FACULTY OF MANUFACTURING ENGINEERING,

UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG

ENGINEERING
COMMUNICATION
(BHM 3941)
Final Project – Term Paper
LECTURE NAME: DR MOHD AZMIR BIN MOHD AZHARI
DATE OF SUBMISSION: 23/12/2019
STUDENT NAME / ID:

STUDENT NAME ID
ADRIAN IZOLIH JIKIUN HA17002
Table of Content

CONTENTS PAGES
Introduction 3
Literature Review 4
Results and Discussion 6
Conclusion and Recommendation 9
References 10

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Abstract

This report is about brazing process and shows how brazing process can be used to
joint two metals and the differences between brazing and other similar process such
as soldering and welding. In this report, the advantages and disadvantages of this
process will be discuss. The latest issues, discoveries and future are also included in
this paper. Hence, the question posed for this report is how good brazing process is
compared to other method.

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Literature Review

Brazing is different compared to soldering even though both joining process are
similar. Brazing tends to be more solitary process which is often failed to be seen in
favor of more popular fusion method (Weber, 25 December 2005). By capillary action,
the filler metal is flowed between the closely fitted surfaces of the joint (Weber, 25
December 2005). The filler metal is brought slightly above its melting temperature
while protected by a suitable atmosphere, usually a flux. It then flows over the base
metal and is then cooled to join the work pieces together. A major advantage of brazing
is the ability to join the same or different metals with considerable strength.

In article (Sperko, December 2003), it explains basic brazing concepts, including joint
design, the behavior of filler metal and metallurgical aspects of making brazed joints.
By designing a socket joints for brazing process, the strength of the brazed joints will
increase. The stress on the filler metals between the two joint metals are reduced
significantly (Sperko, December 2003).

In article (Bear, 2019), it reviews the basics of brazing and use them in a way that
have better controls in the flow and retention of the filler metals in at the sinter braze
joint. The flux content of the filler metals and the density plays important role to filler
metal control.

There are several factors that affects the joint properties of brazed work pieces. The
factors according in article (Sharma, 2016) are the temperature, multilayer interface,
wettability, manufacturing route, atmosphere, overlapped width, agitation, brazing
duration and the effect of different filler metals.

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 Figure 1
However there are also some issues that are discovered when in brazing process.
According to (Walter J. Sperko, 2016), the integrity of soldered- and brazed tube joints
depends on whether or not the solder or braze metal flows into the capillary space
created by the overlap between the tube and the socket to a sufficient depth that the
resulting joint is as strong as the tube itself. Figure 1 shows the overlap condition in
socket joint for brazing. An X-ray vision is required in order to detect these problems
because it is hard to know even by experts. Ultrasonic is also another method to
examine these problem.

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Results and Discussion
Working Principles

The process of brazing combines 2 pieces of metal through heating and melting the
filler metal to stick the metals together. The filler metals must have significantly lower
melting point than the 2 metals to be combined which usually is above 450°C (Global,
What is Brazing, n.d.). Before the heating process, the filler metals are be placed
between the joint of the metals. Flux is required during the heating process in order to
prevent oxidation from forming. After melting the filler metals and combine the 2
metals, the workpieces are left to cool. A strong joint between the metals are produced
which is stronger that soldered joints. In brazing elements with tiny clearances, the
filler is ready to flow into the joint by surface tension.

Filler materials / metals

Figure 2

There are a few primary filler materials used in brazing which is silver, aluminium, gold,
copper, cobalt and nickel. These metals are mixed to form an alloy in order to improve
or change its properties to suit the brazing conditions. Figure 2 shows the commonly
used alloys in brazing process. There are also other selections when choosing filler
metals which is powder, paste, tape, foil, and rod (Harris, n.d.).

Brazing Technique

Brazing technique are separated into several technique which is (Global, What are the
different methods of brazing, n.d.):

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 1. Torch Brazing
The most common brazing method that make use of hot gas torch in the brazing
process. This technique is highly versatile and are able to give consistent
results. It is most suitable for small production volumes and specialized
operations. (Industries, n.d.)
2. Induction Brazing
Induction brazing technique is a method of combining two or more metals with
the usage of electromagnetic fields to induce heat without touching the
workpieces. (Technologies, n.d.)
3. Resistance Brazing
Resistance brazing technique is a method which make sure that the electrical
resistance of the solder point the largest. This method ensures that small metal
sheets with high degree of thermal conductivity possible to weld.
(SCHWEISSTECHNIK, n.d.)

