Aus Conference 2017 Ak Ipvdelft Pres-Footbridge Design-25-S-03 3 PDF

Design of Footbridges
Dutch solutions for bicycle and pedestrian bridges
Adriaan Kok • ipv Delft & The Netherlands

ipv Delft creative engineers • Dutch Design Manual for Footbridges
mail: adriaankok@ipvdelft.nl • Dutch Regulations for Footbridges

website: ipvdelft.nl or ipvdelft.com • Dutch Design drivers & solutions
8th Australian Small Bridges Conference • Lessons Learned
27-28 Nov 2017, Surfers Paradise Australia
bridges
ipv Delft
• infrastructure
• urban furniture
• architecture
• lighting
footbridge footbridge aquaduct
bench footbridge footbridge tunnel
canopy footbridge lamp shade bicycle parking

bridges
ipv Delft
• Footbridges
CROW publication 342 Summary CROW publication 342
Dutch, by ipv Delft English, by ipv Delft
BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES

BRIEF DUTCH
BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL DESIGN MANUAL
FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES FOR BICYCLE
As one of the Netherland’s main bridge design offices, ipv Delft has focused on
designing bicycle and pedestrian bridges for two decades. The company has used
their extensive experience in bridge design to write this publication. This design
AND PEDESTRIAN
manual focuses on the fundamentals of bridge design, answering practical questions
regardign issues such as bridge width and slopes. It also lists the things that should
be taken into account before starting on the actual design and it offers insight in
BRIDGES by ipv Delft
the Dutch regulations regarding loads and collision forces. General advice on cost re-
duction is also included and several of the company’s projects are shown to illustrate
the theoretical contents. The Brief Dutch Design Manual for Bicycle and Pedestrian
Bridges therefore is a vital source of both practical information and bridge design
inspiration.
This publication is an English summary of the Dutch Design Manual for Bicycle and
Pedestrian Bridges, which was published by CROW in 2014 and written by ipv Delft.
www.ipvdelft.com
www.crow.nl
ipv Delft creative engineers

+31 15 750 25 75
info@ipvdelft.nl
in cooperation with
Free Download:
ipvdelft.com / publications
Dutch Design Manual

Structure: Follows the Development Process
Traffic Network
Analysis of
Context
Requirements
Users
Design Checklist
Alignment
Design
Bridge Design
Development
Budget
Dutch Design Manual

Traffic Network Why

Analysis of
Context
Requirements
Users For Whom
Design Checklist
Alignment
Design
Bridge Design
Development
Budget What
Dutch Design Manual

Intended Users: All involved disciplines & stakeholders
• Management
• Urban Planning
• Architects

• Structural engineering BRIEF DUTCH
DESIGN MANUAL
• Traffic engineering
BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL
AND PEDESTRIAN
• Maintenance
regardign issues such as bridge width and slopes. It also lists the things that should
BRIDGES by ipv Delft
• Contractors
inspiration.
• Advocates
www.ipvdelft.com
www.crow.nl

+31 15 750 25 75
info@ipvdelft.nl
• Local stakeholders
in cooperation with
Dutch Design Manual

Intended Goal: Create Understanding
Between representatives of Technical & Social requirements
City
Officials
(social)
we
try
sho
we
u
ld !
Design(er)
we
tr
!
y
do
(technical)
(social)
(City) Citizens
Engineers Advocates
can’t we ? we try
(technical) (social)
Dutch Design Manual

Involvement of disciplines & stakeholders: De-Siloing the Process
Analysis of Requirements Design Development
Client Network Context Users Checklist Alignment Design
Management      
Engineering      
Traffic      
Urban planning      
Lighting     
Maintenance     
Consultants
Engineer      
Architect      
Subsoil    
Local
Businesses     
Citizens     
Advocates    
Contractor 
Dutch Design Manual

Traffic Network
Analysis of
Context
Requirements
Users
Design Checklist
Alignment
Design
Bridge Design
Development
Budget
Dutch Design Manual

The Netherlands
UK
Germany
France
Ita
ly
Spain
Context (international) The Netherlands in Europe

The Netherlands Australia
17 mln inhabitants 23.4 mln inhabitants
Context (international) The Netherlands compared to Australia

Sydney
307 km
Amsterdam
m
km
Rotterdam
0k
24
60
Canberra
Germany
Belgium
Context (national) The Netherlands compared to Sydney - Canberra Region

Sydney
Amsterdam
Rotterdam
Canberra
Meuse Rhine
Network (national) Dutch network compared to Sydney - Canberra Region

Network (national) transport over water and road
Network (international) The Netherlands, a hub for Europe
Foundation Piles
almost always
required
-4m
+8m
-7m
10 - 20 m
+ 10 m
• Marshy River Delta

peat, clay & sand
+ 322 m
26% below sea level
Context (national) ground level and subsurface conditions

1995 flood
Flood Risk Areas

26% below sea level
29% above sea level
risk of flooding by river
Context (national) flooding risk

- 15 ºC in Winter + 35 ºC in Summer
Context (national) 50 ºC temperature difference

Natural Constraints Exploring the world
Limited Resources Open to new ideas
Context (national) resourcefull by constraints

Travel Time bike & car
equal up to 7.5 km
15
km
ch
Bea
7.5 km
Amsterdam
rt
po
Air
Network (regional) travel time in dense populated areas

