Two Stroke IC Engine BME Second Sessional Material PDF

Two Stroke Engine
▪ In a two stroke engine, one cycle is completed by the two strokes of

the piston.
▪ Out of the four strokes, the two strokes that are eliminated are,
suction and exhaust strokes.
▪ Actually the suction and exhaust processes are performed while the
power and compression strokes are in progress.
▪ In case of the two stroke engines instead of valves, ports are used.
▪ Ports in the cylinder liner are opened and closed by the piston motion
itself.
Dept. of Mech & Mfg. Engg. 1

Parts of a 2S Engine Spark Plug or
Fuel Injector
Transfer Port
Exhaust Port
Inlet Port
Reed
Piston Valve
Connecting
Rod crank case
Crank
Crank Shaft Flywheel

Working of 2S Petrol Engine
Exhaust port Transfer port
Inlet port

Working of 2S Petrol Engine
First stroke Second stroke

First stroke (Downward)
• As soon as the charge is ignited by the
spark plug, the hot gases force the
piston to move from TDC to BDC.
• Crankshaft rotates by half a rotation,
thus doing the useful work.
• During this stroke the inlet port is
covered by the piston and the new
charge is compressed in the crank case
as shown in the figure.

• Further downward movement of the piston uncovers first
the exhaust port and then the transfer port.
• The burnt gases escape through the exhaust port.
• As soon as the transfer port opens, the

compressed charge from the crankcase flows
into the cylinder.
• As the compressed charge enters into the
cylinder, it pushes out the exhaust gases
from the cylinder.
• The process of removal of exhaust gases by
the fresh incoming charge is known as
scavenging.

Second stroke: (upward)
• Here the piston moves from BDC to TDC,
during which the exhaust port and transfer
port are covered and the charge in the
cylinder is compressed.
• Simultaneously, vacuum is created in the
crankcase, and a new charge is drawn into
the crankcase through the uncovered inlet
port.

• The compressed charge is
ignited in the combustion
chamber by a spark provided
by the spark plug and the cycle
of events is then repeated.

Concluding Remarks on working of 2S Petrol Engine
• This engine requires 2 strokes to complete one working cycle.
• The crank shaft makes one revolution to complete one cycle (half revolution per
stroke).
• Power is developed in every revolution of the crankshaft.
• Energy developed during the first (power) stroke is stored in the flywheel. Energy
required to perform the second stroke is provided from the flywheel.
• Smaller flywheel is required as power is developed in every revolution of crank
shaft.
• At start of engine, energy required to perform the strokes is provided by
cranking.

Two-stroke engines do not use fuel efficiently, so you would get fewer
miles per gallon. Two-stroke engines produce a lot of pollution.
The pollution comes from two sources. The first is the combustion of
the oil.
The second reason is every time a new charge of air/fuel is loaded into
the combustion chamber, part of it leaks out through the exhaust port.
That's why you see a sheen of oil around any two-stroke boat motor.
The leaking hydrocarbons from the fresh fuel combined with the leaking
oil is a real mess for the environment.

Working of 2S Diesel Engine
First stroke Second stroke

First stroke (Downward)
• When the fuel injector injects the diesel
into the hot compressed air, combustion
starts and the hot gases force the piston
to move from TDC to BDC.
• Crankshaft rotates by half a rotation,
thus doing the useful work.
• During this stroke the inlet port is
covered by the piston and the new
charge [air] is compressed in the crank
case as shown in the figure.

• Further downward movement of the piston uncovers
first the exhaust port and then the transfer port.
• The burnt gases escape through the exhaust port.
• As soon as the transfer port opens, the

compressed charge from the crankcase flows
into the cylinder.
• As the compressed charge enters into the
cylinder, it pushes out the exhaust gases from
the cylinder.
• The process of removal of exhaust gases by the
fresh incoming air is known as scavenging.

