Air Quality

Management
CEV301
Prof.Dr. Gülen Güllü
The emission inventory database
A modern database for the air pollution On-line measurement system
emission inventory represents a flexible A measurement system of modern on line
system containing a user friendly map sensors for selected air pollution indicators
oriented inter phase to treat the main can be designed specific for the area
sources for emission to air such as industry, concerned.
traffic, energy (consumption of fossil fuels) Exposure
and emissions related to other mobile Based on
sources such as airport and harbour concentration
activities. calculations and
Management
population
distribution, exposure
estimates for human
health can be
Air Quality

performed. The
exposure estimates
can be related to air
quality guidelines or
other air quality
indicators used for
the component
considered.

Atmospheric dispersion models

The models covers air pollution on all scales;
along streets and roads, industrial emissions,
gridded pollution from household etc. within
the urban areas and on a regional scale.
Text Book: Fundamentals of Air
Pollution, 4th Edition by Daniel
Vallero
• E-book is available at Hacettepe University
Library

Part I: Air Pollution Essentials

Part II: The Physics and Chemistry of Air
Pollution
Part III: Risks from Air Pollution
Part IV: The Measurement and Monitoring of Air
Pollution
Part V: Air Pollution Modelling
Part VI: The Regulatory Control of Air Pollution
Part VII: Preventing and Controlling Air Pollution
Part I Air Pollution Essentials
1. Changing face of air pollution
• Defning air pollution, air pollution in history, recent air
pollution, the future
2. The Earth’s atmosphere
• The atmosphere, unpolluted air, air pollutants
3. Scales of air pollution problem
• Local, urban, regional continental, global
Defnition of Air Pollution
The presence of contaminants or pollutant substances in
the air that interfere with human health or welfare, or
produce other harmful environmental efects.

United States Environmental Protection Agency

(2007)
“Terms of Environment: Glossary, Abbreviations and
Acronyms”
 What is contamination?
The webster dictionary defnition of the verb “contaminate” reads something like
• “to corrupt by contact or association,” or
• “to make inferior, impure, or unft.”

It is the presence of a foreign material in any other material. But it doesn't do

harm. 
Example: A cup of water contains few drops of grape juice. we might say the
water is not pure. 

Generally, a contaminant is an undesired material although it does not have to

be harm. 

Pollution:
It is the presence of any substance or material that may cause a harmful efect
on human, animal and plant. If their is no harm, then it is called contaminant.
Paracelsus, 1493-1541
Paracelsus, the sixteenth century
scientist is famous for his
contention that:

“dose alone makes a poison… .

All substances are poisons; there
is none which is not a poison. The
right dose diferentiates a poison
and a remedy»
to address air pollution:

1. What is the physical, chemical, and biological nature of the agent to

which
the receptor (e.g. a person, an endangered species, or an entire population
or ecosystem) is exposed?
2. What is that person’s existing health status?
3. What is the condition of the ecosystem?
4. What are the chemical composition and physical form of the contaminant?
5. Is the agent part of a mixture, or is it a pure substance?
6. How was the person or organism exposed; from food, drink, air, through
the skin?
Air Pollution during the Prehistorical
times
When the tribesmen learned to
use fre, they used it for millennia
in a way that flled the air inside
their living quarters with the
products of incomplete
combustion. Examples of this can
still be seen today in some of the
more primitive parts of the world.
After its invention, the chimney
removed the combustion products
and cooking smells from the living
quarters, but for centuries the
open fre in the freplace caused
its emission to be smoky.
Air pollution before the industrial
revolution
Coal was mined and used for fuel
before AD 1000, although it was not
made into coke until about 1600;
and coke did not enter metallurgical
practice signifcantly until about
1700. These industries and their
efuents as they existed before 1556
are best described in the book “De
Re Metallica”.

Lead smelting furnace

King Edward (1270’s)
Coal was so abundant on England's northeast
coast that it was collected from the beach. It had
been used since prehistoric times. At frst, they
thought it was very pretty, and fashioned it into
ornaments for themselves. They called it gagate;
this word would evolve into "jet," a dense variant
of coal still used in making jewelry.
At any rate, until the 12th century, everybody in
London burned wood. Soon, however, London
began to grow, and the forests dwindled. Wood
became expensive and rare. Instead, the
Londoners decided to try the cheaper, easily-
obtained coal. There was only one problem.
Burning wood produced some smoke, but a lot of
heat. Burning sea-coal produced a little heat, but a
lot of sulfurous smoke. Nevertheless, instead of
thinking of a better solution, everyone decided to
burn more coal. The thick smoke combined with
the natural fog and hung over the city for days.
In 1306, Edward, instigated by a group of
prominent noblemen and clerics, passed
legislation banning the burning of sea-coal. The
king's mother, Eleanor of Provence, had gotten so
 Air pollution during industrial
revolution (1780’s-)
• The Industrial Revolution was the
consequence of the harnessing of
steam to provide power to pump
water and move machinery.
• The predominant air pollution
problem of the nineteenth
century was smoke and ash from
the burning of coal or oil in the
boiler furnaces of stationary
power plants, locomotives, and
marine vessels, and in home
heating freplaces and furnaces.
Metal foundry refning department in the industrial
Saar
region of West Germany.
 Recent Air Pollution (1900’s-1925)
• During the period 1900–1925 there were great changes
in the technology of both the production of air pollution
and its engineering control, but no signifcant changes
in legislation, regulations, understanding of the
problem, or public attitudes toward the problem. As
cities and factories grew in size, the severity of the
pollution problem increased. Annual Motor Vehicle Sales in the United States
12000000

10000000

8000000

6000000

4000000

2000000

0
00 90 5 910 9 15 9 20 9 25 9 30 93 5 940 9 45 9 50 9 55 960 9 65 9 70 9 75 9 80 9 85 990
19 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
30-31 October 1948, Donora Smog
• Air pollution kills in Donora,
Pennsylvania
• Dispersal of fourid emission from
zinc smelting and blast furnaces
• Other sources containing sulphur,
CO and heavy metal dusts that
were trapped by weather
conditions
• Out of total population of 14,000
people, 21 die within 14 hrs, 600
others become ill and 1400 seek
medical attention.
Great Smog of London
A period of cold weather, combined with
an anticyclone and windless conditions, collected
5-11 December 1952airborne pollutants – mostly arising from the use of
coal – to form a thick layer of smog over the city. It
lasted from Friday, 5 December to Tuesday, 9
December 1952 and then dispersed quickly when
the weather changed..
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=SXGakIQSOn0
Ankara Air Quality, 1970’s-2000’s
Long term trend of PM10 and PM2.5
in Turkey, 2008-2016
annual mean PM10 Conc (µg/m3)

Turkey's PM10 variation between 2008-2016

100
90 f(x) = 0.39 x² − 1566.11 x + 1580713.16
80 R² = 0.95
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20072008200920102011201220132014201520162017
Eastern China Smog, 2013
• In January 2013, China
experienced massive fog and
haze outbreak afecting about
600 million people and
covering seventeen provinces,
municipalities and autonomous
regions, a fourth of the China's
territory
• the main reason of increased
fog and smog days is the
yearly increase in fossil fuel
 consumption in China
Recent Air Pollution Problems
• global scale air pollution problems
• Stratospheric ozone layer depletion
• Climate change
• Long range atmospheric transport of persistent,
bioaccumulative toxic substances