8 mln people
with all needs within
cycling distance
Amsterdam
Rotterdam
Eindhoven
Network (national) travel time in dense populated areas

Dutch King
• 18 million bikes
• > 14 million trips / day
• 35.000 km bike path
• 2500 km highway
• 8 million cars
Network (national) Cycling Facts

Network (national) need for a lot of bridges
Users
Not intended
Not intended vehicle,
Hooligans, ...
Determine
• Needed Space
• Road Planning
Regular
• Loads Occasionally
Cyclists, Pedestrians,
• Abuse Mopeds, Disabled vehicles Maintenance,
Prevention Emergency
Services
Special
Other
Disabled, Elderly,
Utility
Children
companies
...
Users all potential users

bridges
Users
bridge &
Intersecting
for a footbridge
crossing a road regular regular regular
special special special occasional
not intended not intended not intended other

75 cm 25 - 80 cm 25 cm
width sway distance
2,5 m vertical
clearance
Users cyclists measurements

32.5 cm 62.5 cm
railing wall
50 cm
extra width in curve
Users cyclists distance to objects

Deck Width Hovenring two lanes - two directions
cm 32.5 75 25 75 25 75 25 75 32.5
4.4 m
Users cyclists deck width

minimum width one way minimum width two way in curve
32.5 75 32.5 cm 32.5 50 75 25 75 32.5 cm
1.4 m 2,9 m
Users cyclists deck width

0,7 m 0,8 m 0,85 m
Users pedestrians measurements

max. 20 m max. 0.5 m
≥ 0,9 m
≥ 1,8 m ≥ 1,2 m
≥ 0,9 m
Users pedestrians deck width

∆ H > 13 m Railing min. 1.2 m →
∆ H 1-13 m Railing 1 m →
stairs & slopes min. Railing 0.85 m →
Australia (hand) railing height

pedestrians 1.2 m
cylists 1.4 m
disabled, children 0.7 m
Users railing height

Dutch Fx, Fy 3 kN/m
Australia Fx, Fy ? 0.75 - 3 kN/m (crowds)
Openings < 0.1 m (wire) - 0.125 m
Fy Fx
< 0.1 m
Ø 0.5 m
Users railing openings and loads

ipv Delft
• railing designs
type & infill
wire wire cable mesh
glass wood lamellas bars - balusters
structural structural structural decorative

Railing height ? Railing 1 & 1.4 m Railing 0.7, 1.2 & 1.4 m ?
cyclists cyclists
pedestrians pedestrians
children
1.4 m
1m
J. Pesch Bridge, Brisbane Toowong Crossing, Brisbane Proprietary Barrier Cairns
Users Australian railing examples

Users unintended use - climable railing
inward inclined wires cable mesh near petting zoo
Users unintended use - climable railing

standard anti-throw-screen
2.5 m
Users unintended use - anti-throw-screen

integrated stainless steel cable mesh anti-throw-screen
Users unintended use - anti-throw-screen

Concentrated Load 7 kN
0n surface of 0.1 x 0.1 m
Uniformly Distributed Load 5 kN/m² (5 kPa)

Reduction allowed using formula:
Uniform load = 2.0 + (120/bridge length +30) kPa
Allowed when no crowds are expected. With minimum of 2.5 kPa

Users pedestrians & cyclists loads

Maintenance Vehicle specifications
• 2 axles with a 3 m wheelbase;
• Axle load of 25 kN (2500 kg);
• 2 wheels / axle, with a 1.75 m track width;
• 0,25 m x 0,25 m contact surface / wheel.
Users standard maintenance vehicle loads

• 9 metric tons maintainance vehicle - Hovenring
Users Heavy maintenance vehicle loads

Unauthorized Vehicle specifications:
• 2 axles with a 3 m wheelbase
• Characteristic axle load of 40 kN & 80 kN
• 2 wheels per axle, with a 1,3 m track width
• 0,2 m x 0,2 m contact surface per wheel.
Users Unauthorized vehicle loads

min. 4.6 m - 7 m (no collision load)
vertical clearance
Users vertical clearance car traffic

Road Collision Load on Bridge Deck (Fdx) Eurocodes Dutch appendix
Highways 500 kN 2000 kN
Roads outside urban areas 375 kN 1500 kN
Roads within urban areas 250 kN 100 kN
carparks 75 kN 100 -200 kN
loads for bridges for all traffic types
Collision Load Reduction for

Clearances > 4.8 m
Collision Load reduces lineairly
4.8 m 100%
7.0 m 0%

Users collsion loads by car traffic on the bridge deck

Road Collision Load on Supports (Fdx) Eurocodes Dutch appendix
Highways 1000 kN 2000 kN
Roads outside urban areas 750 kN 1500 kN
Roads within urban areas 500 kN 1000 kN
carparks 50-150 kN 100 -200 kN
No Collision Load when

Distance support - axis closest lane
Highways > 20 m
Roads outside urban areas > 15 m
Roads wthin urban areas > 10 m
carparks > 5 m
Users collsion loads by car traffic on supports

Collision Loads Commonly used Signage Portals
Collision Loads Custom designed Anti-Collision Portals
Think Filter !
Collision Loads Anti-Collision Portals proven usefull

5.5 - 12 m vertical clearance
Users vertical clearance commercial vessels

30 m vertical clearance
Users vertical clearance sailing ships

Users sailing in the Netherlands
Alignment movable bridges to prevent large height differences
7.5 - 8.5 m vertical clearance
Users vertical clearance railroads