Second stroke: (upward)
• Here the piston moves from BDC to
TDC, during which the exhaust port
and transfer port are covered and the
fresh air in the cylinder is
compressed.
• Simultaneously, vacuum is created in
the crankcase, and a new charge [air]
is drawn into the crankcase through
the uncovered inlet port.

• At the end of the compression diesel is injected to the
compressed air which is at a temperature higher than the self
ignition temperature of diesel.
• Hence, the injected diesel auto ignites when it comes in
contact with hot air.
• The cycle of events are then repeated.

Comparison between 4S & 2S Engine
4S Engine 2S Engine
1 One working stroke for One working stroke for
every two revolution of each revolution of the
the crank shaft crank shaft
2 Turning moment on the Turning moment on the
crank shaft is not even, crank shaft is more
hence heavier flywheel even, hence lighter
is required flywheel is required
3 Less fuel consumption More fuel consumption.

More output due to full Less output due to
4 fresh charge intake and mixing of fresh charge
full burnt gases exhaust. with the burnt gases.
5 Higher thermal efficiency Lower thermal
efficiency
6 Engine design is Engine design is
complicated simple.
7 No. of cycles/min = Half No. of cycles/min =
the engine speed engine speed
i.e., n = N/2 i.e., n = N
8 It has inlet and exhaust It has inlet and exhaust
valves ports
For the same power, the
Engine is heavy &
9 engine is light and
bulky.
compact.
It requires lesser It requires greater cooling
10 cooling and and lubrication. (consumes
lubrication more lubricating oil)
11 More initial cost Less initial cost.
More running noise due to
12 Less running noise the sudden release of the
burnt gases.
Used in cars, Used in mopeds, motor
13 trucks, buses, cycles, scooters, etc.
tractors, etc.
Working of a Simple Carburetor
• The petrol enters the float chamber through the needle valve, Purpose
of needle valve is to maintain the constant level of petrol in the float
chamber.
• When engine runs, the air is

sucked through the venturi tube.
As a result pressure at throat
reduces (-) and the petrol issues
out of the main jet located at the
throat.
• Thus amount of petrol issuing
from jet proportional to the
velocity of air through the venturi
tube.

Working of a Diesel pump
• Plunger of the fuel pump is operated by the cam roller
mechanism, which derives the power from the engine. El.
• As plunger moves up, the fuel filled above the plunger is
pressurized and pressurized fuel flow through the barrel.
• The outlet of from the fuel pump
barrel is closed by a spring loaded
delivery valve which opens only at
prescribed pressure of the fuel.
• As the fuel pressure rises, the

delivery valve and is forced out
towards the injector.

Working of a Diesel injector
• Fuel under pressure from the
pump, passes down through
passages in the injector body
to an annular space in the
nozzle and lifts the needle
valve against pressure of the
spring
• As a result fuel is forced
through the holes of injector
under high pressure resulting
in finely atomized spray.

Simple Calculations in IC Engines
(1) Mean Effective Pressure (pm):
• It is the average pressure of the burnt gases acting on the piston during the
one complete cycle.
• It’s actual value is determined from the actual P-V diagram obtained from a
device known as spring indicator.
• It is given by the expression:
𝑠𝑎
𝑝𝑚 = 𝑁/𝑚2
𝑙
where,
s = Spring constant value of the spring used in the indicator, N/m2/cm
a = Area of the actual indicator diagram, cm2
l = Base length of the indicator diagram, cm

Actual indicator (P-V) diagrams for Petrol & Diesel Engines
l l
Actual P-V diagram Actual P-V diagram
for petrol engine for diesel engine
A1 = Positive loop area = the actual work developed
A2 = Negative loop area = work used to discharge the exhaust
gases to the atmosphere
a = Net area = (A1 – A2) = Net work done
l = Base length of the indicator diagram
(2) Indicated Power:
Let pm = Mean Effective pressure, N/m2
L = Stroke length, m
A = Area of cross section of the cylinder, m2
N = Speed of the Crank shaft, rpm
n = Number of cycles per minute
Work done Mean force Piston

by the piston = acting on × displacement in
per cycle the piston one power stroke
= pm × A × L

Work done by Number of cycles
Work done by the
the piston per ×
piston per minute = per minute
cycle
i.e., Indicated Power (IP) = pm × A × L × n Nm/min

𝑝𝑚 𝐿𝐴𝑛
∴ 𝐼𝑃 = 𝑁𝑚/sec
60
For 4S Engine, n = N/2

For 2S Engine, n = N

Important definitions
Brake Power [B.P]: It is the power developed by the engine
at the output shaft.
2𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, = 𝑘𝑊
60000
Where, N = Speed of the shaft in rpm.

