CONSTRUCTION & MATERIALS

AMMARSYAHMI AIMAN B. AHMAD MAZLI 08BFM19F3022

NUR DIYANA BINTI AZMI 08BFM19F3026
KHADIJAH BINTI AHMAD SABRI 08BFM19F3029
SYAMIL ARIF BIN MOHAMAD NASIR 08BFM19F3034
HAFIZ SHAHIR BIN OSMAN 08BFM19F3039
 CONTENTS
6.1 Define Doors
6.2 Determine,explain the type and
Materials of Doors
6.3 Define Windows
6.4 Determine,explain the type and
Materials of Windows
6.5 Define Lintel, classification of lintel and
method of construction
 & OF
DOOR
TYPE OF DOORS
1) Hinged doors
2) Revolving doors
3) Sliding doors
4) Collapsible doors
5) Rolling shutter
6) Folding doors
 1. HINGED DOORS

o These doors are hinged along one side to

allow to pivot away from the doorway in
one direction but not in the other.
o It is the most common type of door.
o It is simple and rigid.
o The panel swings, opens and closes on
hinges.
o Hinged doors require a minimum amount
of maintenance and cleaning.
o They are not expensive and have an
excellent insulating ability.
o However they take up precious room
space to swing in.
 2. REVOLVING DOORS

oThe wings are usually fully or

partly glazed.
oPeople can walk out and
walk in at the same time.
oThey are usually provided in
public buildings.
 3. SLIDING DOORS

oThey can be easily cleaned and

maintained.
oThey have very poor sound
insulation.
oThey must be of high quality and
fitted exactly in their tracks or
else they may slide out of them.
4. COLLAPSIBLE DOORS
 5. ROLLING SHUTTER

oThey act like steel curtains.

oThey are made up of thin steel slabs
called laths or slates about 1.25 mm
thick interlocked to each other and
coiled upon specially designed pipe
shaft called drum which is mounted
at the top.
 6. FOLDING DOOR
oA gentle push can fold a whole
door into a flat package that will
slide easily
oFolding door technology is
sophisticated and reliable.
oWhichever folding door variant
is chosen, the result is an end-
user solution that is functional,
attractive and extremely
practical.
 MATERIAL FOR DOOR
Standard size of door

900 mm 1800 mm

2100 mm 2100 mm

single double
 WOOD DOOR
- Affordable, renewable and sustainable
- Sound proofing and secure
- Used for internal and main door
- Warp with presence of moisture

Plywood
Resistant door
door

Hollow door

Solid door
 STEEL DOOR

- Strong material
- Corrodes in the presences of moisture
- Need high quality of painting
- Use for security door
- Use for large freezer door
 GLASS DOOR
- not peel, rust or damage by chemical
- Not swell from exposure to moisture
- Allow natural light
- But easily broken or crack
- Usually use for office or hotel door
PVC ( polyvinyl chloride )
• Lightweight and easy to use
• Come in variety of design and colour
• Do not corrode and no need much maintenance
• Not scratch proof
• Usually for toilet
 ALUMINIUM DOOR
- lightweight, affordable
- Resistant from insect
- Able to handle large piece of glass
- But its staining from water
- expensive
DEFINITION & FUNCTION OF WINDOW
DEFINITION
A vented barrier secured in a wall
opening. The window consists of
two parts which is window frame
and window shutter

FUNCTION
-To admit light and air to the building.
-To give a view to the outside.
TYPE OF WINDOWS
1) Double or Single-hung
2) Pivoted
3) Casement
4) Naco
5) Fixed
6) sliding
 1. Double or Single-hung
• On double hung windows,
both sashes in the window
frame are operable or move
up and down.
• On single hung windows, the
top sash is fixed in place and
does not move, but the
bottom sash is operable.
• A single hung also offers a
unique option to incorporate
a geo shape option into the
top sash. Double-hung windows Single-hung windows

https://greatlakeswindow.com/double-hung-vs-single-hung-windows-casements-or-sliders/
 2.Pivoted windows
• The shutter can swing horizontally or vertically.
• The frame has no rebate.
• The shutter is capable of rotating about a pivot fixed to window
frame.

https://www.slideshare.net/ashishvasava1995/doors-and-windows-building-construction
 3.Casement window
• A window attached to its frame by one or more hinges at the
side.
• They are used singly or in pairs within a common frame, in
which case they are hinged on the outside.
• They are used singly or in pairs within a common frame.

hopper awning Standard

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casement_window
 4.Naco window
• A window composed of parallel glass, or wooden.
• Naco windows maximize natural ventilation by
allowing airflow through the entire window area.
• Windows split horizontal sections which can be
open and close at an angle.

https://modernize.com/windows/types/jalousie-windows
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalousie_window
 5.Fixed window
• Window that cannot be opened.
• Whose function is limited to allowing light to enter.
• Often found in homes with high or vaulted ceilings.
• Installed as an arched window over vaulted areas, doors
and even other windows.
• Easy to maintain.

reference
https://www.4feldco.com/articles/fixed-window/
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Window
 6.SLIDING WINDOW
• Can be constructed as either a 2-section
slider, or more for wider window
openings.
• Perfect choice for kitchens, recreation
rooms, and bedrooms.
• Sliding windows lift out easily, cleaning
simple.
• Very little effort just release a latch and
slide.

https://www.4feldco.com/windows/sliding-windows/
 Type sliding window

https://www.stanekwindows.com/what-is-a-sliding-window.aspx
 MATERIAL FOR WINDOW

Standard size of window

1200 mm

600 mm 600 mm
ALLUMINIUM
• Light and excellent for window
• Does not warp, expand or shrink
• Powder coaled or anodized in the factory.
• Corrosion resistant