Ramp Success Factors
• Height Difference
• Grade
• Directness
• Alternatives
• Flat Stretches
Users - Alignment ramp success factors

Reducing Height Difference
• Minimize structural deck height
• Lowering crossed area
lowered intersection
Users - Alignment reducing Height Difference

Ramp Grade
11%
Ramp Difficulty: Z = H²/L
10%
9%
target normal
8% circumstances
7%
less wind nuisance
6% less comfortable
5%
4%
Max. Z = 0.2
3%
more wind nuisance
2% more comfortable
1%
Target Z = 0.075 Min. Z = 0.033
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
average grade (%) height (m)
Users - Alignment ramp grade

Directness, Alternatives, Flat stretches
95m 5.8%
265m, 2.1%
190m 2.9%
225m, 2.4%
200m 2.8%
25 m Flat stretches 105m 5.2%

• over 3 -5 m height
• in bends in ramp
• at end of ramp
Users - Alignment directness, alternative routes, flat stretches

Traffic Network Why

Analysis of
Context
Requirements
Users For Whom
Design Checklist
Alignment
Design
Bridge Design
Development
Budget What
Dutch Design Manual

Traffic Network
Finding the best bridge location
Analyse
• Network demand

- regular users
- number of users
A
• Route restrictions A’
• Adjacent route (A’, B’) B’
Dutch Design Manual

Network as Design Driver
dge
Bri
Ro
ad n t
me
alig
d
l r oa
i a
r t er
A
Hig
hw
ay
A
Cycle Network
2
Utilitarian
Recreational
Eindhoven Highway bridge Traffic Network - Alignment

e
r i dg
d B
a
Ro e
t i ng r i dg
i s B
Ex in g
xist
E
ing
en
0
43
118
d
Wi
New Bridge over On Ramp
350
1
25.60
talud 1:2
6189
50
d
3% R162
36728
oa
1981
6
al R
25.09
e r i
Art
Hig
19.81
0
350
New On Ramp
2
24.10
hw
544
19.40
R14
topboog
= R3000
24.50
ay
24.40
A
27.75+
2
24.15
621
8
R17
500
750
R148250
24.00
500
63
557
500
3500
19.68
0
350
500
R10885
19.79
58655
36292
19.54
20.99
LANGSDOORSNEDE
SCHAAL 1:100
Slagboom novotel op basis luchtfoto
Eindhoven Highway bridge Alignment by Traffic Engineers

19.30
20.79
19.10
Existing Road Bridge
Widening Existing Bridge
Eindhoven Highway bridge Existing Road Bridge

0
dge
43
118
Proposed Alignment ge ri
B rid ting
b
g xi s
• 5 Radii 16, 17, 108, 115, 145 m t in e
x is in g
• Varying Width 3.5 - 6.2 m E i d en
w
• Span Lenght ?
350
1
25.60
talud 1:2
Hig
6.2 m
h
6189
wa
50
16 m
3% R162
36728
1981
6
A2
25.09
a d
l Ro
e r ia 19.81
0
Ar
350
2
24.10
544
m
n Ramp
19.40
R14
topboog
= R3000
3.5 m
New O
145
24.50
24.40
27.75+
24.15
17 m
621
8 6.2 m
R17
500
750
R148250
4.00
500
63
108 m
115 m
557
500
3500
3.5 m 0
0
350
500
R10885
58655
36292
3.5 m
Eindhoven Highway bridge Analysis Proposed Alignment 1

20.99
SNEDE Slagboom novotel op basis luchtfoto
20.79
19.30
*
* *
*
*
e
*
*
g
ge
*
d
*
*
Optimized Alignment r i
*
*
*
d b
*
* ASLIJN TRACE
Bri
*
*
*
g
*
*
n
ix sti
*
*
* *
*
*
*
*
Using Grasshopper plugin for Rhino
in
*
*
*
e
ist
*
*
ng
*
*
*
Ex eni
*
*
*
• 2 Radii
*
*
*
*
*
wid
19, 130 m
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* * VOEG OVERGANG VIADUCT
*
*
*
• 1 Width 4.5 m
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
• 1 Span Lenght 17 m
*
*
*
Overgang bestaand viaduct (KW8) naar nieuwe brug,
nieuw tracé over toerit (KW7)
*
Start overgang van lessenaars- naar dakprofiel
*
WERKGRENS
*
*
Positie landhoofd brug over toerit (KW7)
* Uitvoering nader te detailleren.
*
eg
Hig
* VOEG
w *
*
er
BRUG OVER OPRIT - AANLANDING
*
k k *
*
Fo *
*
ny
*
ho *
h
t
*
*
An
19 m
*
wa
R19120
*
*
*
*
17 m
*
*
*
*
eg *
A2
*
w *
er 25.09
*
kk *
*
Fo *
*
y *
on
*
*
*
th
ad
*
An
*
*
*
*
o
*
*
*
*
*
l
*
*
a
*
*
eri
*
* 19.81
*
*
*
Art
*
*
* 24.10
*
*
4.5 m
*
19.40
*
*
p
topboog
am
* = R3000
*
R
*
O n
* *
*
*
New
24.50 *
*
Eventueel benodigde afscherming van
steunpunten langs toerit nader detailleren.
*
*
* * *
24.40 * R19120
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
* *
*
*
R130000
*
*
24.15
ASLIJN TRACE
*
*
*
19 m *
*
* *
Positie landhoofd brug over toerit (KW7)
*
Uitvoering nader te detailleren
*
*
Onderzijde steunpunt, poer of positie watergang
* *
zo uitwerken dat de beoogde functionaliteit
van de watergang is gewaarborgd.
*
*
*
*
24.00
*
*
*
130 m
*
4.5 m
*
*
* * *
*
17 m
*
* * * * * *
*
*
* * * * * *
*
* * *
*
* * *
*
* * * * *
*
* * *
*
17 m
* *
*
* WERKGRENS *
*
* * *
*
*
* * * * *
* *
*
*
* * * * * *
*
19.5
*
* *
17 m
*
* * * * * * *
*
*
*
*
*
*
**
*
EINDE BESTAANDE BRUG