T =Torque applied on the brake crank drum due to load “W”,
(N-m)
R = Radius of the brake drum (m)
T = W x R kg-m
= 9.81 x W x R N-m

Indicated Power [I.P]: It is the power developed inside the IC
engine cylinder
𝑖 × 𝑃𝑚 × 𝐿 × 𝐴 × 𝑛
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, = 𝑘𝑊
60 x 1000
Where, n = No. of working cycles/ min.

n = N/2, for 4 stroke, engine
= N, for 2 stroke engine
L = Stroke length (m), D = Bore diameter (m)
Pm = Indicated mean effective pressure (N/m2)
2
𝜋𝐷
A = Area of the cylinder, 𝐴 =
4
, 𝑚 2
i= no. of cylinders

Frictional Power [F.P]: It is the difference between the
indicated power and the brake power.
F.P = [I.P – B.P] kW

,
Mechanical Efficiency [ηmech ]: It is the ratio of the

brake power and the indicated power.
𝐵. 𝑃
𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 (𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ) = × 100%
𝐼. 𝑃

Brake thermal Efficiency [ηbth ]: It is the ratio of
the brake power to the heat supplied by the fuel.
B.P × 3600
𝜂𝑏𝑡ℎ = ∗ 100%
mf × Cv
Indicated thermal Efficiency [ηith ]: It is the ratio of

the indicated power to the heat supplied by the fuel.
I.P × 3600
𝜂𝑖𝑡ℎ = ∗ 100%
mf × Cv
Where, mf = mass of the fuel supplied (kg/hr)

CV = Calorific Value of the fuel (kJ/kg)
Dynamometer, device for measuring mechanical force, or power,
transmitted by a rotating shaft. Since power is the product
of torque (turning force) and angular speed, all power-measuring
dynamometers are essentially torque-measuring devices; the shaft speed
is measured separately.
Dynamometer pulley

Problem 1: A four-stroke petrol engine, with 40 mm bore and 60 mm
stroke was tested under a constant speed of 600 rpm.
Diameter of belt dynamometer pulley = 1 m.
Tight side tension in the belt = 800 N
Slack side tension in the belt = 400 N
Determine the brake power developed.
Solution:
Given: D = 40 mm(0.04 m),
L = 60 mm(0.06 m),
N = 600 rpm,
T1 (W)= 800 N,
T2 (S)= 400 N
Dd=1.0 m

𝐷𝑑
 Radius of dynamometer pulley, R = =0.5 m
2
Torque on the pulley T= (T1 - T2) R

= (800 - 400) x 0.5 = 200 N-m.
2 𝜋𝑁𝑇
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘𝑊
60000
2 𝜋 ∗ 600 ∗ 200
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘𝑊
60000
= 12.566 kW

Problem 2: The following observations were obtained during
a trial on a four stroke diesel engine.
Cylinder diameter = 25 cm
Stroke of the Piston = 40 cm
Crankshaft speed = 250 rpm
Net load on the brake drum = 700N
Brake drum diameter =2m
Mean effective pressure = 6 bar
Diesel oil consumption = 0.0013 Kg/sec
Specific gravity of diesel = 0.78
Calorific Value of diesel = 43900 kJ/kg
Find: Brake Power (BP), Indicated Power (IP), Frictional