WOOD
• Heavy but easily work on site
• Cause jam or warp
• Need painting or polishing
• Poor conductor of heat
PVC ( polyvinyl chloride)
• Light
• affordable
• Weak compared to aluminium
• Change colour during exposure to sunlight
• Easy damage during installation

STEEL
• Strong material
• Corrodes in the presences of moisture
• Dificult work on site (cut and weld)
• Need high quality painting process
 REFERENCE

• http://www.slideshare.net/mobile/KaranChauchan72/doorswindows-
Ventilator-in-building-construction
• https://www.google.com/search?q=door+and+window+materials&oq
=door+and+window+material&aqs
• Book – Uniform Building By-Law 1985
 WHAT IS LINTEL
• A lintel is one type of beam which used to support the above wall when
openings like doors, windows.
• The main function:
• The main function of the lintel is to take loads coming from the above wall and
transfer its load to the side walls.

lintel

Load

https://www.acivilengineer.com/rcc-lintel/
 To the walls above the openings like doors and windows.
To a safeguard of the windows and doors.
To the imposed loads coming from above bricks or block
including the roofing members.
To its load to the side walls.
 Normally used Construction process of RCC lintel
concrete for RCC is simple and it doesn’t need much
lintel is ratio 1:2:4 technical knowledge. Anyone can
make RCC lintel with little
construction knowledge.
REINFORCED
CONCRETE CEMENT
LINTEL

Types of design loads on lintel:

Types of RCC lintel : 1. Self – weight or dead load
1. Pre-cast RCC of the lintel
lintel 2. Dead load of the wall
2. Cast-in-place RCC above the opening
lintel. 3. Dead load and live load
transferred from the roof
or the floor supported
 This type of lintel is casted
separately somewhere on floor.
When wall is ready to place lintel
then it is just placed on both
pre-cast lintel requires only Pre-cast RCC lintel is made on
sides walls of opening.
two-side formwork. floor. So, we don’t need to lift
formwork up to lintel level.
That reduces required time to
make lintel.

pre-cast lintel requires only

Pre-cast RCC lintel
few supports as it is poured
on floor. As pre-cast lintel is made separately, so
lintel and masonry wall can be done
simultaneously.

Pre-cast lintel is cost effective

than cast-place-lintel.
Surface finishes of pre-cast lintel can be
better than cast-in-place lintel.
 When wall making is finished up to
cast-in-place RCC lintel requires lintel level then formwork is made on
more time to make. wall for lintel. After making formwork,
concrete is poured into it.

Cast-in-place RCC lintel.

As formwork for cast-in-place RCC

lintel is made on wall, so it Cast-in-place lintel requires more
requires to make formwork in supports to hold its formwork in place.
three sides.
 The reason why I prefer cast-in-place
RCC lintel is its bond-ability with
masonry wall. The bond between cast-in-
place RCC lintel and masonry wall is very
well. But pre-cast lintel doesn’t make any
bond with masonry wall.

Construction process of RCC lintel:

Construction process of RCC lintel is
simple and it doesn’t need much technical
knowledge. Anyone can make RCC lintel
with little construction knowledge.
 TIMBER & STONE & STEEL & BRICK & REINFORCED BRICK &
REINFORCED CONCRETE
REINFORCED REINFORCED
TIMBER LINTEL STONE LINTEL STEEL LINTEL BRICK LINTEL
BRICK LINTEL CONCRETE LINTEL

Time • Time Consuming • Time Consuming • Time Consuming • Time Consuming • Time Consuming • Time Consuming
Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction Construction

Quality • It Is Less • Its Inability To • Strength  Economical • High Strength • Highly Fire
Durable. Withstand • Highly Durable  Fire Resistance • Fire Resistance Resistance
• Flammable Excessive Metal  Poor Tensile • Economical • Durability
• Natural Material Transverse Stress Strength • Hard And • High Compressive
• Durability  Weak Form Durability Strength
Construction

Cost • Low Cost • High Cost • Low Cost • Low Cost • Low • Low Maintenance
Maintenance Cost
Cost • High Form Cost
• High Form Cost
TIMBER STONE BRICK
LINTEL LINTEL LINTEL

STEEL
REINFORCED BRICK LINTEL REINFORCED CONCRETE
LINTEL
LINTEL
CONSTRUCTION OF LINTEL
To transfer load from slab to columns/ Required to rest the wall above the
walls. openings door and window in a wall.

Beam carries load slab, floor and roof. Lintel carries load of wall above the
opening door and window.

Cast with slab as a whole. Casted separately during construction of

masonry wall.

Can be used as decorative architectural Mainly as a structural member.

element.
• Website • Book
1. https://civiltoday.com/construction 1. Roger Greeno. 1997 : Principle of
/building/170-lintel-definition- Construction.
types https://books.google.com.my/books?id=
2. https://theconstructor.org/building E2ISBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA93&dq=lintel+cons
/lintel-types-uses/11420/ truction&hl=ms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHlf
3. https://ms.decorexpro.com/okna/ Hu6t_kAhVq8HMBHVQVAMYQ6AEIWDAF
peremychki/ #v=onepage&q=lintel%20construction&f
4. https://youtu.be/55eMbP4Zc9k =false

5. https://www.slideshare.net/partee 2. Dr.Anil Kumar Misra S. Chand,2018 :

ks9/doors-windows-12082151
• YouTube
1. https://youtu.be/0yGYp-_rKFM
Construction & Materials
https://books.google.com.my/books?id=
qERxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA276&dq=constru
ction+lintel+material&hl=ms&sa=X&ved=
0ahUKEwjY5Nze7d_kAhVZ8HMBHZhsDlY
Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=construction
%20lintel%20material&f=false