106.07
ARAMETERS IN FUNCTIE VAN DE COORDINATEN NIVEAU BRUGDEK
ANGS DE ASLIJN [m] NAP [m]
Eindhoven Highway bridge Optimized Alignment 1

HOOGTE HANDREGEL
NOORD
H1a [m]
HOOGTE HANDREGEL
ZUID
H1b [m]
HOOGTE BOVENREGEL
NOORD
H2a [m]
HOOGTE BOVENREGEL
ZUID
business area
entre sroad
city c acces
ad
s ro
s
ce
ac
Enschede Bridge Context

Business Area
Visibillity
Visibillity
New Bridge Old, Characteristic Trees
City Centre
Enschede Bridge Context - Alignment Constraints

bridge position
required height 4,6m traffic lights

line of sight
low traffic
light
2,5
stopping distance stopmarker
R 75 m (5x)
R 180 m (5x)
Enschede Bridge Final Alignment

prefab deck
1 pier type
Enschede Bridge Modular Construction

Facts & Figures
• bridge length 280 m
• ramp length 150 m
• width 3.5 m
• lightingelement
• budget: €2.0 million
• costs: €1.4 million
Enschede Bridge Facts & Figures

g e
B rid
a d dg
e
g Ro B r i
in ting
ist xis
Ex g E
nin
i de
W
Hig
hw
d
ay
a
Ro
Ne
l
A2
ia
ter
w
Ar
On
Ra
m p
Eindhoven Highway bridge Optimized Alignment 1

Only Railing
DROON
Highest Point Anti-Throw-Screen
DIUZ
20º
4.5 m
ZUID NOORD
3m
0º
a2H
b2H
α α
α α
1.2 m
H2b
H2a
H1b
H1a
a1H
b1H
PAN KEDGURB VIN NIV BRUGDEK NAP
GNIDRAHREV .K.B B.K. VERHARDING
grating
0.8 m
stainless steel edge element prefab concrete deck integrated lighting anti-throw-screen
( cable mesh infill )
Eindhoven Highway bridge Deck Principle On Ramp Bridge

DZUID
ROON NOORD
DIUZ
ZUID NOORD
* anti-throw-screen ( cable mesh infill )

*
78
4.54579
m 78
336 750 250 750 250 750 250 750 337
prefab barrier with

2.8 m lighting element
H2b
α
H1b
H1a
NIV
B.K. VER
reused
existing
cladding
new prefab concrete girders widened existing road bridge
Eindhoven Highway bridge Deck Principle Widened Existing Bridge

adaptive Anti-Throw-Screen
1 pier type
only high where required
Eindhoven Highway bridge Impressions

in height changing Anti-Throw-Screen

Existing Guide rail
Cladding Existing Bridge
Cladding & Barrier

with illuminated
translaucent panels

Cylists increase Waiting Time Cars
g e
B rid
a d dg
e
g Ro B r i
in ng
Exi
ist ti
Ex Exis
stin
g
nin
de
g
Wi
Of R
mpa
Hig
hw
d
ay
a
Ro
Ne
l
A2
ia Vertical Clearance
ter
w
Ar
On
• On Ramp +5 m
Ra
• Highway +7 m
m p
Eindhoven Highway bridge Possible improvements of the alignment

Network as Design Driver
dge
Bri
ad t 1
Ro
m en
alig
d
l r oa
i a 2
r t er en
t
A m
alig
Cycle Network
Utilitarian
Recreational
Hi
gh
wa
yA
2
Eindhoven Highway bridge Traffic Network Analysis - Alignment Options
Arterial Road Existing Road Bridge
Of Ramp
No Cyclists using
New
Traffic Lights
140 m
arian
Utilitari
Existing
On R
Utilit
amp
an
Recreational
tional
c r e a
Re Nearby Construction Site
Highway A2
arian
Utilit
Eindhoven Highway bridge Traffic Network Analysis - Alternative Alignment

60000 40000 60000
Arch Bridge PROJECT

Modular Truss Bridge 2000
EHN.20 FIETSVERBINDING ANTHONY FOKKERWEG-A2/N2

OPDRACHTGEVER
GEMEENTE EINDHOVEN
ONDERDEEL
AANZICHT CONCEPT 1
TEKENINGNUMMER DATUM VERSIE STATUS
EHN.20.SO.TEK.01 2.05.2017 0.9 CONCEPT PROJECT
GETEKEND SCHAAL EENHEID FORMAAT EHN.20 FIETSVERBINDING ANTHONY FOKKERWEG-A2/N2
4000
AANZICHT
SCHAAL 1:500
WW 1:500 MM A3 OPDRACHTGEVER
GEMEENTE EINDHOVEN
ONDERDEEL
Oude Delft 39 2611 BB Delft 015 750 25 75 info@ipvdelft.nl
V:\4_projecten\EHN.20_brug_A2-N2_Eindhoven\2_tekeningen\1_SO\DWG\EHN.20_2D-TEKENINGEN_v07(WW).dwg
AANZICHT CONCEPT 3
4995 EHN.20.SO.TEK.03 2.05.2017 0.9 CONCEPT
8000 GETEKEND SCHAAL EENHEID FORMAAT
WW 1:500 MM A3

