Transfer of Technology

Prepared by :
Bhargav Dharaiya
Agri Rock
JAU, Junagadh

2
Definition of Technology Transfer
Technology transfer [and commercialization] is defined
as the transfer of results of basic and applied research to
the design, development, production, and
commercialization of new and improved products,
services or processes. That which is transferred is often
not really technology but rather a particular kind of
knowledge that is a precursor of technology.

The transfer process emphasizes the value and

protection of the intellectual product of the researchers.
Technology Transfer is a Process
It has stages, phases, and typical behaviors.

It operates and can be understood at different

levels (e.g., technology policy, individual
scientists).

It involves different “stakeholder” perspectives

(e.g., developers and users).

It is therefore a “communication process.”

So... Where to enter the catalytic process of
technology transfer?

Universities and Research Institutes:

Mainly on the level of basic and applied research,
and early stage development.

Entrepreneurial companies:
Any stage from research and development to the
market.
Varied Roles IDEA
Universities
Start-up
Firms Research
Research
Institutes
Development
R&D
Firms
Production

Larger Manufacturing
Companies
Distribution

MARKET
Technology Transfer
(TOT)

RESEARCH DEVELOPMENT DEPLOYMENT

 The Technology Transfer Process

Disclosure

Commercialization
Patenting

Agreement Administration

Licensing
Products/Processes
(Royalties)
Forms in Which Technology May Be
Transferred ......
Technology is primarily transferred in two forms
First, it can be transferred via machinery or other
intermediate goods. This is normally adequate for
manufacturing purposes where the nature of the
technology is not complex.

Technology can also be transferred through

individual experts. Transferring technology via a
competent expert has the advantage of cost-
savings to the recipient, but it is generally suitable
only for small and medium-sized projects where
the technology is simple and unpatented.
 Different Kinds of Technology Transfer

Intramural: Within the “walls” of an institution or

company. Transfer between different functions within
a company or institution.

Extramural: Outside the “walls” of an institution or

company. Transfer between a company or institution
and the rest of the world.

Public/Private: Transfer from publicly funded

research to the private sector.
 Types of technology transfer

Vertical technology transfer : when information is

transmitted from basic research to applied research,
from applied research to development, and from
development to production. Such transfers occur in
both directions.

Horizontal transfer of technology : when technology

used in one place, organisation, or context is
transferred and used in another place, or
organisation.
Necessary Conditions for Successful Technology
Transfer

1.Technology is transferred most effectively by direct

people-to-people actions.

2.Technology transfer agents must be well-qualified

and able to communicate effectively to people who
are capable of receiving applying the technology.
3. In addition to transfer agents and capable
recipients. “facilitators” or “middlemen” are needed.

4.Users and transfer agents should be involved in

choosing. Planning and implementing the
technology so it meets actual needs and is
appropriate for the situation.

5. All parties involved must feel that they are

“winners” and must, in fact be winners.
 Transfer of technology in agriculture
Front-line demonstrations in farmer’s fields
Field days and interactive farmers-scientists meetings or
focus groups
National level/ State level training programmes for
development personnel, State officials and farmers & other
agencies
Farmers' Participation Action Research Programmes
(FPARP)
Kisan Melas and exhibitions
Publications including extension pamphlets and technical
bulletins
Programmes in public media like Radio Talks, TV
Programmes, News papers and other forums