FOURIER SERIES

CHAPTER 2
BELT 4093
SIGNALS & NETWORKS
SUBTOPICS

1 2 3 4 5
Trigonometric Amplitude & Symmetry Exponential Applications
Fourier Series phase considerations Fourier
spectra in in Fourier Series
Fourier Series
Series
Learning Outcomes Chapter 2
At the end oh this chapter, student
should be able to:
• Determine the trigonometry FS with a
variety of periodic function
• Plot the amplitude and phase spectra
of trigonometry FS
• Determine the Exponential FS Course outcome
coefficients with a variety of periodic
function #2
• Plot the double sided spectrum of Analyze electrical problems & passive
Exponential FS for magnitude and filters using circuit laws, Fourier
phase and/or Laplace technique
• Determine the output signal from
Low-pass filter
3
 Fourier Series is a technique for
expressing a periodic function in
terms of sinusoid.
 Fourier analysis provides a set of
mathematical tools which enable
the engineer to break down a
wave into its various frequency
components.
 The really cool thing about What is Fourier
Fourier series is that first, almost
any type of a wave can be Series
approximated. Fourier Series  periodic signals
 Second, when Fourier series Fourier Transform  aperiodic signals
converge, they converge very
speed.

4
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fourier-again/
5
Learning Outcome: 2.1
• Student should know how to
determine the trigonometry FS with a Trigonometric
variety of periodic function
• Student should be able to plot the
Fourier Series
amplitude and phase spectra of
trigonometry FS
2.1 Trigonometric Fourier Series
If f(t) is a periodic function with period T, the Fourier series of is given by

Where the Fourier coefficients are

Where;
ω0 = 2π / T
n = 1, 2, 3, …
An alternative form of Fourier Series
The amplitude-phase form:

Phasor form:

Multiplication: z1 z 2  r1r2 1  2

Division: z1  r1   
1 2
z2 r2

8
Things to Remember
 sin( x)  sin(  x)  cos x  sin( x  90 0 )
cos( x)  cos( x)  sin x  cos( x  90 0 )
 tan( x)  tan( x)  cos x  cos( x  180 ) 0

cos n  (1) n
,n integer
 sin x  sin( x  180 ) 0

n
  1 2 ,n even integer e  jx  cos x  j sin x
n
cos
2
1
n j
  1 2 ,n odd integer
n 1
sin j
2
𝑗 = −1, 𝑗 2 =-1
sin 𝑛𝜋 = 0

9
Review of Integration

10
Example 17.1
𝑇 1 2
1 1
𝑎0 = 𝑓 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1𝑑𝑡 + 0𝑑𝑡
𝑇 2
0 0 1
1 1
= 1 =
2 2
T
𝑇
2
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑡 cos 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
0
1 2
T 2 2
= 1 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0 cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 2 2
0    0 1
T 2 1 1
= 1 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 0 =0
𝑛𝜋
 𝑇 1 2
2 2
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑡 sin 𝑛𝜔0 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 0 sin 𝑛𝜋𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 2
0 0 1
1 1
1
= 1 −cos 𝑛𝜋𝑡 0 = (− cos 𝑛𝜋 + cos 0)
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
2
1 𝑛 1 𝑛 , 𝑛 = 𝑜𝑑𝑑
= − −1 +1 = 1 − −1 = 𝑛𝜋
𝑛𝜋 𝑛𝜋
0, 𝑛 = 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛


1 2 1 2  1
So we will get: f (t )    sin nt    sin nt
2 n 1 n 2  n 1 n
n odd n  odd

Change to amplitude-phase form: Phasor form:

 

1 2 2
f (t )    cos nt  900 f (t )    900
2 n 1 n n
n odd 12
2.2 Amplitude & Phase Spectra – Example 17.1
 

1 2
• Expand the answer: f (t )    cos nt  900
2 n 1 n
n odd

Truncating the series at N=11

1 2 2 2
f (t )   cos(t  900 )  cos(3t  900 )  cos(5t  900 )  
2  3 5
 2 / n , n  odd
An  
 0, n  even
  90, n  odd
n  
 0, n  even

Amplitude spectra Phase spectra

13
Summation of signal in Example 17.1

Fourier series with 11th

number of harmonics:
Gibbs Phenomenon
• As more and more Fourier components are added, the sum gets closer and closer
to the original waveform
• At the neighborhood of the points of discontinuity (x = 0, 1, 2, ...), there is
overshoot and damped oscillation. In fact, an overshoot of about 9 percent of the
peak value is always present, regardless of the number of terms used to
approximate f(t).