Power (FP), Mechanical Efficiency, Brake Thermal Efficiency,
Indicated Thermal Efficiency
Given data:
D = 25 cm (0.25 m),
L = 40 mm (0.4 m),
N = 250 rpm,
(W-S) Net load =700N,
Dd=2m.(Rd =1m)
Pm= 6 x 105 N/m2.
Mass flow rate mo = 0.0013 kg/sec (4.68 kg/hr),
Calorific Value of diesel = 43,900 kJ/kg
2Π𝑁𝑇
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘𝑊
Solution: 60000
Brake Power:

Torque applied T = (W-S) Rd N-m
= 700 x 1
= 700 N-m
2Π𝑁𝑇
60000
» BP = 18.32 kW
To find IP, Indicated Power:
Indicated power (IP) = Energy released by the fuel - heat losses at the beginning of the
power stroke.

𝑖𝑃𝑚 𝐿𝐴𝑛
𝐼𝑃 = 𝑘𝑊
60000
𝑁
𝑛 = = 125 ⋅ 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠/min
2
Π𝐷2 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎(𝐴) = 𝑚 𝑖𝑃𝑚 𝐿𝐴𝑛
4 𝐼𝑃 = = 24.54𝑘𝑊
60000
i= no. of cylinders
C. Frictional Power,
FP = IP – BP = 24.54 – 18.326 = 6.217 kW

𝐵𝑃
d. Mechanical Efficiency: 𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = × 100%
𝐼𝑃
𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = 74.67%
e. Brake Thermal Efficiency :

𝐵𝑃 × 3600 × 100
𝜂𝑏𝑡ℎ = % 𝜂𝑏𝑡ℎ = 32.11%
𝑚 × 𝐶𝑣
f. Indicated Thermal Efficiency:

𝐼𝑃 × 3600 × 100
𝜂𝑖𝑡ℎ = % 𝜂𝑖𝑡ℎ = 43%
𝑚 × 𝐶𝑣

Problem 3: The following observations were obtained during a trial on a
four stroke diesel engine.
Cylinder diameter = 25 cm
Stroke of the Piston = 40 cm
Brake load = 70 kg
Brake drum diameter = 2 m
Diesel oil consumption = 100 cc/min
Specific gravity of diesel = 0.78
Calorific Value of diesel = 43900 kJ/kg
Find: Brake Power (BP), Indicated Power (IP), Frictional Power (FP),
Mechanical Efficiency, Brake Thermal Efficiency, Indicated Thermal
Efficiency

Solution:
This problem is same as the previous one, except that the
net load is given in kg, and volume flow rate is given.
Hint:
 (W-S) Net load = 9.81 x 70 = 686.7 N.
Given specific gravity =0.78
Density is = 780 kg/m3
To convert volume flow rate in to mass flow rate we have:
Mass flow rate = Volume flow rate X Density.
= (100 x 10-6 x 60) x 780
= 4.68 kg / hr.

Answers:
Brake Power = 17.95 kW
Indicated Power= 24.54 kW
Frictional Power = 6.59 kW
Mechanical Efficiency = 73.14 %
Brake Thermal Efficiency =31.45 %
Indicated Thermal Efficiency = 43

Problem 4: The following observations refer to trial on a
single cylinder diesel engine. B.P = 75 kW, ηbth = 35%,
ηmech = 90%, calorific value of oil used = 40000 kJ/kg.
Determine IP, FP, Fuel consumption per brake power
hour.
Solution:
Given, B.P = 75 kW, ηbth = 35%, ηmech = 90%, Cv = 40000
kJ/kg.
We know that,
𝐵𝑃
𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = × 100% ⇒ 𝐼𝑃 = 83.33𝑘𝑊
𝐼𝑃

To find FP,
we have, FP = IP- BP = 8.33 kW
To find fuel consumption per brake power hour.

we have 𝐵𝑃 × 3600 × 100
𝜂𝑏𝑡ℎ = %
𝑚 × 𝐶𝑣
75 × 3600 × 100
35 = %
𝑚 × 40000 ⇒ 𝑚 = 19.285𝑘𝑔/ℎ𝑟
But fuel consumption per brake power hour = m/BP