55291
A-symmetrical Cable-stayed Bridge

PROJECT
EHN.20 FIETSVERBINDING ANTHONY FOKKERWEG-A2/N2
OPDRACHTGEVER
GEMEENTE EINDHOVEN
ONDERDEEL
Symmetrical Cable-stayed Bridge PROJECT
AANZICHT CONCEPT 2 EHN.20 FIETSVERBINDING ANTHONY FOKKERWEG-A2/N2

TEKENINGNUMMER DATUM VERSIE STATUS OPDRACHTGEVER
EHN.20.SO.TEK.02 2.05.2017 0.9 CONCEPT GEMEENTE EINDHOVEN

ONDERDEEL
GETEKEND SCHAAL EENHEID FORMAAT
AANZICHT AANZICHT CONCEPT 5
SCHAAL 1:500
WW 1:500 MM A3
EHN.20.SO.TEK.01 02.05.2017 0.9 CONCEPT
Oude Delft 39 2611 BB Delft 015 750 25 75 info@ipvdelft.nl GETEKEND SCHAAL EENHEID FORMAAT
AK 1:500 MM A3 (420x297)
Eindhoven Highway bridge Alternative Alignment - Bridge Options

V:\4_projecten\EHN.20_brug_A2-N2_Eindhoven\2_tekeningen\1_SO\DWG\EHN.20_2D-TEKENINGEN_v06(WW)(AK).dwg
Facts & Figures
• length main span 104 m
• lenght ramps 660 m
• width 5 m
• costs bridge € 1.5 million euro
• total costs € 8.2 million euro
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge

Eindhoven Highway bridge Modular Truss Bridge
4469
2000
750 250 750 250
2795
811
3750
1090
492
TOELICHTING
- OP DEZE TEKE
IPV DELFT
- DEZE TEKENIN
- PRODUCTIETEK
5500 -
WORDEN VOOR
ALLE MATEN
- PEILMATEN IN
- GRADEN IN HE
- COORDINATEN
PROJECT
GRA.01.Haal
Eindhoven Highway bridge Modular Truss Bridge

OPDRACHTGEVER
Provincie Fl
ONDERDEEL
AANZICHTEN
TEKENINGNUMME
IPV.00.VO.TE
Eindhoven Highway bridge Alternative Alignment - Cable-stayed Bridge
Advantages Arch Bridge
• Structurally / Cost Efficient
• No Piers in Highway
- No obstruction of sightlines
- Less hindrance due to construction
131.5 m

Facts & Figures
• length main span 104 m
• lenght ramps 660 m
• width 5 m
• costs bridge € 1.5 million euro
• total costs € 8.2 million euro
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge Reference

Grashopper Optimized Ramps
Eindhoven Highway bridge Ramps Arch Bridge Reference

hoogteverschil: ca. 8 meter
lengte: ca. 288 meter
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge Reference
Cables / Rods
5m
5000
3750
625 750 250 750 250 750 250 750 625
1.2 m
VERHOOGDE SCHAMPKANT
GEÏNTEGREERDE
VERLICHTING
CA. 200
N.T.B.
0,65 m
DOORSNEDE
AL 1:20
Concrete Deck Steel Edge Girders
PROJECT
EHN.20 FIETSVERBINDING ANTHONY FOKKERWEG
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Deck Cross Section

OPDRACHTGEVER
GEMEENTE EINDHOVEN
ONDERDEEL
PRINCIPE DEKDOORSNEDE MET VERHOOGDE SCHA
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Details Bridge Deck
Wishbone Configuration Leaning Arches Configuration
under construction under design
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Structural Optimization (Grashopper)

Narrowing Deck Grashopper model
Straight Deck Grashopper model
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Structural Optimization

Vertical Cable Alignment
Crossed, Netted Cable Alignment

Other Cable Alignments
21.1 m (1/6 L)
Arch Height

hand rail with Integrated Lighting
Infill - Stainless Stteel Cable Mesh
Extra High Curb / EdgeSCHAMPKANT

VERHOOGDE (0.2 m)
Integrated Arch Illumination

GEÏNTEGREERDE
VERLICHTING
CA. 200
0,2 m
N.T.B.
2%
0,3 m
0,65 m
Potential Damper
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Details Edge Girder & Railing
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Railing Infill
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Anti-Throw-Screen
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Arch illumination
hand rail with Integrated Lighting,
Wiring & fixation Points
top cable - Stainless Cable
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Details Railing

custom aluminium extrusion profile
LED deck lighting fixation point LED facial lighting
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Handrail Principle Hovenring

Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - Handrail Principle Hovenring
Eindhoven Highway bridge Arch Bridge - a Solution for All Requirements
a
Se
rth
No
7.5 km
Rijswijk The hague
recreational
route
Rijswijk Swing Bridge Network Analysis