Fourier Series Graph

Interactive:

https://www.intmath.c
om/fourier-
series/fourier-graph-
applet.php
 2.3 Symmetry
Considerations
 Symmetry
Even f (t )  f (t )
Considerations
3 Types of symmetry
• Even symmetry
Odd f (t )   f (t ) • Odd symmetry
• Half-wave symmetry
 T
Half-wave f  t     f (t )
 2 The symmetry consideration is for
simplifying the calculation needed
to determine Fourier coefficients
2.1 Symmetry Considerations (1)
1. Even Symmetry : a function f(t) if its
plot is symmetrical about the vertical axis.

f (t )  f (t )
In this case,
2 T /2
a0 
T 0
f (t )dt

4 T /2
an   f (t ) cos(n0t )dt
T 0
bn  0

Then, the Fourier series can be represented as

∞
Typical examples of even periodic
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 function
𝑛=
18
2.2 Symmetry Considerations (2)
2. Odd Symmetry : a function f(t) if its plot is
anti-symmetrical about the vertical axis.
f (t )   f (t )
In this case,
a0  0 𝑎𝑛 = 0
4 T /2
bn   f (t ) sin(n0t )dt
T 0
Then, the Fourier series can be represented as
∞
Typical examples of odd periodic
𝑓 𝑡 = 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡 function
𝑛=
19
2.2 Symmetry Considerations (3)
3. Half-wave Symmetry : a function f(t) if
In this case,
T
f (t  )   f (t ) a0  0
2  4 T / 2
an   T 0
f (t ) cos(n0t )dt , for n odd
 0 , for an even
 4 T / 2
bn   T 0
f (t ) sin( n0t )dt , for n odd
 0 , for an even

Typical examples of half-wave odd periodic functions

Then, the Fourier series can be represented as

∞

𝑓 𝑡 = (𝑎𝑛 cos 𝑛𝜔𝑡 + 𝑏𝑛 sin 𝑛𝜔𝑡)

𝑛= 20
Learning Outcome:
• Student should be able to determine
the Exponential FS coefficients with a 2.4 Exponential
variety of periodic function
• Student should be able to plot the
Fourier series
double sided spectrum of
Exponential FS for magnitude and
phase
 use normal complex equation
Exponential Fourier Series
• A compact way to express a Fourier series function
• No more sin or cos and no amplitude-phase form

• Exponential form: f (t )  c0   n
c e
n  
jn0t

n0
1 T 1 T
• Where: cn  0 f (t )e 0 dt
 jn t
and: c0  a0   f (t )dt
T T 0

• Relation with sin-cos form: cn  an  jbn

2 Cos & sin in exponential form,
Euler's formula:

• Phasor form: cn n 1 jnot

cos(not )  [e  e  jnot ]
2
1
sin( not )  [e jnot  e  jnot ]
2j
Example 17.11
For dc component:
1 T 1 1
c0  a0   f (t )dt   tdt 
T 0 0 2

T
For ac component:
1 T

f (t )  t ,0  t  1 cn 
T 
0
f (t )e  jn0t dt
1
  te  j 2 nt dt
2 2 0

T 1 0    2 
e  j 2 n ( j 2n  1)  1
T 1  4n 2 2
(cos 2n  j sin 2n )( j 2n  1)  1

 4n 2 2
j

2 n
 Complex number:
Example 17.11 𝑟 = 𝑧 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑦
𝑥
𝑐𝑛 ∠𝜃 = 𝑥 + 𝑗𝑦
• Add both dc & ac components:  0+jy  𝜃=90
1  j  j 2 nt
f (t )     e X+j0  𝜃=0
2 n    2n 
n0

• To plot amplitude and phase spectra in exponential FS, consider both positive &
negative n:
Positive n Negative n
2 2
 1  1  1  1
cn  0  
2
  cn  0  
2
 
 2( n)  2n  2(n)  2n
 1   1   1   1 
cn nve  0  j    0  j   cn nve  0  j    0  j  
 2( n)   2n   2(n)   2n 
nve  900 nve  900
Example 17.11

Amplitude spectrum Phase spectrum

Example 1
Given:
Find the signal in
exponential form FS and,
indicate the exponential
Fourier coefficients.
𝑣 𝑡 = 10 + 3 cos 𝜔0 𝑡
+5 cos 2𝜔0 𝑡 + 30°
+4 sin 3𝜔0 𝑡

n Cn C-n
0 10 -
1 1.5 1.5
2 2.530 2.5-30
3 2-90 -290
Exponential Fourier Coefficients Table