= 19.285 / 75 = 0.257kg/kW-hr

Problem 5: The following data is collected from a four stroke single
cylinder oil engine running at full speed.
• Bore = 200 mm
• Stroke = 280 mm
• Speed = 300 rpm
• Indicated Mean effective pressure = 5.6 bar
• Torque on the brake drum = 250 N-m
• Oil consumed = 4.2 Kg/hr
• Calorific Value of diesel = 41000 KJ/Kg
Determine:
1. Mechanical Efficiency
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency
3. Indicated Thermal Efficiency
Solution:
Given D = 200 mm = 0.2 m,
L = 280 mm = 0.28 m,
N = 300 rpm,
Pm = 5.6 bar,
T = 250N-m,
m = 4.2 Kg/hr,
Cv = 41000 KJ/Kg.
Answer:
BP = 7.85 kW.
IP = 12.31 kW
Mech efficiency= 63.74 %
Brake thermal efficiency = 16.41%
Indicated thermal efficiency = 25.73%
Problem 6: A four cylinder four stroke I.C engine develops
an I.P of 50 kW at 25 cycles /second. The stroke of the
engine is 90 mm and bore is 0.8 times the stroke.
A) Find the mean effective pressure in each cylinder.
B) If mechanical efficiency is 80%, what effective brake load
would be required if the effective brake drum
circumference is 1m.

Solution:
I.P = 50 KW,
i = 4,
L = 0.09 m,
D = 0.8 x 0.09 = 0.072m,
ηmech = 80%,
n = 25 cycles /second = 1500 cycles/min,
But for a 4 stroke engine = n = N/2.
N = 2 x n = 1500 x 2 = 3000 rpm
We have𝑖𝑃𝑚IP,𝐿𝐴𝑛 4 × 𝑃 × 0.09 ×
Π × (0.072)
𝑚 4
2
× 1500
𝐼𝑃 = 𝑘𝑊 50 =
60000
𝑘𝑊
60000
⇒ 𝑃𝑚 = 13.6𝑏𝑎𝑟

B) to find the effective brake load (W-S) if brake drum
circumference is 1m.
First calculate, BP. Using given mechanical efficiency
formula
𝐵𝑃
𝐵𝑃 80 =
50
× 100%
𝜂𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ = × 100%
𝐼𝑃
⇒ 𝐵𝑃 = 40𝑘𝑊
Now, Substituting the value of BP in the below formula to

find ‘T’ Torque.
2Π𝑁𝑇
60000 ⇒ 𝑇 = 127.32𝑁𝑚

We have torque t = (W-S) x Rd
But circumference of the brake drum
= 2Rd= 1 m.
Rd = 0.159 m
T = 127.32 = (w-s) x 0.159 = 800 N.

Problem 7: The following data refers to twin cylinder four
stroke petrol engine.
Cylinder diameter = 200 mm
Stroke of the Piston = 300 mm
Effective Brake load = 50 kg
Mean circumference of the brake drum = 4 m
Calculate:
Brake Power
Indicated Power
Mechanical Efficiency
Solution:
D = 200 mm = 0.2 m,
L = 300 mm = 0.3 m,
N = 300 rpm,
Pm = 6 bar,
W-S = 50 Kg, (490.5N)
Circumference 2πRd = 4m, Rd = 0.6366m
i=2
n = N/2 = 150 cycles / min.

Answer:
BP = 9.8 kW
IP = 28.27 kW
Mechanical Efficiency = 34.67%

Problem 8: A four cylinder four stroke petrol engine
develops indicated power of 15kW at 1000 rpm. The
indicated mean effective pressure is 0.55 MPa. Calculate
the bore and stroke of the piston if the length of stroke
is 1.5 times the bore.
Solution:
i = 4,
IP = 15 kW, N = 1000 rpm, L = 1.5D,
Pm= 0.55 MPa = 5.5 bar
Since it is four stroke engine
n = N/2 = 500 cycles/min.