Schie Canal
Rijswijk
3
Ha
rb
ou
r 4
A 4
ay
h w
i g
H The Hague
1
Rijswijk Swing Bridge Possible bridge locations in the context

Location 1: Fixed arch bridge
• preferred by department of waterways • ramps of 300 at 3.5% needed
• required vertical clearance of 7 m • estimated costs € 4 million
bikepath
tramtrack & road
bikepath/road
%
3,5
A 4
ay 7m
h w
hig
%
3,5
highway A4
Rijswijk Swing Bridge Possible bridges in the context

Location 2: Double drawbridge
• connects directly to existing routes • short steep 2.5 m high ramps

• no supports and fenders in waterway • estimated costs € 6 million
harbour entrance
3m
existing
bikepaths

Location 3: Asymmetric cable-stayed swing bridge
• less susceptible to windforces • ramps partly integrated in embankment

• supports and fenders in waterway • estimated costs € 4 million
3m

Location 4: Symmetric cable-stayed swing bridge
• bridges both canal and harbour entrance • ramps partly integrated in embankment
• lot of supports and fenders in waterway • estimated costs € 5.5 million
3m
obsolete
bridge

Preferred concept
• direct connection between existing routes
• minimal hindrance during construction
• estimated costs acceptable
RijswijkSwing
Rijswijk bridgeBridge
swing bridge at location
Concept 3
evaluation
ramps (H: 1.7 m)
integrated in route
turning space
RijswijkSwing
Rijswijk swingBridge
bridge Bridge
rampdesign
design
3m
21 m
Rijswijk Swing Bridge Bridge design

Pivot Point
Gear
Unit
Counter Weight
Maintenance
Platform

Maintenance
Platform

Facts & Figures
• length 110 m
• width 3,5 m
Rijswijk swing Swing

Rijswijk bridge Bridge
result, facts & figures
Result
Traffic Network
Finding the best bridge location
Analyse
• Network demand

- regular users
- number of users
A
• Route restrictions A’
• Adjacent route (A’, B’) B’
Dutch Design Manual

Traffic Network: Start with the Crossings
Because Crossings are: A

• Hard to Integrate
• Hard to Upgrade
• Advertisers / Kickstarters
• Gapclosers
Dutch Design Manual

Context
Location specific requirements & potential benefits
Analyse
• Urban Planning
A
• Local Wishes
A’
• Ecology
• Land Ownership
B’
• Cables and Pipelines
• Subsurface Conditions
• Potential Benefits
B
Dutch Design Manual

Context as Driver
prefab deck
1 pier type

Context as Driver
visibillity spare visibillity

commercial characteristic traffic
buildings trees lights
Enschede bridge Meandering Alignment Fitting in the Context

voor: Gemeente Heerhugowaard ontwerp ipv Delft © 2012
Heerhugowaard Station bridge Alignment Fitting in the Contect

Possible main span materials bonus
• steel no bonus
• stainless steel € - 125.000,-
• high performance concrete € - 175.000,-
• fiber re-inforced composite € - 175.000,-
main span contour
Heerhugowaard Station bridge Main Span Contour - Optimal Materials

Facts & Figures
• bridge length 154 m
• ramp length 120 m
• width 3.5 m mainspan, 4m straight slopes, 6 m corners
Main Span Ramps

High Performance Concrete On Site Concrete
Heerhugowaard Station bridge Maintenance Free Main Span

Haarlem submerged bridge Context
required height 2.5 m
rain water pump
Haarlem submerged bridge Cross Section

Facts & Figures
• length 110 m
• width 5 m
• slope < 4%
Haarlem submerged bridge Result

future technology museum
Hovenring Evoluon Light Needle
A2
Westcorridor Eindhoven
Eindhoven Hovenring Fitting in with existing landmarks
Waalwijk bridges Referring to history
ipv Delft creatieve ingenieurs
Facts & Figures
• length 7.9 m
• width 2 m
• costs: €92.000,-
ultra high strenght

concrete (UHSC)
Waalwijk bridges Referring to history - leading to innovation

Dronryp movable bascule bridge Referring to history
Steenwijk movable liftbridge An city entrance ready for the future
Facts & Figures
• length 20 m
• width 18 m
• costs: €1.200.000
• clearance width 8 m
Steenwijk movable liftbridge An city entrance ready for the future

Facts & Figures
• length 95 m
• width 18 m
• costs: €11.000.000
• clearance width 22 m
Gouda drawbridge low drawbridge fitting in with the Dutch landscape

Gouda drawbridge low drawbridge fitting in with the Dutch landscape
port railyard Structural Railing hanging Stairs Dyke
Rotterdam Waalhaven bridge sparing the context

foundation
abutment
steel pipe pile old bridge
Midden Delftland bridge sparing the context

1995 flood
Flood Risk Areas

26% below sea level
29% above sea level
risk of flooding by river
Context (national) flooding risk

more room : normal channel : normal
more room : high channel: high
Context (national) river retention types

floating roll-out-bridge hydrodynamic bridge
pop-up bridge hydrodynamic bridge
Context (national) bridge concepts to cross flooded area

porous dam floating bridge
williow bridge floating bridge

Floating concrete bridge

Floating concrete bridge - cross section

Floating concrete bridge - module princple

porous dam

Hydrodynamic bridge

Hydrodynamic bridge - cross section

Hydrodynamic bridge - low maintenance

hydrodynamic bridge - module princple

Hydrodynamic bridge
Olst Fortmond bridge hydrodynamic bridge to cross flooded area