,
Example 2
Given the signal x(t) in Figure below.
(i) Find the expression for x(t) using Complex Exponential Fourier Series up
to the 10th harmonic.
(ii) Plot the double-sided spectrum of x(t) for magnitude and phase.

x(t)

t
-2π 2π
Signal number 3 from Fourier Coefficient table:

𝑥 −2𝑋0
𝑐0 = , 𝑐𝑛 = 2
, 𝑐𝑛 = 0 |𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
2 (𝜋𝑛)

2𝜋
Based on the signal in question ; 𝑋0 = 5, 𝜔0 = =1
2𝜋

10 𝑗𝑛𝜔0 𝑡
Using 𝑥 𝑡 = 𝑐
𝑛=−10 𝑛 𝑒

= 𝑐−9 𝑒 −9𝑗𝑡 + 𝑐−7 𝑒 −7𝑗𝑡 + 𝑐−5 𝑒 −5𝑗𝑡 + 𝑐−3 𝑒 −3𝑗𝑡 + 𝑐−1 𝑒 −1𝑗𝑡 +

5
+ 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑗𝑡 + 𝑐3 𝑒 3𝑗𝑡 + 𝑐5 𝑒 5𝑗𝑡 + 𝑐7 𝑒 7𝑗𝑡 + 𝑐9 𝑒 9𝑗𝑡
2

29
Where the cn values are as follows: The magnitude spectra of x(t);

−10
𝑐−9 = 2
= 𝑐9
81𝜋
−10
𝑐−7 = 2
= 𝑐7
49𝜋
−10
𝑐−5 = 2
= 𝑐5
25𝜋 The phase spectra of x(t);
−10
𝑐−3 = 2
= 𝑐3
9𝜋
−10
𝑐−1 = 2 = 𝑐1
𝜋

30
Learning Outcome:
• Able to determine the output 2.5 Applications -
signal from Low-pass filter
Filter
Filter Animation
Original signal in
time-domain

Blue: Original signal

in frequency-domain
Red: Band-pass filter

Filtered signal

32
Filter
•Filter are an important component of electronics and
communications system.
•This filtering process cannot be accomplished without the Fourier
series expansion of the input signal.
•For example,

(a) Input and output

spectra of a lowpass filter,
(b) the lowpass filter
passes only the dc
component when c << 0

33 33
Example 17.14
If the sawtooth waveform in Fig. (a) is applied to an ideal low-pass filter with the transfer
function shown in Fig. (b),
i) Find the trigonometry FS expansion
ii) Determine the filter output, y(t).

34
 i) Fourier series expansion:
𝑇=1 𝜔𝑜 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 𝜔𝑐 = 10𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
1 1 1 1
𝑥 𝑡 = − sin 𝜔𝑜 𝑡 − sin 2𝜔𝑜 𝑡 − sin 3𝜔𝑜 𝑡 − ⋯
2 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋

ii) Filter Output, y(t)

1 1 1 1
𝑥 𝑡 = − sin 2𝜋𝑡 − sin 4𝜋𝑡 − sin 6𝜋𝑡 − ⋯
2 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋
1 1 1 1
= − sin 6.28𝑡 − sin 12.57𝑡 − sin 18.85𝑡 −⋯
2 𝜋 2𝜋 3𝜋
1 1
𝑦(𝑡) = − sin 2𝜋𝑡
Only signal in between this 2 𝜋 2nd , 3rd and higher harmonics
range, 𝑛𝜔𝑜 < 10 will be passed will be rejected since their
frequency > 10
35
Summary of Fourier Series

1 2 3 4 5
Trigonometric Amplitude & Symmetry Exponential Applications
Fourier Series phase considerations Fourier
spectra in FS Series • Filter
• Coefficients: a0,
an & b n To plot frequency
• Amplitude-phase • Even • Coefficients: c0
spectrum, we
form • Odd & cn
need:
• Phasor form • Half-wave • Phasor form
• Amplitude
• Gibbs • Phase
phenomenon
 THANK YOU
Dr. Siti Nur Sakinah binti Jamaludin, FOE

+09-424 2715
sakinah@dhu.edu.my

37
Acknowledgment to Nurul Wahidah Arshad, FKEE, UMP for this notes.