 Projects have a terrible track record in

Tanzania;
 Construction for example, projects take up
to about three times longer than the
planned duration;
 Budgets are not met;
 Quality is poor;
 The need for projects keeps increasing; and
 Projects are becoming larger and more
complex.
 A project is a temporary endeavor
undertaken to accomplish a unique purpose
 Attributes of projects
◦ unique purpose
◦ temporary
◦ require resources, often from various areas
◦ should have a primary sponsor and/or customer
◦ involve uncertainty
 Construction of a hydro-power plant;
 Construction of a road between two towns;
 Development of a computer software for
design of tall structures
 Undertaking a degree programme at the
UDSM;
 Preparing a Final Year Project;
 Wedding, etc.
 Every project is constrained in different ways
by its
◦ Scope goals
◦ Time goals
◦ Cost goals
 It is the project manager’s duty to balance
these three often competing goals
 If time is to be minimised, then both scope
and cost may be negatively affected;
 If scope is to be increased, then both more
time and money may be needed;
 On the other hand, if one wishes to minimise
cost, then scope may have to be reduced and
it may not be possible to expedite the
project.
 Project management is “the application of
knowledge, skills, tools, and techniques to
project activities in order to meet or exceed
stakeholder needs and expectations from a
project” (PMI*, Project Management Body of
Knowledge (PMBOK Guide), 1996, p. 6)

*The Project Management Institute (PMI) is an international

professional society. Their web site is www.pmi.org. Over
348,000 copies of the PMBOK Guide, now ANSI approved, were in
circulation by August 1999.
T
T
 Stakeholders are the people
involved in or affected by project
activities
 Stakeholders include
◦ the project sponsor and project team
◦ support staff
◦ customers
◦ users
◦ suppliers
◦ opponents to the project
 Knowledge areas describe the key
competencies that project managers must
develop
◦ 4 core knowledge areas lead to specific project
objectives (scope, time, cost, and quality)
◦ 4 facilitating knowledge areas are the means
through which the project objectives are achieved
(human resources, communication, risk, and
procurement management)
◦ 1 knowledge area (project integration
management) affects and is affected by all of the
other knowledge areas
 Project management tools and techniques
assist project managers and their teams in
various aspects of project management
 Some specific ones include
◦ Project Charter and WBS (scope)
◦ Gantt charts, PERT charts, critical path analysis
(time)
◦ Cost estimates and Earned Value Analysis (cost)
 Road Project

Concept Preliminary Detailed Design Tendering Implement Handover

Design

Feasibility Study Drainage Advertise Mobilise

Allignment Structures Evaluate Tenders Clear site

Gemetric Design Pavement Award Contract Set out

Tender Documents Earthworks

Structures

Pavement

Road furniture
 WBS Gantt Chart

*This template file comes with MS Project

 A D H

1 1 day 4 4 days 8 6 days

Mon 8/3/98 Mon 8/3/98 Tue 8/4/98 Fri 8/7/98 Wed 8/12/98 Wed 8/19/98

5 5 days
Wed 8/5/98 Tue 8/11/98 J

START B
10 3 days
2 2 days Thu 8/20/98 Mon 8/24/98
0 days
Mon 8/3/98 Mon 8/3/98 Mon 8/3/98 Tue 8/4/98
F

6 4 days
Wed 8/5/98 Mon 8/10/98

C G I

3 3 days 7 6 days 9 2 days

Mon 8/3/98 Wed 8/5/98 Thu 8/6/98 Thu 8/13/98 Fri 8/14/98 Mon 8/17/98

Each box is a project task from the WBS. Arrows show

dependencies between tasks. The tasks in red are on the critical
path. If any tasks on the critical path take longer than planned, the
whole project will slip unless something is done.
 Sample Earned Value Chart
300
EAC

BAC
250

200

BCWS or Cumulative Plan

150 ACWP or Cumulative Actual
$

BCWP or Cumulative EV
BCWS
Cost Variance
100
ACWP

Schedule Variance
BWCP
50

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
 Managers, customers, and other stakeholders
do not like surprises. Good project
management (PM) provides assurance and
reduces risk
 PM provides the tools and environment to
plan, monitor, track, and manage schedules,
resources, costs, and quality
 PM provides a history or metrics base for
future planning as well as good
documentation
 Project members learn and grow by working
in a cross-functional team environment
 Much of the knowledge needed to manage
projects is unique to PM
 However, project managers must also have
knowledge and experience in
◦ general management
◦ the application area of the project
 Project managers must focus on meeting
specific project objectives
 Project
A good project
Management
Knowledge and manager
Practice

General Application
Management Knowledge and
Knowledge and Practice
Practice
 Modern project management began with
the Manhattan Project, which the U.S.
military led to develop the atomic bomb
 In 1917 Henry Gantt developed the
Gantt chart as a tool for scheduling work
in job shops
 …………………..
 By the 1990s, virtually every industry
was using some form of project
management
 By 2000 PM is a well established
academic discipline and profession
 Authoritative authors (international) stress
that projects are what add value to
organizations
 Professional societies like the Project
Management Institute have grown
tremendously
 PMI provides certification as a Project
Management Professional (PMP)
 A PMP has documented sufficient project
experience, agreed to follow a code of
ethics, and passed the PMP exam
 The number of people earning PMP
certification is increasing quickly, and the
certification program department received
ISO approval in 1999
 2006 accepted almost worldwide.
 20,000
18,000 18184

16,000
14,000
12,000
# PMPs

10,000 10086
8,000
6,000 6415

4,000 4400
2800
2,000 1900
1000
0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year
 Number of PMP by 2005 almost 200,000;
 PMI developed a project management code of
ethics that all PMPs must agree to abide by;
 Conducting work in an ethical manner helps
the profession earn confidence
 Ethics are on the web at
www.pmi.org/certification/code.htm
 Write a brief analysis (maximum of three
pages) of project management tools and
techniques (at least 3 of them). The report
should at least have the following contents;
◦ Brief History of each tool and technique
◦ Description of the tools
◦ functions and use of each tool in project
management
◦ Advantages and shortcomings of each tool
The assignment should be done in groups of three people
Dead line is on 18th October 2011
 Thank You
 Next topic - Options for
delivery of construction
projects