𝑖𝑃𝑚 𝐿𝐴𝑛 𝜋 2
𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟(𝐼𝑃) = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐴 = 𝐷
60000 4
Π𝐷 2
4 × 5.5 × 105 × (1.5𝐷) × 500
15 = 4
60000
⇒ 𝐷3 = 6.945 × 10−4
• The bore diameter D = 0.0886 m = 88.6 mm

• Length of stroke L = 1.5 D
• = 1.5 x 88.6 = 132.9 mm

Problem 9: The following data refers to a test on a
petrol engine: Indicated Power = 40KW, Brake Power =
35KW, Calorific value of fuel =44,000 KJ/kg. Fuel
consumption per brake power-hour = 0.3kg. Calculate
Brake thermal efficiency.
Solution:
Given, IP = 40 kW, BP = 35kW, Cv=44000 kJ/kg. m =0.3
kg / BP-hr.

To find mass flow rate in kg/hr,
m = 0.3 x BP = 0.3 x 35 = 10.5 kg/hr.
𝐵𝑃 × 3600 × 100
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦, 𝜂𝑏𝑡ℎ = %
𝑚 × 𝐶𝑣
⇒ 𝜂𝑏𝑡ℎ = 27.27%

Problem 10: Calculate the brake power of a twin cylinder four
stroke petrol engine, given:
Diameter of brake drum = 600mm
Brake rope diameter = 3 cm
Dead weight = 24kg.
Spring balance reading = 4kg.
Speed of the crankshaft = 7.5 rotation per second
Solution: Given,
W= 24 kg
S= 4 kg
Dd=0.6m (600mm)
Dr =0.03m(3 cm)

Speed = 7.5 rps = 7.5x60=450 rpm.
W-S = 20 kg = 196.2 N
Effective radius = R = (Dd + Dr)/2 =0.315m.
Torque applied = (W-S) x R

= 61.803 Nm.
2Π𝑁𝑇
60000
⇒ 𝐵𝑃 = 2.912𝑘𝑊

Problem 11: A test on a single cylinder four-stroke diesel
engine gave the following while running on full load. Area
of indicator card 300mm2, length of diagram 40mm, spring
constant 1000bar/m, speed 400 rpm, diameter of cylinder
160mm and stroke 200mm. Calculate: Mean effective
pressure & Indicated power.
Solution: Given, L = 0.2 m, D = 0.16 m.

Area of indicator diagram a =300 mm2 =300 x 10-6 m2
Length of indicator diagram (l)= 40 mm = 0.04 m
Spring constant
(S) = 1000 bar / m= 1000x 105 N/m2 /m

Sa
Mean effective pressure Pm = 𝑁/𝑚2
𝑙
⇒ 𝑃𝑚 = 7.5𝑏𝑎𝑟
𝑖𝑃𝑚 𝐿𝐴𝑛
𝐼𝑃 = 𝑘𝑊
60000
⇒ 𝐼𝑃 = 10.05𝑘𝑊

Lubrication
• When two metallic parts make a contact and move relative each
other, due to surface irregularities frictional heat is generated.
• This results in a loss of power transmitted between them.
• Frictional losses can be minimised by maintaining a layer of
pungent known as lubricant between the two moving surfaces.
• The lubricant prevents the two contact surfaces to be separated
by a small distance.
• A film of lubricant is said to be present between the contact
surfaces.

What is tribology?
Tribology is the study of science and engineering of
interacting surfaces in relative motion. It includes the
study and application of the principles of friction,
lubrication and wear. Tribology is a branch of
mechanical engineering and materials science.
Tribology’s economic and commercial impact is vast. The

science reduces energy use, lowers the cost of maintenance
and replacement, develops new technology, and solves
resource problems, such as the lack of clean water.

