 30 forthe angles 4” and appropriate for earth submerged in water,« CARNEGIE-ILLINOIS STEEL CORPORATION due to water and submerged earth, in pounds per aquare fot at depth I ce they do not actin Uhe same direction, -Appronimately, however, ‘The total pressure, p feet are not added drely, Praeh = Wek KM ine e ‘The total lond due to water only, in pounds per Foot of width, ix Peotin ‘This acts horizontally at a point 34 b above the lower earth level and is applied or distributed as ‘lustrated in triangle A, in Fig. 107, page 47. “he otal Ind due to submerged earth onl, n pounds per foo of wth, Peek nome, ‘This load, applied or distributed as iustrated in modified triangle A, horizontal through point Lata distance of facts at angle oto the JS fh tan fet above the totem. ‘andthe total combined load due t earth and water i ws = 625 pounds per eubie foot wr dey) S000 ee 1 (voids in earth) = 40 percent e Cast of fir. & 2 25 fet, K = 0.361, from Table 30 100 40 2.5 pounla per euble fot. wen = 901005580 625 — 52.5 pounds per cube “Te nd dae to eter 5625 2 — 19.650 pounds per ot of width setiog a dinar of 35 838 et rom he bottom Theo eo aber ath ny eng = 0961 825 x 29 pound per fot fwd ‘This load sete at angle of 17°30" to the horizontal at distance of 83 +25 tan 17° 30" ~ 0.12 fet from the bottom. Approximately, the to separate lod ean be considered at replaced by «single load Paya = Pe + Posen = 19,350 + 5,923 ~ 25,488 pounds per fot of width.CARNEGIE-ILLINOIS STEEL CORFORATION « (8) Sabmerged Harth on One Se, Water on Other Side Fig. 108 adjoining, illustrates the problem, ‘The water pressures on the two sides balance; hence, the total presse i that of the wbmerged earth only ‘The presure per square foot at any depth h fect is, therefore, ‘The total lateral pressure, in pounds per fot of width, i PemenKmeime 1 ie the coeficent from Table 30 for the appropriate values toe of and “The lorntion ofthe point of application 1 is outlined on page 48. 4. COMBINATIONS OF WATER AND EARTH 9 surcharge loud, this means to their equivalent SUBMERGED IN WATER. The problem of caleu- Tating the loads for the vartout combinations resolve ieelf into reducing all of the individual ‘conditions, which eanse the lateral Toad on the liquid preures ‘The individual Loads re. com- ‘ined, after each one is stv a before desrbed, fad the total load laterally on the wall for the ‘ost usual conditions, ate bet illastrated by the tall, tothe individual lateral loads. For all except following sketches with the lod diagra “The symbols shown inthe sketches have been developed in the three preceding paragraphs but for ‘convenient reference they are summarized as follows All eight (h and’) ane in feet all presses (P, ete) are km pounds per square fot; all degrees gle in [avivalentLigsid Lateral Prenare pe = Water pe Barth only ews — Barth submerged in water. Donk — Combined water and earth submerged in water. Unitrly Distributed Lateral Preeure b= Due tomarchargelond wy, ln pounds per square Foot Anes $= Angle of repose of earth $ —T Anse of repose of arth submerged in water >, — Friction angle of exeth on steel shet piling wal. Brietion angle of entth submerged in water on vet sheet piling wal, Lateral Proware Coeticente IK. = Coofcent a read from Table 30 for angles # and K’ = Conflient for earth submerged in water ae read fom Table 30 for anglesCARNRGIE-ILEIN! Cont Reena ‘After the Ineral loud on the sheet piling wall have boen detennined by the above methods the subsequent procedure leading to the final design of the abeet piling structure ie ouilined on pages To 14 and 28 to 37.