Hydrodynamic bridge - low maintenance
Olst Fortmond bridge hydrodynamic bridge to cross flooded area

hydrodynamic bridge
Zwolle Westenholte bridge hydrodynamic bridge to cross flooded area

Tidal Floodplain Noordwaard ede
Merw
ew
river n
5.5 km
a
se
11 km
Depoldering Noordwaard bridges bridges for a tidal floodplain

water height +0.4 m -0.7 m water height to 2 m
water height +0.7 m - 1.35 m water height +2 m - 3 m

Bridge Types Tidal Floodplain Noordwaard
25 creek bridges 3 bridges in old dike
7 inlet / dike bridges 13 pumping stations

creek bridge

creek bridge
5.1 m
perch for birds steel railing 4.4 m

to dry wings spray metalized
with bronze steel railing 0.5 m
spray metalized 1m
with bronze
prefab concrete girders

porous concrete
on site cast edge
porous concrete
on site cast edge

Bronze Railing
seawater resistant steel railing

spray metalized with bronze (200 micron)

inlet / dike bridge

bridge in old dike

Birds Perch

Birds Perch - canoeist assist

Pumping Stations as Viewing Platforms
Depoldering Noordwaard pumping stations experience the tidal floodplain

Contextual Benefits
• Lowering intersection for
comfortable ramps
• Ramps as sound barriers
lowered intersection
Eindhoven Hovenring benefits from the context

Contextual Benefits
• Signage portals as high traffic filter

Contextual Benefits
• bridge deck casted directly on existing earth dam
• Using in soil casted piles
principeprofielen
3,5 m
stainless steel
railing

0,3 m eart
h da
m
in soil casted piles
Contextual Benefits
• bridge deck casted directly on existing earth dam
Breda Werkdonken bridge benefits from the context

Foundation Piles
almost always
required
10 - 20 m
Flood Risk Areas
26% by sea
29% by rivers
Context (national) ground level and subsurface conditions

Foundation: steel pipe piles
bridge directly mounted

on steel pipe piles
Context - foundation common pile types

Foundation: steel pipe piles
bridge directly mounted

on steel pipe piles

Foundation: steel pipe piles 1.25 m
6m 6m 6m

Foundation: concrete prefab piles

Foundation: concrete prefab piles

Foundation: steel sheet piles

Foundation: steel screw piles

List of requirements
Gathering all requirements
Design Checklist Network
Network Context
Context
Users
Br
Regulations
id
ge
us
Building Codes s ed
er
os s
s
r
C er
Us
Dutch Design Manual

Hot Dip Galvanized bolted structures in Australia
Bridge Design corrosion prevention

Hot Dip Galvanized bolted structures in Australia

Size of Hot Dip Galvanizing bath
determines maximum size structural parts

Hot Dip Galvanized bolted structures in the Netherlands
New Guardrail
Guardrail after approx. 15 years

Spray Metalizing with Zinc in the Netherlands
Bridge Design corrosion prevention - spray metalizing

Spray Metalized Structure without bolted connections

Bronze Railing
seawater resistant steel railing

spray metalized with bronze (200 micron)

required height 2.5 m
rain water pump
Bridge Design corrosion prevention - vacuum closed cross section

Facts & Figures
• length 110 m
• width 5 m
• slope < 4%
Bridge Design corrosion prevention - offshore coating

Composite deck - grip layer
Bridge Design decking materials

Wooden Deck - grip layers
Bridge Design decking - materials

Steel Deck - grip layer

Concrete Deck - grip layer

Ultra High Strength Concrete Deck - integrated grip

Structure above deck: structural railing
Bridge Design structural types




Structure above deck: cable-stayed bridge




Structure above deck: Arch bridge



Structure below & above deck

Structure below & above deck: lens truss

Structure below & above deck: lens truss

Structure below & above deck: irregular truss

Structure below deck

bridges
Structure
Below
Deck
steel concrete composite
prefab concrete steel steel steel
prefab concrete prefab concrete prefab / on site concrete prefab concrete

Prefab Concrete Decks
concrete + polystyrene infill on site + high strenght concrete concrete type tbd
DSAFKFJK;LJ;LAKJFASD
ASDLFKSAKJFH;SADF
ASDLFKSAKJFH;SADF
ASDLFKSAKJFH;SADF
\A'S;LDFKJLAKSFJLASDF
ASF;KASLFJASDF
ASF;KASLFJASDF
ASF;KASLFJASDF
33 3333 17 17 17
73 7373
Bridge Design structure below deck - materials

RSNEDE
EDE
ORSNEDE
0
Prefab Concrete Girders with custom edges

Prefab Concrete Girders with custom edges

Wooden structure

Composite structure

Composite structure

Steel structure with steel trough deck

Integration of functionality
Structure Design Integration of traffic lights, lighting and signage

Bridge Design bench as technical space

Integration of functionality - bench as technical space
F
Hydraulisch
) 01 : 1 ( A-A
Hydraulics Electrics Hydraulics
C
Bridge Design bench as technical space

Poem for the Integrated

waiting users • traffic signs
• lighting
• barriers
Bridge Design integration of poem, signs, lighting and barriers