Purpose of lubrication:
• To reduce the friction between the surfaces of machine parts
• To carry away the heat generated due to friction & to cool the
parts
• To clean the parts by washing away the deposition of carbon &
metal particles caused by wear
• To seal the space between the piston & cylinder & to prevent
the leakage of working fluid
• To cushion the parts against vibration & impact

Properties of a lubricant
1. Viscosity:
• It is the property of lubricant by virtue of which it offers
resistance to shear.
• If the viscosity is too low, then a liquid film cant be maintained
between the two moving surfaces.
• If the viscosity is too high, then it will offer great resistance to
the moving surfaces of the parts.
• Viscosity decreases with increase in temperature
• So viscosity of a good lubricant should not change with varying
operating temperature

2. Flash & fire points:
Flash point: It is the lowest temperature at which the fumes of oil will
catch fire when the flame is brought in contact with it.
Fire point: It is the lowest temperature at which the oil fumes catches
fire & will continue to burn when the flame is brought in contact with
it.
So a good lubricant should posses a flash point temperature higher
than the temperature at which it is used.

3. Oiliness:
Oiliness: It is the ability of the lubricating oil to adhere to the
rubbing surfaces.
When a thin film of oil is subjected to high pressure, the oil film will
be squeezed out of the lubricated surfaces.
So a good lubricant should adhere to the surfaces and maintain an

oil film between the rubbing surfaces.

4. Cloud and Pour Points:
Cloud point: It is the temperature at which the wax & other
substances in the oil separate out from the oil, when the lubricant oil
is cooled.
Pour or freezing point: It is the lowest temperature at which the oil

stops to flow when cooled.
These two points will indicate the suitability of lubricants for use in
cold conditions.

5. Carbon residue:
• Lubricant oils contain high % of carbon in combined form.
• At higher temperature, they decompose depositing a certain
amount of carbon. The deposition of carbon deposit is highly
objectionable.
A good lubricating oil should deposit a least amount of carbon

while in use at higher temperatures.

6. Volatility:
When working temperatures are high, some oils vaporize leaving
behind a residual oil having different lubricating properties.
A good lubricating oil should have low volatility.

Types of lubricants
Type of Examples Application
lubricant
Solid lubricants Wax, graphite, soap, Used where oil film
graphite with grease cant be maintained
due to high pressure
Liquid lubricants Mineral oils, Ordinary machinery,

vegetable oils, steam & I C engines
animal oils
Semi solid Grease Used where low
lubricants speed & heavy
pressure exist

Commonly used lubrication systems in I.C
engines
1. Splash lubrication:
The connecting rod is
dipped into the oil of the
crank case & at the time of
rotation the oil is splashed
due to centrifugal force & it
reaches different parts,
requiring it.

2. Pressure/Force lubrication:
Here a pump is used to supply
lubricating oil.
Strainer: To prevent the
admission of impurities that may
pass into the oil system.
Oil filter: It acts like a fine filter.
Relieve valve: To maintain the
oil pressure constant in the
system.
Oil cooler: To cool the oil
before entering into the
distribution line.

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Two Stroke Engine

▪ In a two stroke engine, one cycle is completed by the two strokes of

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Crank Shaft Flywheel

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Exhaust port Transfer port

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First stroke Second stroke

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• As soon as the transfer port opens, the

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First stroke Second stroke

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• As soon as the transfer port opens, the

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• When engine runs, the air is

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• As the fuel pressure rises, the

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Work done Mean force Piston

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i.e., Indicated Power (IP) = pm × A × L × n Nm/min

For 4S Engine, n = N/2

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Where, N = Speed of the shaft in rpm.

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Where, n = No. of working cycles/ min.

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F.P = [I.P – B.P] kW

Mechanical Efficiency [ηmech ]: It is the ratio of the

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Indicated thermal Efficiency [ηith ]: It is the ratio of

Where, mf = mass of the fuel supplied (kg/hr)

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Torque on the pulley T= (T1 - T2) R

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Find: Brake Power (BP), Indicated Power (IP), Frictional

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e. Brake Thermal Efficiency :

f. Indicated Thermal Efficiency:

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To find fuel consumption per brake power hour.

But fuel consumption per brake power hour = m/BP

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