Comparison with Welding and Soldering

Parameter Brazing Welding Soldering

Base Material Similar or Similar Similar or
Dissimilar Dissimilar
Process 600°C 3400°C 400°C
Temperature
Joint Strength High Strongest Joint Low
Filler Material Required May or May Not Required
Required
Table 1

Table 1 shows the difference between brazing, welding and soldering according to

(Design, n.d.).

Advantages and Disadvantages

There are several advantages and disadvantages in brazing process which is:

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Advantages

1. Brazing allows higher control over tolerance and provide clean joint.
2. Allow coating for protection purposes.
3. Two different types of metals can be joint together.
4. Higher capability of mass production processes and easily automated.
5. Consistent heating which provide lower thermal distortion.
6. Brazing can be used to joint two dissimilar metals and also non-metal such as
metalized ceramics.

Disadvantages

1. The strength of the joint depends on the filler metals used. Weaker metals
means weaker joints.
2. High temperature can cause the brazed joint damage.
3. Filler metals have different colour than the two joint metals which affects the
aesthetic view of the work pieces.
4. The usage of adequate flux is a must to control the cleanliness of the work
pieces.

Latest Issue and Discoveries

Currently, brazing is an alternative joining methods to avoid fumes, heat and post
cleaning. However, there are several issues occurs during brazing process which is:

1. Wrong mixture in brazing alloy

2. Wrong thickness in joint
3. Wrong method in fluxing
4. Wrong temperature setting

(INC., n.d.)

Future of Brazing

In the future, brazing need to develop new filler metals, improving properties to meet
various requirements, such as higher strength and reducing the cost. Brazing now
requires developments to take filler metal development beyond a common
metallurgical focus and will require the help of other research communities in
searching for new understanding of brazing (Way, 2019).

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Conclusion

In conclusion, brazing was similar like soldering and welding. The only differences was
process temperature where each have different temperature required. The joint
strength was also different where welding produces the strongest joint strength.
Brazing and soldering process are used to joint two different base metals and requires
filler materials to joint. Several articles also stated the factors that affects the joint
properties of brazed work pieces. Last but not least, even though there are also many
issues concerning brazing process, there are also many different way to overcome it.

Recommendation

When brazing, the workplace must be free from flammable object such as paper,
paints and solvents. The material used in brazing process must be safe material and
does not produce toxic fumes for example paint, galvanized coating, cadmium coating
and organic or inorganic coating. If there is such material, be sure to remove the
coating first. Also do not breathe flux fumes. Next, when brazing, be sure to use
protective gear such as glove to avoid unnecessary injury. Wear safety glasses or
googles specific for brazing. Lastly, do not brazed in confined space and do not braze
alone.

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References
Bear, K. H. (2019). FIller Metal Control in Sinter Brazing. Brazing and Soldering Today.

Britannica, T. E. (n.d.). Brazing. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/materials-

processing

Design, S. (n.d.). Difference Between Soldering, Brazing and Welding. Retrieved from
https://www.smlease.com/entries/manufacturing/difference-between-soldering-brazing-
and-welding/

Global, T. (n.d.). What are the different methods of brazing. Retrieved from https://www.twi-
global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/faq-what-are-the-different-methods-of-brazing

Global, T. (n.d.). What is Brazing. Retrieved from https://www.twi-global.com/technical-

knowledge/faqs/faq-what-is-brazing

Harris, W. (n.d.). How Brazing Works. Retrieved from

https://science.howstuffworks.com/brazing2.htm

INC., C. P. (n.d.). Braze Failure. Retrieved from Solution to Brazing Problem:

http://www.carbideprocessors.com/pages/brazing-carbide/braze-failure.html

Industries, P. M. (n.d.). Torch Brazing. Retrieved from http://www.pmiquality.com/torch-brazing/

SCHWEISSTECHNIK, L. (n.d.). Resistance Brazing. Retrieved from http://lingl-

schweisstechnik.com/resistance-brazing/

Sharma, A. (2016). Effect of Various Factors on the Brazed Joint Properties in Al Brazing Technology.
Journal of Welding and Joining.

Sperko, W. J. (December 2003). Brazing Copper Tubing.

Technologies, U. F. (n.d.). Induction Brazing. Retrieved from https://ultraflexpower.com/induction-

heating-applications/induction-brazing/

Walter J. Sperko. (2016). Looks can be deceiving. Solder joints .

Way, M. (2019). Brazing filler metals. International Material Review.

Weber, A. (25 December 2005). Is Brazing Better? Assembly.

Works, S. E. (2013, October 28). Advantages and Disadvantages of Brazing. Retrieved from
http://blog.samarthenggworks.com/index.php/advantages-disadvantages-brazing/

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