Facts & Figures
• length 15 m
• width 4 m
• costs: approx. €900.000 Integrated
incl. excavation new canal & embankments • traffic signs
• clearance width 8 m • lighting
• barriers
Assen simple movable bridge with bench as technical space

A Thorough Analysis
Traffic Network Why

Analysis of
Context
Requirements
Users For Whom
Design Checklist
Alignment
Design
Bridge Design
Development
Budget What
Dutch Design Manual

Create Understanding
Between representatives of Technical & Social requirements
City
Immerse yourself in the Officials
Requirements of other (social)
Stakeholders and
we
become the Hub
try
sho
we
u
ld !
Design(er)
we
tr
!
y
do
(technical)
(social)
(City) Citizens
Engineers Advocates
can’t we ? we try
(technical) (social)
Dutch Design Manual

Start with the Crossings
Because Crossings are: A

• Hard to Integrate
• Hard to Upgrade
• Advertisers / Kickstarters
• Gapclosers
Dutch Design Manual

Contextual Benefits
• Lowering intersection for
comfortable ramps

Contextual Benefits
• Casting bridge deck directly on existing earth dam
Breda Werkdonken bridge benefits from the context

Think Modular !
• Economies of Scale
by repeating parts
prefab deck
1 pier type

Think Filter !
• Signage portals as high traffic filter
Collision Loads Anti-Collision Portals - Cost-saving Filters

Think Filter !
Users Unauthorized vehicle loads - use a filter

Seek Integration !
custom aluminium extrusion profile
LED deck lighting fixation point LED facial lighting
Lighting Design Custom Handrail with Integrated Lighting

Seek Integration !
Users Not intended visitors (Latin American mayor delegation 2017)

Seek Integration !
Integral Design Integration of traffic lights, lighting and signage

Seek Integration !
Integral Design Integration of gantry & footbridge

Tender Smart: Develop Client Side what you know best !
Budget Tender & Contract format

Conclusions
To develop bridges that satify all involved and their requirements:
• Analyse requirements thouroughly Traffic Network

Analyse
• Involve all from the start BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL Context
BRIEF DUTCH
DESIGN MANUAL
• Create understanding & openess

AND PEDESTRIAN
Users
BRIDGES
• Start with the crossings
regardign issues such as bridge width and slopes. It also lists the things that should by ipv Delft
Design Checklist
inspiration.
• Seek - Modularity
www.ipvdelft.com
www.crow.nl
Alignment
- Contextual Benefits
Design
+31 15 750 25 75
info@ipvdelft.nl
- Filters Bridge Design
- Integration & Optimization

in cooperation with
Budget
• Outsource Only what you can’t do yourself Free Download: ipvdelft.com / publications
- Be open to practical custom new solutions.

- Bridges are almost never standard solutions. Thanks for your Attention !
- A custom solution can be best and cheapest.

Adriaan Kok ipv Delft creative engineers mail: adriaankok@ipvdelft.nl website: ipvdelft.nl or ipvdelft.com

Aus Conference 2017 Ak Ipvdelft Pres-Footbridge Design-25-S-03 3 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Aus Conference 2017 Ak Ipvdelft Pres-Footbridge Design-25-S-03 3 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Design of Footbridges

Dutch solutions for bicycle and pedestrian bridges

Adriaan Kok • ipv Delft & The Netherlands

mail: adriaankok@ipvdelft.nl • Dutch Regulations for Footbridges

bench footbridge footbridge tunnel

canopy footbridge lamp shade bicycle parking

BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES

ipv Delft creative engineers

Dutch Design Manual

Dutch Design Manual

Traffic Network Why

Dutch Design Manual

BRIEF DUTCH DESIGN MANUAL FOR BICYCLE AND PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES

ipv Delft creative engineers

Dutch Design Manual

Dutch Design Manual

Dutch Design Manual

Dutch Design Manual

Context (international) The Netherlands in Europe

Context (international) The Netherlands compared to Australia

Context (national) The Netherlands compared to Sydney - Canberra Region

Network (national) Dutch network compared to Sydney - Canberra Region

• Marshy River Delta

Context (national) ground level and subsurface conditions

Flood Risk Areas

Context (national) flooding risk

Context (national) 50 ºC temperature difference

Limited Resources Open to new ideas

Context (national) resourcefull by constraints

Network (regional) travel time in dense populated areas

Network (national) travel time in dense populated areas

Network (national) Cycling Facts

Users all potential users

special special special occasional

not intended not intended not intended other

Users cyclists measurements

Users cyclists distance to objects

Users cyclists deck width

32.5 75 32.5 cm 32.5 50 75 25 75 32.5 cm

Users cyclists deck width

Users pedestrians measurements

Users pedestrians deck width

Australia (hand) railing height

Users railing height

Users railing openings and loads

wire wire cable mesh

glass wood lamellas bars - balusters

structural structural structural decorative

Users Australian railing examples

Users unintended use - climable railing

Users unintended use - anti-throw-screen

Users unintended use - anti-throw-screen

Uniformly Distributed Load 5 kN/m² (5 kPa)

Users pedestrians & cyclists loads

Users standard maintenance vehicle loads

Users Heavy maintenance vehicle loads

Users Unauthorized vehicle loads

Users vertical clearance car traffic

Collision Load Reduction for

Users collsion loads by car traffic on the bridge deck

No Collision Load when

Users collsion loads by car traffic on supports

Collision Loads Anti-Collision Portals proven usefull